What is the relationship between Qiang and Han?

Most people have a cognitive mistake on this issue, that is, "Qiang and Han originated from ancient Qiang", which needs to be clarified first.

To answer this question, we must know the concept of Qiang people, where the ancestors of the ancient Qiang people came from, when and where they formed ethnic identity, and where their descendants split.

Judging from the current ethnic research, the ancient Qiang people have two direct descendants, one is the mountain Qiang people in the cloud, and the other is the Saba people in Chayu area. Because these two peoples stubbornly adhere to the customs of their ancestors, their races are very essential. The genetic statistics of the two ethnic groups are basically the same. According to the results of gene investigation in Fudan University, the genes of both ethnic groups contain 95% O3 and a small amount of C, D and N, of which O-M 1 17 accounts for more than 90%, and O-M 1F444 accounts for 5% of the long teeth of sage. This gene form basically represents the ethnic structure of the ancient Qiang people. Based on this statistical result, let's take a look at the origin and destination of the two genetic races of the ancient Qiang people and their relationship with the Han nationality.

95% of the main genes of the ancient Qiang people are now 36% of the Qiang people in the plain valley, which is the result of mixing with other ethnic groups.

Now, O3, the paternal gene, is a unique gene of the Han nationality in the genetic system, and the approximate generation time of its pedigree gene is:

2。 O-M 175-F75 was formed in Yunnan and Myanmar five thousand years ago.

2。 340,000 years ago, O-M 175F75 differentiated into O1A-M19 in Indo-China Peninsula and became the ancestor of Baiyue Dongtai.

2。 30,000 years ago, OM 175F75 differentiated O3*M 122 in Indo-China Peninsula, and O3*M 122 became the ancestor of Baipu people.

2。 20,000 years ago, O-M 175F75 differentiated into O2 *-M268 in Indo-China Peninsula, and became the ancestor of southwest minorities. It is also the ancestor of O2 family in Japan and South Korea.

2。 15 1000 years ago, O3 *-M 122 mutated into O-M324, which became the ancestor of the Qiang and Tibetans in China.

2。 Ten thousand years ago, O-M324L465 differentiated and was the upstream gene of Fuxi gene.

Ten thousand years ago, O-M324 was further divided into O-M324P20 1, which is the Lianshan gene and the upstream gene of Shennong.

Twenty thousand years ago, ethnic groups dominated by O1a-m19 and O-M324L465 began to move eastward along the coast, while ethnic groups dominated by O3*M 122 and O-M324P20 1 entered Guangdong and Guangxi.

O3-M324P20 1 prototype and its downstream M 188 gene have high frequency distribution in southeastern China, ethnic minorities in Taiwan Province Province and Southeast Asia. The genes produced 20,000 years ago were widely distributed in Lingnan, and the genes produced since then were rarely distributed in Lingnan, all of which were the result of migration to the south in 2000. That is to say, the ancestral genes of the ancient Qiang people in Shennong and Lianshan originated from Indochina Peninsula, but the genes of the ancient Qiang people and the descendants of Shennong below M 134 were not originally distributed in Lingnan, so the genes of the ancient Qiang people and Shennong were produced after M324-P20 1 migrated to Nanling. Another logic can prove this point, that is, the maternal gene of the northwest ethnic group, because the maternal gene of all paternal YO ethnic groups should have been MTN series genes, but the maternal gene of the northwest ethnic group has become MTM, which shows that the maternal gene of the maternal tribe M324P20 1 that migrated from the Central Plains to the northwest occurred after merging with the YC/D tribe in the northwest. Now, by studying the genetic composition of the Qiang matriarchal, we can prove when the ancient Qiang nationality was separated from the Han nationality in northwest China. If the matriarchal line of Qiang nationality still maintains MTN, the ancient Qiang nationality is 1. It should have been separated 20 thousand years ago, and there was no tribal integration after the first wood time; If MT-M is dominant, it should leave MT-M tribe and move to Gannan within ten thousand years.

1。 Ten thousand years ago, P20 1 differentiated into M 134 near Xiangxi and Hubei.

1。 After the last ice age at the end of 8000, people who sheltered from the cold in Lingnan and coastal areas migrated with the extension of vegetation belt from north to west. O3-M324 * KL 1 From the coast to the west. P20 1 and its downstream M 134 migrate north and then northwest.

1。 690,000 years ago, the N gene of N2 was mutated. In the Qilian Mountain area in northwest China, it is fan-shaped from Qilian Mountain to the north, and there are few branches in East China. This is also the reason why Huns worship Kunlun God. N3 extreme north gene mutation at n275kBP.

1。 Ten thousand years ago, M 1 17 further differentiated into M 134.

1。 Ten thousand years ago, P20 1 differentiated into M7 in the two lakes region.

1。 Ten thousand years ago, O-M324 *-KL 1 in Jianghuai area differentiated into JST0026 1 1.

1。 250,000 years ago, the climate of the new fairy tree suddenly changed, and the temperature continued to drop by 6 to 9 degrees Celsius, only lasting 1000 years, which did not reach the ice age cooling level. This incident caused the tribes in northwest, north China and northeast China to retreat from south to east, the Han nationality in northwest China retreated from Altai and Qilian Mountains to Hehuang and Weishui basins, and the ancient Qiang people probably retreated to Gannan, which is why people think that Qiang and Han are homologous and originated from the ancient Qiang people.

There is also a misunderstanding that the northwest nationalities came to the northwest through Yunnan and Burma, across the Hengduan Mountains, through Yunnan, Sichuan and Gannan, and came to the northwest by O3 gene. This statement does not take into account the ancient climate, ancient tribal lifestyle and other factors. The time of O3 differentiation was the peak of the last ice age, which Li Siguang named Dali Ice Age. At that time, many high mountains in Yunnan, Gongga Mountain in western Sichuan and Gannan were covered by glaciers, with frozen soil below, and vegetation developed very late. Moreover, the migration of the ancients is not a donkey friend now. They walk hundreds of kilometers every day. They chase their prey aimlessly and migrate with vegetation and animals as a link in the ecological chain. It is estimated that it will take about 2000 years to travel from Myanmar to the northwest, only one or two kilometers a year, so the journey must last for a long time. There was no animal husbandry at that time, only picking and limited hunting, and it was impossible to take the northwest route. At present, the proportion of O3 characteristics and maternal gene MTN in southwest ethnic minorities is very low, which can not support the conclusion adopted by northwest Han nationality.

To be sure, the ancestors of the Han people are not one. The race of O-M324KL1JST002611in Jianghuai Fuxi Group is Chinese 16%, and the race of Wuyue Dayu gene series in East China is Chinese 19%, and C-M in North China. O2, K-M9, 0-M7 in the upper reaches of Han nationality in southwest Jianghan account for 29% of Chinese people, Y-D gene represented by Di nationality and Tibetan nationality accounts for 2%, gene of Northwest Zhou people accounts for 3%, and representative genes of Northwest Han nationality are M 134-F444 and M 165438+.

Therefore, it is not true that the Han nationality originated in the northwest. It can only be said that the Yan Di tribe is of the same ancestry as the ancient Qiang people, and they are descendants of the Central Plains people. Yao Di's gene is probably M 1 17, because the genetic test of Taosi senior tomb is basically M 1 17. Huangdi tribe is a tribe in the Central Plains. Whether the gene is M 1 17 is uncertain, but it is certain that the M 1 17 gene, which accounts for 36% of the Qiang people and 30% of the Tibetans, has the same ancestor as the genes of the main ethnic groups in the Central Plains.

There is another question that needs to be discussed, that is, the origin of Qiang ginger. It is wrong to say that these two words are sheep prefixes, because Qiang and Jiang are 1 century. 250,000 years ago, sheep were domesticated in the two river basins 1000 years ago and unearthed in Xinjiang 5000 years ago. The earliest sheep bones found in the Yellow River valley were 4,000 years ago. This problem is completely reversed, just like the relationship between the ancient Qiang people and the ancient Han people.

The origin of Qiang ginger is related to two factors, one is the totem of Lianshan, and the other is Qilian Mountain. Lianshan totem is the word Jiang, which is the origin of graphics, while Qi, Jiang and Qiang have the same pronunciation. It used to be said that the ancestor of the Yellow Emperor was surnamed Qi, which shows its internal relationship. The ancestors of these tribes sheltered from the cold on the grassland between Qilian Mountain, Yanzhishan Mountain and Kunlun Mountain during the Shenmu incident, and formed cultural factors such as ethnic identity and totem. Before the formation of Lianshan tribe, they were named Qilian Mountain, while another _ Zishi tribe was named Yan. After that, the ancient Qiang and Jiang clans all took Lianshan totem as their family emblem, and further evolved into matriarchal tribal surnames.

After the ancient Qiang people formed tribes, after about 10 thousand years of evolution, there are now three destinations. One of them thinks he is A Qiang. He lives in Gansu, Sichuan, Qinghai, Yunnan and Tibet. One of them merged with the Di nationality to become a Tibetan, and the other merged with the Di nationality and other ethnic minorities in the northwest to become a part of other ethnic groups.

Let's talk about Tibetans first. Recently, I read that human remains of 7000 years ago were found in Tibet, which advanced the record of people living in Tibet by 2000 years. That is to say, because t

At present, molecular genetic archaeology has conducted a genetic sampling survey of Tibetans, and found that Y-D gene accounts for 60% and Y-O gene accounts for 365,438+0%, while the O3 ratio in Linzhi, Gannan and Shigatse areas where agricultural production can be carried out in Yarlung Zangbo River basin is higher than 45%, and in some areas it is higher than 60%. In Tibetan Y-O, the M 1 17 of Qiang nationality and its upstream M 134 are the main sources of Tibetan language. The descendants of the ancient Qiang people concentrated in Weizang, and the Tibetan royal family originated in southern Tibet and had a great relationship with the Qiang people. The primitive life form of Qiang people is biased towards mountain gathering and hunting and mountain farming.

After thousands of years of gathering and hunting, the Qiang people in the northwest of China completed the domestication of yak 5,000 years ago, during which they merged with YD-dominated ethnic groups. There are obvious ethnic differences between Qiang and Di nationalities in the southwest mountainous areas, but there is little difference between nomadic tribes in Qinghai-Tibet grassland and Gannan grassland.

The Qiang people in Ma Yao culture should be the main ethnic group. Today, the Yellow River, Huangshui River, Taohe River, Datong River and the upper reaches of Minjiang River in Sichuan are the activity centers of the ancient Qiang people. In the later period, the Yi people's forces, which developed from the east to the north of Yunguichuan, infiltrated into the northwest, gradually changing the ethnic structure in Hehuang area in the northwest. According to historical records, during the Yin and Shang Dynasties, Qiang was one of its "national parties", and a leader held an official position in North Korea. Some of them live a nomadic life without a fixed place, while others are engaged in agricultural production. It is recorded that "once there was soup, I was self-nourished, and I dared not enjoy it or come to the king", which reflected the close relationship between ancient Qiang and Yin Shang. Oracle Bone Inscriptions high school.

In the Zhou Dynasty, a large number of Qiang people were integrated into China. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Qiang people established Yi areas in eastern Gansu, northern Shaanxi, Ningxia and south of Hetao. It is an important force for the Central Plains countries to unify Lian Heng, and it has been at war with the State of Qin 170 years. Zhurong, with Qiang as the main body, was gradually annexed by Qin. The Qiang people who live in Gansu, the upper reaches of the Yellow River in Qinghai and the Huangshui River Basin are still in a state of "eating less livestock and taking hunting as their business". In the year of Shang Song, when Li was in power, the Qiang people were captured and fled back to their hometown, and then they were taught to "farm animals". Since then, the Qiang people have had primitive agricultural production, increased population and economic development.

Since then, the Qiang people have further developed and differentiated. 755-79000: "Jane's great-grandson forbeared to stand at the beginning, and his class was attached to the south, giving him the west of a thousand miles river, keeping him away from others and no longer coming and going." Later, there were more and more descendants, either with them or with cattle and Qiang people. Or white horse species, Guanghan Qiang is also; Or for the wolf species, Wudu Qiang is also. " During this period, under the pressure of Qin, the Qiang people in the northwest migrated on a large scale.

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu controlled Gan Qing, and the Qiang people accepted the management of Xiongnu officials. Even after the opening of the Silk Road in the Han Dynasty, the Han army did not cover the nomadic Gan Qing area of the Qiang and Di nationalities, because there was no farming and no nomadic regime control. At this time, Ganqing Qiang people did not form a strong sense of nationality and state. During the Three Kingdoms period at the end of Han Dynasty, some tribes in Xiliang participated in the Northwest War, but they were basically vassals. At this time, the strong emperor has formed a certain fighting capacity.

From 307 to 3 12, a branch of Murong tribe of Xianbei nationality, led by Tu, moved from western Liaodong to western Inner Mongolia, and then moved to southwest Gansu and southeast Qinghai. Gradually conquered the local Qiang nationality and border tribes, and its influence was growing. In 329 AD, Tuguhun's grandson Ziyeyan named the country and nation after his grandfather and established Tuguhun's regime. Its sphere of influence extends from southern Gansu to northwestern Sichuan, south to southern Qinghai, west to Ruoqiang and Qiemo in Xinjiang, and north to Qilian Mountain. In 663 AD, the Tubo army occupied the whole territory of Tuyuhun, and the 350-year-old Tuyuhun Kingdom perished. The aristocrat of Tubo is Murong of Xianbei, and his people are descendants of Qiang and Di, and there is no racial difference with Tibetans. The Tibetan cultural heritage group later formed the Amdo people in Tibet. The Y-C gene of Xianbei people in the north also infiltrated into the Tibetans in a small amount.

In the Tang Dynasty, Qiang people and border people merged into Tibetans. The Tibetan royal family is probably descended from the Qiang people in southern Tibet. The Tubo dynasty was unprecedentedly powerful, controlling most of the land in Gansu, Qinghai and southern Xinjiang, and often threatening Chang 'an.

In the late Tang Dynasty, the Qiang and Di nationalities in the northwest, led by the descendants of Tuoba Xianbei, formed the Tangut, and the Tangut established Xixia. This Xixia has nothing to do with the Xia Dynasty. This is a reward for spreading false information, or the need for politicians to pay their own bills. For example, the Q 1A crowd in the Zhou Dynasty insisted that they were the direct descendants of the Yellow Emperor in the Central Plains.

On the whole, Qiang people are a branch of Lianshan ancestors and the brothers of Han nationality in China. Their cultural heritage has basically been cut off, and their national heritage has formed Tibetans, which may have dominated the cultural and political development of Tibetans. However, due to their nomadic characteristics, the ancient Qiang people in northwest China had genetic exchanges with nomadic peoples such as Central Asia and Mongolia, which contributed to the distribution of M 1 17, and they were a very high proportion of ethnic groups in these areas.

The Han people migrated from Indochina Peninsula to East Asia twice before and after the last ice age, and they are the direct descendants of those who started farming activities in the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins. Only the genes and population are exported to the west, northwest, north and northeast, and are rarely diluted by the genes of nomadic people.

Qiang people are the representatives of Kunlun civilization, that is, the last Kunlun nation. After the appearance of human beings, due to the changes of climate and the earth, they migrated from the east to the west and from the west to the northeast. So China people and ancient Qiang people are now one.

20 15, a man from A Qiang, langmusi at the eastern end of Kunlun Mountain, told me the following story. Judging from our present civilization center, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the edge. Judging from the Kunlun Civilization Center, we are on the edge.

The Yarkant River, which runs day and night, runs down from the Karakorum Mountain, singing all the way and merging into the surging Tarim River, nourishing the fertile land on both sides. People living on both sides of the strait, while enjoying the benefits brought by the Yarkant River, also tell the story of a hero through word of mouth.

In the Yellow Age, there was an ordinary village at the foot of Kunlun Mountain in southern Kashgar. It is not rich, but life is not short of clothes and food. There is a young man named Ye Erqiang in the village. When he was a child, his parents died and he grew up eating hundreds of meals. Everyone in the village is his parents.

When Ye Qiang 18 years old, the village suffered a once-in-a-century drought. The river that flowed for thousands of years dried up. With their backs to the sky and their faces to the loess, the farmers were sweating, and eight crops and leaves withered and turned yellow in the scorching sun. Seeing the dying crops, kind people call it "every day" and "the land is not working". The tribal leader called the villagers and decided to choose a smart and brave young man to look for water along the dry river bed. The villagers thought it over and thought that Ye Erqiang was the most suitable because his intelligence and wisdom were obvious to all.

After Ye Qiang was selected, he was very moved. He believes that this is not only the trust of the villagers, but also the time for him to repay the kindness of the villagers. Without further ado, Ye Qiang bowed deeply to the villagers, and set off with the sweet nang sent by his master and the grapes sent by Jia. Grapes were called flat peaches at that time. Flat peach is an ancient hieroglyphic, which means that the fruit like beads is strung together with insects, that is, snakes, planted in the countryside and grown on the shelves set up by people.

He walked after another, climbed a mountain, and another mountain appeared in front of him. Two months later, Ye Erqiang has not found water, but his dry food and water have been exhausted. Another snow-capped mountain unfolded before him. He picked up the snow in his hand and shoveled it up. After all, snow can't replace food, and the tired Ye Erqiang fell into the snowfield before he went far. The snow was so soft that Ye Er forced himself to lie on it and had a dream. He dreamed that the snow on the mountain melted slowly in the scorching sun and turned into a stream flowing to a distant village. He woke up smiling, his eyes still covered with snow.

Judging from the research results of modern meteorology, the most serious drought on the earth is often when water freezes, that is, after the lowest temperature of cold and hot cycles.

Ye Qiang rubbed his sleepy eyes and asked himself, "The villagers are waiting for water, but you are lying here sleeping! Are you still human? " He struggled to get up from the snow and looked straight ahead. Finally, over ninety-nine mountains and through ninety-nine mountain roads, I met an old man with silver hair and waist-length beard on a mountain. Ye Qiang bowed politely and asked, "Excuse me, senior, do you know where there is water?" The old man stroked his beard, looked it up and down, and then asked, "Son, is this important to you?" "Important, too important!" Ye Qiang answered breathlessly. Then, he told the old man about the drought in the village. The old man said, "It is not easy to find a water source. You can only succeed if you can afford to suffer. " From the old man's words, Ye Erqiang saw hope. He couldn't wait to answer: "Dear elder, I can bear any pain. As long as the villagers can use water, I will go through fire and water! " The old man was moved by Ye Erqiang's sincerity, smiled and nodded, took out a water hyacinth from his pocket and solemnly said to him, "This is a treasure gourd. After returning to the village, you have to stand at the highest place and pour out the water inside, and the spring water will gush out. " The old man told him to stand higher? The greater the current. Ye Qiang carefully took the gourd, thanked the old man and drove back day and night.

After returning to the village for a long time, Ye Erqiang rushed to the highest mountain behind the village without greeting the villagers or eating a hot meal. The sun had set in the west. When Yeerqiang was about to climb to the top of the mountain, he tripped over a thorn and the gourd in his hand fell into the mountain stream. Where the gourd fell, a clear spring immediately appeared, but the flow was too small. Ye Qiang knelt on the hillside and lamented how such a small spring could feed the whole village. Ye Qiang felt remorse and jumped off the cliff into the bubbling spring. Suddenly, the clear spring of the eye turned into a rolling river.

Since then, the current situation of drought and water shortage in the village has been completely changed, and farmers in Fiona Fang, hundreds of miles away, have become the beneficiaries of this river. The land irrigated by the river is black and oily, and oil will come out as soon as you catch it. Rice is full, corn is thick, and cotton is huge. People who live and work in peace and contentment, in order to commemorate this heroic young man, gave this river a heroic name-Yarkant River. Qiang is the oldest ethnic group. Qiang River flows through the territory and flows into Tarim Sea.

Leaves, meaning yellow, refer to the land. Strong means that the water on the mountain flows downwards, and the color is dark black, not navy blue. Therefore, the Yeerqiang people in Kunlun told an old story during the Huangxuan period in the eastern sea and land. The hieroglyph "Qiang" also expresses the meaning of the apostle holding a scepter to draw river water from the kingdom of God on the high mountain.

Early Proterozoic is an important period of rapid crustal growth in this area, and it is also a period when continental cores developed into landmasses. In the early Proterozoic, extensive and intense tectonic movements caused strong deformation of rocks, and finally Tarim block, Qaidam block and Junggar micro-block merged into one.

From Neogene to Quaternary, with the subduction and collision of the Indian plate to the Eurasian plate, and the long-range effect caused by the wedging of the Indian plate to the Eurasian plate after the collision, Tianshan Mountain and Kunlun Mountain were greatly uplifted and napped. After the collision, the Indian plate continued to subduct northward, the West Kunlun orogenic belt was strongly compressed, contracted and uplifted, and the northern block overthrusted over the Tarim basin for a long distance, which aggravated the deflection of rocks in the Tarim plate.

The folds of West Kunlun Mountain and Tianshan Mountain are strongly uplifted, accompanied by strike-slip fault system activities, and the basins are relatively descended, forming a unified Tarim basin surrounded by orogenic belts.

This is the bottom of the ancient North Sea, high in the southwest and low in the northeast. When the elevation of Pamirs is only 1000 meters, it is relatively shallow compared with the present ocean. In the second solar year, the land in the southwest of the basin began to be inhabited from 48 million to 420 thousand, that is, the Kunlun civilization appeared in the area centered on Yecheng.

Indeed, it is no problem to say that the Qiang nationality and the Han nationality are of the same origin, because today's Qiang nationality and Han nationality both come from the ancient Qiang nationality and are different branches of the Qiang nationality formed in the development of ancient history.

The ancient Qiang people first lived in a large area of western China, and Hehuang Valley in Qinghai was the core area of their life. In ancient times, Qiang people lived a nomadic life. After the tribe grows, they need more fertile land to meet the needs of feeding the growing population.

Therefore, the ancient Qiang people migrated to various places, including Yan Di tribes moving eastward. In the process of moving eastward, Yan Di tribes conquered other tribes continuously, thus forming the Yan Di Tribal Alliance. Finally, after arriving in the Central Plains, they fought fiercely with the Huangdi Tribal Alliance for land. Finally, the two tribal alliances merged to form the Huaxia tribal alliance, which is the predecessor of the Huaxia tribe.

It is generally acknowledged that the Yan Di tribe originated from the ancient Qiang people. Even the Huangdi tribe originated from the ancient Qiang people, and their relationship is a kind of uncle and nephew.

With the development of the times, the Qiang people in the ancient northwest finally merged into other ethnic groups around them.

Today's Qiang people are part of the ancient Qiang people's southward migration from the bottom of Hehuang Valley. After defeating the indigenous people in Minshan, they settled here for generations. Because of the high mountains and deep valleys here, it is easy to defend but difficult to attack, and this part of the Qiang people has continued relatively quietly to this day.

They are also the only people who inherit the blood of ancient Qiang civilization and the surname of ancient Qiang people, and they are the most direct descendants of ancient Qiang people.