When was the most prosperous period of towns in ancient Taihu Lake basin?

The Song Dynasty is a crucial period for the socio-economic development level of Taihu Lake Basin to leap to the forefront of the country. In ancient China, agricultural economy was the premise and foundation of social and economic development. This paper attempts to discuss the development level of agricultural economy in this area in Song Dynasty. ABWb & gtEZ8

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First, thoroughly reclaim cultivated land.

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In agricultural society, land is the most basic means of production, and the expansion of cultivated land area is directly related to the development of agriculture. After Yongjia crossed the south, especially after the Anshi Rebellion, although the development of the south of the Yangtze River has made great progress, the Taihu Lake basin was still "barren, killing people and occupying an unlimited area, but it refers to the four borders" until Tukunshan was opened in the Northern Song Dynasty, indicating that reclamation here is still promising. [1] Although the immigrants who moved to the local area in peacetime in the Northern Song Dynasty were recorded, they did not reach the scale. Jingkang Du Nan, Zhenjiang, Changzhou, Wuxi, Pingjiangfu, Xiuzhou and Hangzhou are not only the escape routes of the emperor's court to the south, but also the first choice for a large number of immigrants to settle down, so that there are "unemployed people crossing the river" everywhere; The research shows that: compared with other areas, the immigrants in Jiangnan area (equivalent to Liangzhe Road and the northeast of Jiangnan East Road in Song Dynasty) are in the forefront; In the south of the Yangtze River, the Taihu Lake basin is the most densely populated. [2] The influx of immigrants has brought both positive and negative effects: on the one hand, due to the sharp increase in population, there is a huge demand for cultivated land, on the other hand, it has also expanded the number of cultivated land, improved the quality of cultivated land, and provided sufficient labor for highly intensive agricultural management. zPE#[\O2 1B

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Generally speaking, until the late Northern Song Dynasty, there was no obvious pressure on the cultivated land in Taihu Lake Basin. In the first year of Xuanhe (1 1 19), Tansuo hired people to rent "fields that have escaped in the distant years, fields that have been barren, grass that has been wasted, lakes that have retreated from beaches and beaches, etc." In western Zhejiang, this is also evidence. [3] The local comprehensive and thorough reclamation of cultivated land was after Du Nan. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the government granted official funds in the form of empty official letters to persuade Zhejiang to reclaim land. During the Xichun period, Xiaozong continued to adopt the policy of liberalizing the seedling tax, rewarding "private households in Zhejiang to use their own labor to open up fields". [4] Under the policy encouragement and population pressure, local farmers have transformed and developed low-lying land, cultivated grass and grass, returned beaches to sand, reclaimed barren hills and slopes, and competed for land, mountains and water, thus greatly increasing the cultivated land area. By then, Wuzhong had "no wasteland in the suburbs, and there was competition for fields", and the scene that Zhang saw no longer existed; Even in the deep mountains of Huzhou, after Shaoxing, there are many people who have escaped from exile. "The home is in the deep mountains, and the rock valley is all in it." [5] In short, the West Zhejiang Road, where Taihu Lake Basin is located, is the most prosperous area for reclamation in the Song Dynasty, with "fertile land and no arable land". [6] X o_] v

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In the process of reclaiming cultivated land, farmers in Taihu Lake basin made full use of local geographical conditions, developed their intelligence and opened up various channels, and many new names of cultivated land began to appear in history books. 8q { 1E]； : q

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First, Sha Tin. Gu (volume 15) and Tian Di said that "people's self-management has turned sand into fields". Wang Zhen also said in "Agricultural Books, Atlas of Agricultural Instruments, Gate of the Field": "The field of sand and mud is also. Or near the big river, or in the middle of the mainland, surrounded by reeds to protect the embankment, its land is often wet, which can ensure richness and maturity. Generally, it is a field ridge, which can grow rice; Between settlements, you can make an art of singing horses. Or in tidal ditches, drought is frequent irrigation; Or bypass the big port and drain it: so you don't have to worry about floods and droughts, so it is better than other fields. " Shatin enjoys preferential policies of tax exemption or less tax collection because fluctuations cannot be accurately measured. This dual advantage of farming and policy has really improved the enthusiasm of farmers for reclamation. According to Qin Chuanzhi (Volume 6), of the total cultivated land area of 232 1.563 mu in Changshu County, Shatian is 4,964 mu, accounting for 2‰, which can be used as a parameter of the cultivated land area occupied by local Shatian. K#iK6)tS

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Followed by pond exhibition field, also known as tidal flat field, pond field and exhibition field. The agricultural book quoted above says: "On the land near the sea", the silt submerged by the tide accumulates on the island, or the mat is submerged, with different areas; When barnyard grass is planted for the first time, it can be used as a crop field when the halogen repellent is exhausted. This refers to the coastal beach field. In addition, the river bank, the intersection of water, the song of vicious river, "Where the Yellow River is polluted, silt accumulates and the water retreats into a dirty beach, it can also be an art." "Qin Chuanzhi Half Collection" records that there are 362 mu of pond fields and 457 mu of pond fields in Changshu County, which belong to the latter. T^+ 1rG

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Third, outfield and hutian. The "reclamation" mentioned here refers to the new cultivated land obtained from the water surface by embankment, which is also called lake field, such as Yixing, which is called "county multi-lake field" [7] However, in the literature of the Song Dynasty, this newly reclaimed land is often confused with polder fields. In fact, polder field refers to the water conservancy field where cultivated land is diked or diked; Reclaiming cultivated land mainly refers to a new way and name of expanding cultivated land. Of course, this new cultivated land is generally built into polder fields after reclamation, but it is different in the early stage of reclamation, so the sixth volume of Literature General Examination lists separately "polder field water conservancy" and "lake field reclamation". In the Song Dynasty, the Furong Lake in Jiangyin was surrounded by 15,300 hectares of lakes, also known as Sanshan Lake, and now it is all polder fields. These polder fields are obviously transformed from lake fields. In the second year of Jiading (1209), Huzhou was transformed into a new field due to embankment construction, and naturally it was also a reclaimed field or a lake field. During the Shaoxing period, Taihu Lake was "the land near the lake, mostly occupied by soldiers under the army", "there are many construction teams, which are easy to construct, and the accumulation of soil is increasing, so it is called Batian", which is also another name for enclosing farmland and lake farmland. [8] Reclaimed farmland or lake farmland has duality: on the one hand, cultivated land has been added to farmland with water competition. According to Qin Chuanzhi, there were 540 16 mu of cultivated land in Changshu during Li Zongshi, accounting for 2.2 ‰ of the county's total cultivated land of 24 1982 mu. On the other hand, the water surface of rivers and lakes has decreased sharply, the ecological balance has been destroyed, and the farmland water conservancy environment has deteriorated. @'@s*9Nr

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Fourth, Putian. Cai Kuanfu in the Northern Song Dynasty pointed out: "In Wuzhong Lake, the roots are accumulated by weeds. After a long time, they are washed away by the water and no longer contact with the soil, so they float to the surface, often dozens of feet high and several feet thick. So people can plant plows and chisels on it, and people can support it like rafts. The so-called farming is also. " Because paddy fields are floating, there is a complaint that "several acres of fields were stolen at night" in Suzhou. Fan Chengda's poem says that "it is difficult to protect the dike without looking at the green water, but the boat can support the paddy field", which proves that the paddy field can indeed support and steal. [9] Wang Zhen's "Agricultural Book" is cited as a field, saying that it "has the effect of quick harvest without drought, so it can be used as a living method." Generally speaking, the paddy field mentioned by Cai was naturally generated at first. Inspired by it, local farmers intended to "tie the paddy field with wood, float it on the water, stick the paddy field mud on the wooden frame and plant works of art", so it was called planting paddy fields. "Fertile Land" is worthy of being an outstanding creation of the people in the water towns in the south of the Yangtze River in the process of competing for land with water. jnn

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In addition, TSq also has waterlogged fields that were often mentioned when it was incorporated into Guantian in Song Dynasty. Although this field is no longer a branch of lakes and rivers, it has not yet become an arable pond. In Li Zong's time, Changshu had 32 16 mu of such fields. In addition, there are seventy-two old weirs in Anji County, with high terrain. The field on the side of the mountain is called Chengtiantian, also called Fotian, which means that irrigation is not as good as irrigation, and irrigation is all through vicious weirs. [10] Chengtiantian and Fozuotian are examples of local farmers competing for land from the mountains, and "increasing layer by layer" means terraced fields. . _8xY$l$

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It is not difficult to quantitatively analyze the growth of cultivated land in this area. Fan Zhongyan claimed 3.4 million mu of Suzhou tax field during the period of Youwang (1034- 1037). Another study shows that the cultivated land in Suzhou before and after Yongxi (984-987) will not exceed 1.4 million mu at most, and the cultivated land has increased by nearly 1.5 times in 50 years. Duanping two years (1235), Changshu cultivated land 24 19892 mu. Changshu is one of the five counties in Pingjiang Prefecture, Suzhou. If this data is taken as the average of five counties, then the total cultivated land in Suzhou should be around12 million mu, which is probably the cultivated land of Jingyou. [1 1] Judging from the growth rate of reclamation, it is obvious that there are far more after Beijing Oil than before; The Southern Song Dynasty far surpassed the Northern Song Dynasty. Although there are inferences from the above analysis, we can still grasp the general trend of cultivated land reclamation in Taihu Lake Basin in Song Dynasty.