When did the northern minorities move to the Central Plains?

2. Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jiejie, Biandi and Qiang

3. Late Western Jin Dynasty and Early Eastern Jin Dynasty.

At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the water conservancy in the Central Plains was in disrepair, and droughts, locusts and epidemics continued year after year. In order to seek food, people in the Central Plains began to migrate to the south. The destruction of the Eight Kings Rebellion and the impact of various ethnic groups in the west and north caused a greater migration tide. Yellow River Basin

At that time, the population of the Central Plains mainly flowed to the south, and some of them moved to the Liaohe River Basin or the Hexi Corridor far away from the Central Plains. At the end of Jin Dynasty, "Zhongzhou asylum seekers followed the sun and the moon", among which there were many cultural celebrities. Later, when the Central Plains was in melee, the Hexi Corridor was relatively peaceful. It became an important stronghold for the development of advanced culture of Han nationality at that time. The great population migration in the late Western Jin Dynasty was the result of social unrest, but it was objectively beneficial to the economic development and social progress of the resettlement areas and had a far-reaching impact on the economic, political and cultural development of later generations.

4. Several high tides of population migration in the history of China.

Like the development of population itself, China's population migration has a long history, but its evolution process is not linear and gradual, but presents typical wave-like ups and downs. When the society is relatively stable, the scale is small and relatively stable; When social unrest occurs due to natural and man-made disasters, its scale will suddenly increase, and the degree of increase is almost proportional to the scale of the unrest. In addition, the scale of population migration is also related to the policies adopted by various dynasties. Affected by the above factors, China's population migration history has formed the following climaxes:

(1) Qin Dynasty and Western Han Dynasty

The Qin Dynasty was an energetic dynasty. After the reunification of China, a series of large-scale population migration was organized for political and economic needs, some of which were groundbreaking in the history of population migration in China and had a great impact on the immigration policy of later generations. In addition to political exile, its content is mainly divided into two categories. The first category is "the real Guanzhong". For example, in the twenty-sixth year of the first emperor (22 BC1year), he immigrated to Xianyang120,000 households, aiming at strengthening the rule and developing into a veritable national political center. The second category is frontier defense and development of new areas, the most famous of which are Wuyuan in the north, Yunzhong and Wuling in the south, with hundreds of thousands of people, which have played an important role in the development along the Great Wall and South China.

It is of great political significance to continue to carry out the policy of "carrying out Guanzhong" and guarding the border by immigrants, especially for the large-scale settlement of immigrants in Hetao area, Hexi Corridor, eastern Qinghai and central Xinjiang.

(2) Late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms Period

This is a rare period of great social unrest in the history of China. The warlord's scuffle and loss of life contributed to a large-scale population migration. Before the establishment of the Three Kingdoms, that is, during the period of warlord scuffle, immigrants were refugees fleeing from the war. They moved out from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, where the war was fiercest, and most of them moved south to the Yangtze River basin. There are many literati and scholars among the immigrants, that is, Luo Zhi of Wu and Shu, among whom Zhuge Liang, Zhou Yu, Lu Su and Zhang Zhao are the most famous. Lu Su, who was originally from Linhuai (now Dingyuan, Anhui Province), once called on his subordinates: "Huaisi is an intangible land. I heard that Hedong fertile land is thousands of miles away, the people are rich and the soldiers are strong, and they can avoid harm "is a typical representative; The other part goes north along the Great Wall and even Liaodong, among which Ning Guan is famous.

During the period of the tripartite confrontation, in order to strengthen their own strength, all three parties were trying to recruit refugees, develop wasteland, and try their best to recruit and rob people from abroad, including ethnic minorities. For example, Cao Wei moved a large number of Xiongnu and Wuhuan people to the mainland, and Sun Wu sent troops to Taiwan Province Province, and "thousands of people returned to Yizhou".

After nearly 90 years of population migration, the population of the Yangtze River valley and the Great Wall area in China has been increasing and further developed. The migration of ethnic minorities injected fresh blood into the Chinese nation, but ethnic conflicts inevitably occurred at that time, which laid the foundation for the larger population migration and social unrest in the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

(3) Gold and the Southern and Northern Dynasties

This is another period of great division, erosion and destruction in the history of China, in which the ethnic minorities who moved northward played an important role. In the turmoil of a century or two, the Yellow River was ravaged, leading to the climax of southward migration again and again. According to official statistics only, from 3 13 to 450, the population of Du Nan in the north reached 900,000, accounting for 1/7 of the original household registration in the north. In fact, this statistic has been greatly reduced due to the loss of hidden hukou during the chaotic displacement process. As someone has pointed out: "Since the Central Plains Rebellion, the people have left their own territory, a creation has been created on the left side of the river, the nobles have merged, or the guests have been displaced, and the people's nation has not been established." "When people are in trouble and displaced from this place, refugees take most of their names as guests." It can be seen that the actual scale of immigrants should be far above the above official statistics. During this period, the distribution of immigrants was still dominated by the Yangtze River basin, and there were also many immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong in the south. According to records: "In the second year of Jin Yongjia, eight families in Fujian began to wear clothes, including Lin, Huang, Chen, Zheng, Zhan, Qiu, He and Hu." Wave after wave of immigrants laid the foundation for the historic shift of China's economic and population center of gravity from north to south.

(D) "An Shi Rebellion"

Sui and Tang Dynasties had great political energy, but their achievements in population migration were far less than those in Qin and Han Dynasties. The reason is that people have experienced centuries of turmoil, suffered from displacement, moved to other places, and psychologically hated population migration. In addition, the official immigrants in Qin and Han dynasties, including stationing troops to defend the border, mostly failed to fulfill their responsibilities, often harming first and not benefiting, and learned a lot. Therefore, the official population migration in Sui and Tang Dynasties was very few. Until the "An Shi Rebellion" that shocked the whole country broke out, the Yellow River basin fell into a sea of blood again, which triggered another tide of population migration to the south. According to historical records: "At the end of Tianbao, An Lushan rebelled, the son of heaven went to Shu, the toast ran south, and there were a sea of people in Wu." "The world is dressed in clothes, avoiding Wu Dong, and Yongjia moving south is not here." The aftermath of this tide of population migration to the south continued until the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms period. At this point, the population size in southern China has reached the same level as that in the north for the first time.

(5) The Difficulties of Jingkang to the end of Southern Song Dynasty

The massive invasion of the Jin people to the south and the confrontation between the Song and Jin dynasties after 100 years have caused China to suffer another huge social unrest, and the resulting population migration is as large in scale and long in duration as the "mourning for Yongjia" and the "Anshi Rebellion", and its nature and form are similar. According to the record: "At the end of the warning, all the scholars avoided the ground ... those who were wearing clothes rushed to the road." "Northwest scholar-officials suffer from Jingkang and live in Wuling". "People from all directions gathered in Zhejiang, which is a hundred times as usual." Even some remote mountainous areas in the south have accepted many immigrants. For example, in Rongxian County, Guangxi, "since Guangxi and Guangzhou were introduced to cross the river, many people have stayed at home." The migration of a large number of people from the north to the south has greatly promoted the social development in the south. Many civil military commanders in the Southern Song Dynasty also came from the north, including Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, Zhang Jun, etc. Among the civilians, there were also many celebrities who went south, such as Li Qingzhao and Xin Qiji.

(6) Late Yuan Dynasty and Early Ming Dynasty

China's vast Central Plains region suffered repeated disasters for more than two centuries from "the difficulty of Jingkang" to the end of Yuan Dynasty, and it was even more "the Central Plains was bumpy and sparsely populated" in the early Ming Dynasty. In stark contrast to the densely populated south of the Yangtze River. This extremely unbalanced population distribution pattern created the realistic demand of population migration, and the need to open and defend the border led to a climax of population migration in the early Ming Dynasty, but its nature was completely different from the great migration caused by previous turmoil.

Shortly after the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, people began to migrate, such as "140,000 people in the south of the Yangtze River moved to Fengyang", "Hebei moved to Zehe, Shanxi", "desert adherents" moved to Beiping, and Huguang, Yunnan moved to farmers in Jiangxi, and so on. Therefore, the history books say that "the most immigrants are Taizu." In the early Ming Dynasty, in order to consolidate the frontier defense, nine towns named "Jiubian" were set up on the first line of the Great Wall, and many guards were also set up in other strategic places in China. In the thirty-first year of Hongwu alone, there were 136 guards. In order to solve the problem of border guards' salary, large-scale immigrants were organized to settle down and defend the border in the early Ming Dynasty. "At that time, it started from Liaozuo in the east, Xuanda in the north, Gansu in the west, and Yunnan and Sichuan in the south. The principle is that the river is north and south, and now it is in Xingyun." There are as many as 400,000 to 500,000 immigrants from Yunnan who have settled in the fields, and the scale is huge, which has achieved good results politically and economically.

(7) Immigrants from Taiwan Province Province in Qing Dynasty.

Taiwan Province Province was formally incorporated into Chinese territory in the Yuan Dynasty. /kloc-Shortly after the Dutch colonists invaded in the 0/7th century, Zheng Chenggong led the army to recover it in one fell swoop. Since then, Zheng successfully organized a large migration to Taiwan Province Province, and the number of immigrants reached 200,000 in a short time, accounting for the majority of the island's total population. After the Qing Dynasty unified Taiwan Province Province, it adopted an ambiguous attitude towards immigrants, that is, immigrants were not allowed to bring their families, which made it difficult for them to take root in Taiwan Province Province. The purpose of this is to prevent Taiwan Province from repeating the "mistakes" of Zheng Chenggong's anti-Qing struggle in Taiwan Province Province after its growing population and prosperity. It was not until the middle of Qing Dynasty that the above policies were loosened due to the increasing population pressure in mainland China, which led to the climax of emigration to Taiwan Province. 18 1 1 year, the population of Han nationality in Taiwan Province Province has exceeded 2 million, which is six or seven times higher than that of a century and a half ago. In the late Qing Dynasty, in view of the sinister international situation, the imperial court realized the strategic significance of Taiwan Province Province. Not only did the immigration restrictions be completely lifted, but also "Reclamation Bureaus" were set up in Xiamen, Shantou, Hongkong and other places to provide financial assistance and preferential treatment to promote the immigration of Taiwan Province Province and lay a population foundation for future development.

(8) Northeast immigrants in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China.

Historically, the population of Northeast China (including eastern Inner Mongolia) has been small, and it was even rarer after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. Manchu rulers regarded the northeast as the place where ancestors prospered the king. In order to protect the interests of participating in the mountains and rivers, they imposed a long-term ban on the northeast and built a "wicker border pass" in Liaoning to prohibit residents from farming across the border. At the same time, the northeast is used as a place to exile prisoners. These so-called "floating population" have played an important role in the development of Northeast China. Coupled with illegal farmers, by the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the total population of this area still increased significantly. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, the vast areas in the lower reaches of the Yellow River suffered from famine year after year, and thousands of bankrupt farmers ignored the ban and flowed into the northeast. By 1840, the total population of the whole region has exceeded 3 million, which is seven or eight times higher than that before 100. At this time, the national population has reached 400 million, and the population pressure is increasing social contradictions. Internationally, the great powers are advancing step by step, especially Russia has set its sights on the northeast. In this situation, the Manchu court relaxed the ban on famine in Northeast China in 1860, and all the bans were lifted in 1897, which not only reduced the population pressure in the customs, but also opened up financial resources for the court and enriched the border defense. In addition, immigrants are also given a "work orientation". All these have contributed to a frenzy of "de-orientalization". By 19 10, the total population of Northeast China has increased to180,000, which is nearly five times higher than 1840.

After the founding of the Republic of China, the torrent of "de-orientalization" continued. Before September 18th, it was estimated that about 250,000 to 300,000 people moved in every year, mostly from Shandong and Hebei provinces. Since then, the number of people who have moved in is still considerable. On the eve of the founding of New China, the total population of the whole region has reached nearly 4 million, double the ratio of 19 10. Throughout the whole history of China's population migration, the migration to the Northeast in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China was the strongest and the best, which had a great and far-reaching impact on China's population geography and economic geography.

[Edit this paragraph] Reasons for population migration

Numerous large-scale population movements in the history of our country have had a great impact on the formation of population distribution in our country, and objectively greatly promoted the integration of multi-ethnic groups and economic and cultural exchanges in our country. From the reasons of migration, there are three main reasons: political needs, war escape and economic livelihood.

I. Political needs

In 22 1 year BC, after the Qin dynasty unified China, Xianyang was established as its capital. In order to control Shanhaiguan Pass, it developed into a veritable national political center, with an estimated total population of over 700,000.

In 2 14 BC, Qin Shihuang sent a general Meng Tian with 300,000 troops to capture a large area of Hetao, build a city and set up a county in Hetao, relocate the mainland people there, develop production and strengthen border defense.

In the same year, the Qin Dynasty sent troops to conquer Baiyue people in the Pearl River Basin. The Qin government established Guilin, Nanhai and Xiang Jun there, sent officials to govern them, and moved 500,000 people from the Central Plains to these areas to live with Baiyue people.

In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Bang continued to emigrate from Guandong to Guanzhong on a large scale, with a total of not less than 300,000 people. In the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, with the victory of the Xiongnu War, Emperor Wudi organized a large-scale immigration to the northwest frontier, with a total of more than 700,000 people. In addition, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent people to southwest minority areas to establish counties in Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and other places to strengthen the ties between the mainland and the southwest.

In order to accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality and strengthen the control of the Yellow River valley, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei moved his capital to Luoyang in 494, thus moving a large number of people from western Inner Mongolia and northwestern Shanxi to Henan.

Since16th century, some European colonists have come to the southeast coastal areas of China to carry out aggressive activities. 1553 Portuguese colonists seized the right of abode in China, Guangdong and Macao. After 1557, they privately expanded their land in Macao, built forts and set up government offices, and began to occupy Macao for a long time. In the Opium War,

Britain forced the Qing government to occupy Hongkong, so a large number of foreigners moved to China to live.

In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Turks in western Mongolia moved westward to the lower reaches of the Volga River. Unbearable of Russian control and oppression, they launched an armed uprising in 177 1 year under the leadership of the leader Wabashi, and finally returned to the northwest of the motherland after a long journey.

Second, the war fled

In the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period, in order to escape the war, a large number of northern residents moved to Jiangnan, bringing advanced farming techniques. Shan Yue, a minority of Wu State, developed the area south of the Yangtze River with the Han nationality.

At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, many northerners moved to the south to avoid the scourge of war. In 3 17, the bureaucrats, nobles and big landlords who fled to the south of the Yangtze River jointly established the Eastern Jin Dynasty. This process of population migration continued until the Southern Dynasties. Farmers from the north moved to the south, which increased the labor force and brought relatively advanced production tools and technologies to the south. Together with the working people in the south, they developed the Jiangnan area.

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Xu Xiang Zhongyuan people migrated to the south of the Yangtze River, which increased the labor force there and promoted the economic development in the south.

At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, due to the war, a large number of northern residents fled to the south to avoid disasters, which further promoted the economic development of the south.

Before the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), many people fled their homes to escape the war because of the warlord scuffle, Japanese aggression and the oppression of the United States and Chiang Kai-shek. Habitual population migration characteristics such as "eastward" (Hebei and Shandong migrated to the northeast), "westward" (Shanxi migrated to Inner Mongolia, Gansu migrated to Xinjiang) and "Xiajiangnan" (Sichuan migrated to Guizhou and Yunnan) appeared. During the 50 years from the beginning of19th century to the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), there were about 30 million people who moved from Guannei to Northeast China.

Third, the economy makes a living

In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu was divided into two parts. The southern Xiongnu moved to Hetao and Shaanxi and northern Shanxi, where they lived together with the Han nationality and merged with each other, which promoted economic development.

During the Western Jin Dynasty, the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Mangan, Bian and Qiang nationalities lived in the western and northern border areas. They used to be nomadic people in vast areas of northern and western China. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, they have moved in one after another. By the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty, there were hundreds of thousands of people from Xiongnu, Xianbei and Jack, and more than 500,000 people from Di and Qiang. They live in the vast areas of Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei and Liaoning to the south of the Great Wall.

Since the Tang Dynasty, many Persians and Arabs who believe in Islam have settled in some areas of our country. In the Yuan Dynasty, they moved to China in large numbers. They lived together with the Han, Mongolian, Uygur and other nationalities for a long time, intermarried with each other and gradually merged, and began to form a new nationality-Hui.

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the influence of the Qidan nationality (originally living in the upper reaches of Liaohe River) continued to expand, and many people from the Central Plains came to the territory of Qidan, bringing advanced production technology. The Khitan nationality flourished rapidly and later established the Liao State.

After the reunification of the Yuan Dynasty, many Han people came to the border areas and contributed to the development there. All ethnic groups in the border areas, including Mongolians, moved to the Central Plains and Jiangnan in large numbers and lived together with the Han nationality.

Since the Tang Dynasty, many people in China have made a living in Nanyang (Southeast Asia). After Zheng He's voyage to the West, more and more China people went to Nanyang. They brought advanced production technology and cultural knowledge and actively participated in the development and construction of Nanyang. The hard work of overseas Chinese promoted the economic and cultural development of Nanyang.

5. It has brought advanced production technology to Jiangnan.

6. Jiangnan literally means Jiangnan. "Jiang" has a special meaning in Chinese, which is the Yangtze River. Jiangnan originally refers to the area south of the Yangtze River. In ancient times, Jiangnan often represented prosperous culture and education and beautiful and rich water town scenery.

The theory that Jiangnan was born in the pre-Qin period. Until the Sui Dynasty, Jiangnan referred to Hunan and Jiangxi. The establishment of Jiangnan Road in Tang Dynasty was later divided into Jiangnan East Road, Jiangnan West Road and Guizhou Middle Road, which became the beginning of defining the meaning of modern Jiangnan.

Jiangnan, now referred to in a narrow sense, is generally regarded as the core of Jiangnan. That is, Jiangnan East Road is centered from Nanjing to Suzhou except Fujian and southern Zhejiang, including parts of Anhui, Jiangxi and Zhejiang south of the Yangtze River, namely, southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang, southern Anhui and northern Jiangxi. Some areas north of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, such as Yangzhou, are similar to Jiangnan in economy and culture, and are also considered as a part of Jiangnan. There are also some areas south of Taihu Lake and even south of Qiantang River, such as Shaoxing and Ningbo, which are not in the Yangtze River basin, but are considered Jiangnan.

Jiangnan in a broad sense refers to the whole Jiangnan area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, that is, Jiangnan Road excluding southern Hunan, southwestern Jiangxi, Guizhou and Fujian. Including the narrow sense of Jiangnan, the north of Jiangxi, the south of the Yangtze River in Hubei and the north of Hunan. Jiangnan in a broad sense was widely used in ancient times, for example, Du Fu wrote "Meet Li Guinian and Go Down the River" in Changsha. Jiangnan in a broad sense is also used in modern times. For example, Jiangnan in weather forecast refers to Jiangnan in a broad sense; The three famous buildings in Jiangnan are all outside the narrow concept of Jiangnan.

7. The hard work of people with relatively stable society and superior natural conditions.

8.