Qian Xuesen's story before returning to China, brief!

Qian Xuesen (19 1 ~ 2009), a famous scientist in China, 1 91year,1February,1day. Later, he stayed in the United States as a lecturer and professor. 1950 began to work hard to return to the motherland, persecuted by the American government, and lost his freedom. 1955 took five years to return to the motherland, and since 1958, he has been the technical director of rocket, missile and spacecraft development for a long time. He was the honorary chairman of China Association for Science and Technology.

191/kloc-0 was born in Shanghai in February 1 1.

1929- 1934 studied in department of mechanical engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1934 graduated from department of mechanical engineering, majoring in railway mechanical engineering.

1934 was admitted to Tsinghua University to study in the United States at public expense.

1934- 1935 went to Hangzhou Jianqiao Aircraft Factory for internship, and then went to Nanjing and Nanchang Air Force Aircraft Repair Factory for internship. Finally, he went to Beijing to visit Tsinghua and his mentor Wang Shichuo.

1In August, 935, Qian Xuesen left the country on the ship of American Mail Company, accompanied by his classmates Xu Zhilun and Xia Qinduo. Arrived in the United States and joined the aviation department of MIT.

1936 10 Qian Xuesen transferred to California Institute of Technology and started a friendship with Professor von Carmen. They were first teachers and then close collaborators. In the same year, Qian Xuesen participated in the rocket research group led by Marina. Under the guidance of von Carmen, he worked with Marina and others to study the thermodynamic problems of rocket engines, sounding rockets and long-range rockets, and participated in the development of several early American experimental rockets capable of storing liquid propellant, such as 1945 "female soldier corporal" sounding rocket and later "corporal" missile.

1in the autumn of 937, introduced by Marina, Qian Xuesen participated in the Marxism-Leninism study group of California Institute of Technology at that time, and also met S. Weinbaum, secretary of the group and assistant researcher of chemical physics.

1938, Qian Xuesen and von Carmen cooperated to study the compressible flow boundary layer, revealing that even at a certain flight Mach number, there is a considerable temperature difference between the moving hot object and the cold air outside, and the cooling of the object still turns into heating. This is the result of air compression, temperature rise and increase of heat transfer rate in boundary layer. Qian Xuesen and von Carmen gave the formula for calculating the Mach number of this inversion.

From June, 65438 to June, 0939, he completed his doctoral thesis at California Institute of Technology, including four papers, including Research on High-speed Aerodynamics. After receiving a doctorate in aviation and mathematics, he worked as an assistant researcher in the aviation department of California Institute of Technology. In the same year, Qian Xuesen published the research results of two-dimensional sonic flow of compressible liquid, and von Carmen published the research results of compression effect in aerodynamics at 194 1. They put forward a more general modification of the compression effect on the wing, without assuming that the disturbance is very small. Another linearization based on their modified flow equation can be applied to high-speed flow, especially to calculate the force acting on the airfoil. Carmen Qian Xuesen's method can give satisfactory results in a certain speed range.

From 65438 to 0940, due to Wang Zhu's recommendation, Qian Xuesen became a communication researcher at Chengdu Aviation Institute, and wrote a monograph, Judgment of Sudden Changes in High-speed Airflow, which was published in the No.2 Report of the Institute. Starting from 1940, Qian Xuesen and von Karman cooperated to study the nonlinear buckling theory of aircraft thin metal shell structures, and obtained a series of achievements, including the buckling of spherical shells caused by external pressure, the influence of structural curvature on buckling characteristics, the buckling of cylindrical thin shells under axial compression, the buckling of columns with lateral nonlinear supports, and the influence of curvature on the buckling load of thin shells.

194 1, several international students from boxer indemnity came from Canada: Guo Yonghuai, Lin Jiaqiao, Fu Chengyi, 1942, and came to Qian Weichang again. Qian Xuesen got along closely with them and often discussed various issues together.

During the period of 1942, Qian Xuesen made some achievements in research work and also taught some students. At the same time, due to the needs of wartime military scientific research in the United States, he temporarily relaxed the restrictions on foreigners and could participate in confidential work. In the same year, the US military commissioned California Institute of Technology to hold a training course on jet technology, and Qian Xuesen was one of the teachers.

1944, the U.S. army learned the intelligence of Germany's development of V-2 rocket, so it entrusted Professor von Carmen as the team leader and Marina as the deputy team leader to study long-range rockets vigorously. Qian Xuesen was in charge of the theoretical team that designed the original American Corporal missile, and Lin Jiaqiao and Qian Weichang were also invited to conduct ballistic analysis, heat conduction and combustion theory research in the combustion chamber. At the same time, Qian Xuesen became a technical consultant of Aerojet.

1945 when von Carmen was hired as the head of the scientific advisory panel by the air force, he nominated Qian Xuesen as a member. In May of the same year, on the eve of the end of World War II, Qian Xuesen went to Europe with a scientific advisory group to inspect aviation research in Britain, Germany, France and other countries, especially the development of rocket technology in fascist Germany. At this time, California Institute of Technology promoted him to associate professor. During this period, he gained valuable experience in the scientific research of modern mechanics and jet propulsion and became an outstanding scientist with high reputation at that time.

1946 In the summer, Professor von Carmen resigned because of disagreement with the authorities of California Institute of Technology. As a student of von Carmen, Qian Xuesen also left California Institute of Technology and went to MIT as an associate professor, specializing in teaching graduate students majoring in aerodynamics. In the same year, we began to combine the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of rare gases, which was a pioneering work. In the same year, he cooperated with Guo Yonghuai to complete an important paper "Two-dimensional compressible subsonic and supersonic mixed flow and upper critical Mach number", which introduced the concepts of upper and lower critical Mach numbers into transonic flow problems at the earliest.

1at the beginning of 947, 36-year-old Qian Xuesen entered the ranks of young full professors at MIT. In the summer of the same year, Qian Xuesen asked the authorities of Massachusetts Institute of Technology for leave to visit relatives in China, and married Jiang Ying in September.

1948 victory in the cause of the liberation of the motherland is in sight, and Qian Xuesen began to prepare to return to China. To this end, he asked to withdraw from the scientific advisory group of the US Air Force.

1On May 20th, 949, Qian Xuesen received a letter from Ge Tingsui, an associate professor and researcher at the Metal Research Institute of the University of Chicago and head of the American Central District of the China Association of Scientists Studying in the United States. At the same time, a letter from Professor Cao Richang to Qian Xuesen on May 20, 1949 was handed over, and Qian Xuesen was more prepared to return to the motherland.

1In the autumn of 949, Qian Xuesen returned to California Institute of Technology from Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a professor of jet propulsion technology.

1950 In July, the US government decided to disqualify Qian Xuesen from participating in confidential research on the grounds that he had a friend relationship with Weinbaum, and accused Qian Xuesen of being born in party member and entering the country illegally. Qian Xuesen immediately decided to return to China in the name of visiting relatives, ready to never return, but when his family was about to leave, Qian Xuesen was detained. Although he was released on bail by his colleagues two weeks later, he continued to be restricted by immigration and monitored by FBI agents, and was detained for five years.

During the period from 65438 to 0953 when the American government persecuted Qian Xuesen, he still did not give up academic research except teaching and doing research. At that time, he formally put forward the concept of physical mechanics, and advocated that the macroscopic mechanical properties of matter should be determined from the microscopic laws of matter, which opened up a new field of high temperature and high pressure.

65438-0954 The groundbreaking research achievement "Engineering Cybernetics" was published in the United States.

One day in June of that year, 1955, Qian Xuesen and his wife got rid of the spy's surveillance. In a letter written on a small cigarette paper and sent to relatives in Belgium, they included a letter to Mr. Chen Shutong, asking the motherland to help him return to China as soon as possible. On August 1 day, Sino-US ambassadorial talks began in Geneva. Ambassador Wang Bingnan relied on Qian Xuesen's letter to force the American government to allow Qian Xuesen to leave the United States for home. On October 8th, 65438/KLOC-0, Qian Xuesen's family arrived in Hong Kong, transited the same day and returned to the motherland. They were warmly welcomed by the party and the government and taken good care of. 165438+ 10 In October, Qian Xuesen and Qian Weichang jointly established the Institute of Mechanics of Chinese Academy of Sciences. On February 27th, 65438, Wan Yi listened to Qian Xuesen's advice on how to develop China's rocket technology according to the instructions of Marshal Peng.