What does the process and influence of Zheng He's voyage to the West show?

In June, the fourth year of Yongle (1406), Zheng He made his first voyage to the Western Ocean, headed south with the wind, and reached Mamobaxie in Java. Java, known as Gaopo in ancient times, is now Java Island in Indonesia, which is the hub of Nanyang, with dense population, rich products and developed commerce. At that time, the East King and the West King of this country were fighting a civil war. When the East King was defeated, his territory was occupied by the army of the West King. Members of Zheng He's fleet went ashore to do business in the market. They were mistaken by the occupying forces for coming to help the East King and killed by the West King Ma Xie, with a total of 170 people. Zheng He's soldiers worked hard one after another, saying that their blood could not be shed in vain, and they were anxious to declare war on the eight countries of Mali and avenge themselves. After the "Java incident", the Queen Mother of the West was very afraid and sent messengers to apologize and compensate 62,000 gold for atonement. Zheng He got off to a bad start in his voyage to the West and lost 170 soldiers innocently. Naturally, it will inevitably lead to a large-scale battle. However, Zheng He learned that this was a manslaughter, and in view of the West King's sincere fear, he pleaded guilty and was punished, so he told the court to make peace and handle the matter peacefully. The Ming dynasty decided to give up the claim for compensation for sleeping in eight countries. The Queen Mother of the West was very moved when she learned of this incident, and the two countries lived in harmony from then on. Members of the organizing committee for the 600th anniversary of Zheng He in Semarang, Java Island talked to reporters about this matter and all admired him. They said that Zheng He treated all countries equally, regardless of strength. Even if there was a conflict between the two countries, he was able to maintain great restraint, compromise, convince others by reasoning, and show peace and good-neighborliness with neighboring countries, which made the traditional friendship between China and Indonesian people go back to ancient times. When we settled here, we were also proud. Indonesian scholars believe that Zheng He's fleet was the most powerful maritime task force in the world at that time. During Zheng He's seven-year voyage to the Western Ocean for twenty-eight years, the real foreign war was only once in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and it was a defensive war when he was forced to do nothing. In dealing with the "Java incident", Zheng He not only did not use force, but also did not demand compensation, which fully showed that Zheng He was an emissary of spreading peace. He spread the traditional etiquette of "harmony is the most important thing" in China and the Chinese civilization of "one country under the sun" and "one family under the world".

The second voyage to the west

September 13th, the fifth year of Yongle (140710/0/0/3). After Zheng He returned to China, he immediately made preparations for the second voyage, mainly to send foreign envoys home. The countries visited this time include Zhancheng, Boni (now Brunei), Siam (now Thailand), Zhenla (now Cambodia), Java, Manchinga, Ceylon, Kezhi and Guri. Arriving in Ceylon, Zheng He's fleet distributed gold, silver, silk and sesame oil to relevant Buddhist temples. On the first day of February in the seventh year of Yongle (1409 February 15), Zheng He and Wang Jinghong set up a Buddhist temple monument in Ceylon Mountain and described what they had done. This monument is now in Colombo Museum. Zheng He's fleet returned to China in the summer of the seventh year of Yongle (1409). The data of the second voyage to the West included more than 27,000 people.

The third voyage to the west

In the seventh year of Yongle (1409, 10), the fleet set sail from Liujiagang, Taicang, and docked at Taiping Port, Changle, Fujian in June,10, and set sail from Wuhumen, Fujian in February of the same year, and arrived in Zhancheng after ten days and nights of downwind. Zheng He's fleet left Zhancheng, went to Zhenla, and sailed to Java and Temasek (now Singapore and Manciga). Zheng He built warehouses in Manzga, and all the money, grain and goods needed for his voyage to the West were stored in these warehouses for future use. Zheng He's fleet of ships going to various countries gathered here to arrange goods, waiting for the south wind to sail home. Zheng He's fleet set sail from Manzga, passing through Aru, Suman Ansai and Nanwuli to Ceylon. In Ceylon, Zheng He sent a fleet to Geli (now the east coast at the southern tip of the Indian Peninsula), Ababadan and Gambari. Zheng He personally led the fleet to Xiaogulun and Kezi, finally arrived in Guli, and returned to the motherland on June14165438+July 6, 0 in the ninth year of Yongle.

The fourth voyage to the west

On the 10th year of Yongle (141218)1month 15, the imperial court ordered Zheng He to go to the western seas. The 11th year of Yongle (14 13) set sail in winter. First arrived in Zhancheng, and then led a huge fleet to Java, Jiugang, Manzga, Aru and Sumatra. From here, Zheng He sent a sub-fleet to Liu Shan, which is now the Maldives Islands. The fleet sailed from Sumatra to Ceylon. In Ceylon, Zheng He once again sent a sub-fleet to Geli, and the big fleet sailed to Guri, and then directly sailed from Guri to bandar abbas, Hrus Mohr (now the mouth of the Iranian Persian Gulf). This is an important metropolis for business exchanges between East and West. Zheng He's fleet set sail for home, passing through Liu Shan. Later, Zheng He's fleet used Liu Shan as a stopover to cross the Indian Ocean to reach East Africa. Zheng He's fleet returned to China on July 8th in the 13th year of Yongle (14 12). On this voyage, Zheng He's fleet crossed the Indian Ocean and reached the Persian Gulf. The data of the fourth voyage to the West included more than 27,670 people.

The fifth voyage to the west

On December 10th, 14th year of Yongle (14 16 65438+ February 28th), the court ordered Zheng He to send envoys from 19 countries back to China. Zheng He's fleet set sail in the winter of May in the 15th year of Yongle (14 17), and first arrived in Zhancheng, then arrived in Java, Pahang, Jiugang, Manzega, Sumatra, Nanwuli, Ceylon, Shariwani (now the eastern coast of the southern tip of the Indian Peninsula), Kezhi and Guri. The fleet arrived in Ceylon, and Zheng He sent a fleet to Yosemite, and then from Yosemite westward to Mugudushu (now Mogadishu, Somalia), Buchwa (now Somalia) and Marin (now Malindi, Kenya) on the east coast of Africa. After the big fleet arrived in Guri, it was divided into two groups. One group sailed to Zufar, Adan and Assam in the Arabian Peninsula (now Yemen Democratic Republic), and the other group sailed directly to Hurumus. In the 17th year of Yongle (1465438+August 8th, 2009), Zheng He's fleet returned to China.

The sixth voyage to the west

On the 30th day of the first month of the 19th year of Yongle (142 1 year), Ming Chengzu ordered Zheng He to send envoys of sixteen countries back to China. In order to catch up with the northeast monsoon, Zheng He led his fleet to set off soon, and successively arrived in Zhancheng, Siam, Hulumus, Adan, Zufar, Sass, Buchwa, Mugushu, Zhubu (now the Juba River in Somalia), Marin, Guri, Kezi, Gaer, Ceylon Mountain, Liushanshan, Nanwuli, Sumatra, Shi Si and other countries and regions. On August 18th, the 20th year of Yongle (1September 3rd, 422), Zheng He's fleet returned to China accompanied by envoys from Siam, Sumatra, Adan and other countries.

The seventh voyage to the west

In the fifth year of Xuande (1June 29th, 430), on June 9th, Zhu Zhanji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty, ordered Zheng He to go to the Western Seas again. On the sixth day of December of the same year, the fleet set sail from Longwan (now Xiaguan, Nanjing) and assembled at Liujiagang on February 3. In Liujiagang, Zheng He and others set up a stone tablet of Tianfei Palace in Liujiagang, Loudong. The fleet arrived in Taiping Port, Changle, Fujian, and set up a stone tablet of "The Story of Tian Fei Spirit" at Sanfeng Pagoda Temple in Nanshan. Both monuments recorded their six voyages. On December 9, the sixth year of Xuande, the fleet set sail from Wuhumen. The voyage passes through Zhancheng, Sulumayi, Suman 'anxi, Guri and Zhubu in Java, and then reaches the southern tip of Africa, near the Mozambique Strait, and then returns. When the fleet sailed near Guri, Zheng He died in Guri on the west coast of India at the beginning of April in the eighth year of Xuande (1433). Zheng He's fleet, led by eunuch Wang Jinghong, returned to Liujiagang, Taicang via Suman 'an and Manci's home. On the sixth day of July (1July 22nd, 433), Zheng He's fleet arrived in Nanjing. There were 27,550 people on the seventh voyage to the West. 1 voyage, second voyage, third voyage, fourth voyage, fifth voyage, sixth voyage and seventh voyage.

1406 June (the fourth year of Yongle) 1407 10 October 13 (the fifth year of Yongle) 1409 10 October (the seventh year of Yongle)14. 28th (14th year of Yongle) 142 1 3rd March (19th year of Yongle) 1430 (5th year of Xuande) 29th June.

The role and significance of zheng he's voyage to the west.

function

When Judy ascended the throne, the Ming Dynasty had been established for more than 30 years, and agriculture and people's lives were not affected by this coup. At this time, coastal metropolises such as China and Guangzhou developed very prosperously. After good economic development, it is very urgent to develop overseas transportation and overseas trade. On the other hand, Judy also wants to use external activities to show his power and build his reputation. Therefore, sailing is imperative. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, due to the efforts of Zhu Yuanzhang for thirty-one years, the agricultural economy recovered. Handicraft industry has also developed greatly: mining, textiles, ceramics, paper making and printing have all been improved to varying degrees than before. China's silk, porcelain and even some European countries have won a high reputation. In particular, the development of shipbuilding industry, the progress of navigation technology (including the use of compass, the accumulation of navigation experience and the improvement of navigation knowledge), the training of a large number of sailors, the recovery and development of industry and commerce in the early Ming Dynasty, the development of China's overseas trade since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and the increase of foreign immigrants all prepared a solid economic foundation for Zheng He's voyage to the West and provided relatively strong material conditions. The strong national conditions and developed trade in the early Ming Dynasty itself required strengthening ties with overseas countries and expanding overseas trade and exchanges. Therefore, the Ming emperor Judy decided to organize a powerful fleet to go to "western" countries. Zheng He's motivation and purpose of going to the West is also the motivation and purpose of Judy, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty. The early years of the Ming Dynasty were a period of upward development of the national situation. At this time, in the north, Mongolian forces have been expelled from the Great Wall, and the feudal rule of the Ming Dynasty has been very consolidated. Moreover, with the recovery and development of social economy, the country is becoming stronger and stronger, and it is possible to develop overseas. Judy thinks she is the "benefactor" of "Heaven governs the world" and wants to pay tribute from overseas countries. Like the utilitarian feudal emperors of past dynasties, Judy is also a utilitarian, and he also wants to publicize the national prestige and show off his wealth. During the Yongle period, Judy's thought of building a great country in China became stronger because of her strong national strength. Ming Chengzu is cheerful and often shows China's prosperity to foreign countries. He was deeply dissatisfied with the negative overseas policy in the early Ming Dynasty. Therefore, the foreign policy of the imperial court changed. After he acceded to the throne, he sent eunuchs abroad and called all countries to the DPRK, which undoubtedly improved the prestige of Ming Chengzu. Zheng He's voyage to the West enabled him to show off his troops overseas, brag about the prosperity of China, and publicize Wade of the Ming Dynasty to overseas countries. At the same time, he also wants to use Yang Wei overseas to alleviate the dissatisfaction of some people who seized the throne by force at home and abroad. He also wants to use Yang Wei overseas to alleviate some people's dissatisfaction with his seizure of status by force. Some books say that Judy sent Zheng He to the Western Seas in order to find the whereabouts of Wen Jian Emperor Zhu Yunwen. It is said that after the war in Jingnan, Zhu Yunwen escaped, and I don't know where he went. Ming Chengzu's throne was won from his nephew Wen Jian after the Jingnan Rebellion. In Judy's view, this is naturally the most worrying thing. Ming Chengzu suspected that he had fled overseas to take refuge, fearing that he would pose a threat to himself in the future, so he sent Zheng He to the Western Seas to spy on Wen Jian in order to prevent future troubles. The huge fleet led by Zheng He is neither an ordinary merchant fleet nor an ordinary diplomatic mission, but a fleet organized by feudal rulers with dual tasks of diplomacy and trade. One of his missions is to attract foreign countries to pay tribute and establish relations with them. In order to accomplish this task, the first thing Zheng He did after his voyage was to publicize Judy's imperial edict. Declare to all countries: the Ming emperor was the king of a great country according to the destiny of heaven, and he ruled the world according to the will of the "king of heaven". Governors from all walks of life and foreigners from all walks of life should do as the emperor of the Ming Dynasty said. Countries should not bully the weak and enjoy peace in the world. If I ask you to join me, you will get a generous return. The second thing is to give gifts. Give imperial edicts and silver seals to kings of various countries, give crowns to kings and officials at all levels, and express their willingness to establish and develop friendly relations with those countries. The third thing is to conduct trade activities. China's handicrafts are exchanged for local products of various countries, which makes countries attracted by China's exquisite and intact handicrafts and willing to come to China to pay tribute and conduct trade activities. The silk products and porcelain exported from China have long enjoyed a good reputation in Asian and African countries. Many countries in Asia and Africa have long wanted to develop trade relations with China. It is only because of Zhu Yuanzhang's "maritime policy" that the development of this trade is limited. Judy canceled the policy of "marching into the sea" and sent Zheng He to the Western Ocean, which marked the resumption of normal trade between China and overseas countries. Overseas countries also believe that it is profitable to pay tribute, trade and establish friendly relations with China. The fourth thing is to establish friendly relations with countries in the South China Sea (now the Straits of Malacca).

Positive meaning

Zheng He has been to more than 30 countries, including Java, Sumatra, Sulu, Xiang Peng, Zhenwax, Guri, Siam, Adan, Tian Fang, Zoufal, Hume, Mugushu, as far away as the east coast of Africa, the Red Sea, Mecca and possibly Australia. These records all represent the pinnacle of China's maritime exploration, more than 80 years earlier than the western explorer Da Gama Columbus and others. At that time, the Ming dynasty was ahead of the west in navigation technology, fleet size, sailing distance, duration and related fields. In the historical significance of Zheng He's voyage to the Western Seas, there are many overseas interpretations. "In the era of Zheng He, China really assumed the responsibility of a civilized country: strong but not hegemonic, spreading goodwill to friendly countries, publicizing rewards, and accumulating wealth."

Negative meaning

Zheng He's voyages to the West may not be for the purpose of profiting from trade, but the cost cannot be ignored. Seven voyages to the West caused a huge economic burden to the finance of the Ming Dynasty. With the decline of national strength, the feat of sailing is doomed to end quietly.