/kloc-what is Italian literature in the 0/8th century?

/kloc-in the 7th century, under the Spanish occupation, Italian politics split, the economy declined, the Catholic inquisition suppressed its thoughts and speeches, literature was seriously divorced from reality, and extreme formalism of Marie Cyndi Wang prevailed.

/kloc-at the beginning of the 0/8th century, Austria replaced the rule of Spain. Under the new external oppression, Italy is still a divided and weak country. From the end of 65438+2007 to the middle of 65438+2008, Acadian Poetry School occupied a dominant position in the poetry circle, which was as divorced from reality as the Mali Cyndi Wang School it opposed, and the pastoral poetry it advocated was a kind of literature lacking in ideology and formalism. Since the middle of18th century, Italy has experienced a peaceful situation for nearly half a century. Austrian rulers and Italian princes carried out some political reforms and developed the economy. With the growing bourgeoisie and the awakening of national consciousness, the French Enlightenment spread among progressive intellectuals, and Italian literature experienced new prosperity. The Enlightenment was regarded as the continuation and development of Italian Renaissance humanism, but people did not take a revolutionary attitude towards social reality, but adopted a moderate critical attitude, which reflected the weakness of the Italian bourgeoisie at that time. For example, the poet Paganini (1729~ 1799) described the emptiness and boredom of aristocratic life in his works with mild irony. His poetry also shows the contradiction between the form of old pastoral poetry and the content of new enlightenment thought. The awakening of Italian national consciousness and the upsurge of political enthusiasm are most vividly reflected in Alfieri's works (1749~ 1803).

In addition, he also reformed the tragedy, wrote thoughtful plays with the themes of ancient Greece, Rome and the Bible in concise and powerful language, and promoted the Italian national rejuvenation movement in the19th century. But the main achievement of Italian literature in18th century is Gordoni's comedy.

Carol Gordoni (1707~ 1793) was born in a bourgeois family and began to write plays in 1930s. 1748 gave up the lawyer's business and became a screenwriter of the troupe. He wrote 267 plays in his life, including 150 comedies. At that time, a unique Italian drama "Impromptu Comedy" was popular on the stage. This comedy has no fixed lines, and the actors improvise dialogues and monologues.

Funny people wears a mask in the play, so it is also called masked comedy. It used to be a social satire, but in the18th century it became vulgar and lacked ideological content. Godoni, as an enlightened screenwriter, requires drama to play an educational role for the audience. Therefore, impromptu comedy must be reformed and become a realistic comedy with fixed lines.

In order to find the direction of new comedy, he studied the experience of his own country and foreign countries. When he was young, he was inspired by Machiavelli's comedy Datura, but Moliere and18th century English playwright had the greatest influence on him. He expounded his comedy views in the comedy theater (1750). He asked comedy to faithfully reflect life, opposed the sameness and blind worship of Aristotle, advocated character comedy, and emphasized the sharp contrast between positive and negative characters, so that comedy could play a greater educational role.

Gordoni carried out these viewpoints in his comedy reform and creation. He made reasonable and feasible reforms to the impromptu comedy at that time, and his plays still retained some traditional masked characters, but they were no longer the same, but images with realistic content. Godoni called his comedy role comedy, and the characters in the comedy were very vivid. The plot reflects social life in many ways, so it is also a custom comedy. Although the social background is mainly Venice, it has wider social significance.

He directed his satire at the aristocracy. The feudal Lord (1752) depicts the corrupt marquis seducing a peasant woman and being beaten. The peasants banded together and decided to fight against the nobility. But in the end, the script made a peasant woman marry the marquis, resulting in a harmonious class ending.

In "The Shopkeeper" (1753), the author satirizes the declining aristocrats and the bourgeois who buy aristocratic titles through the images of marquis and earl. The heroine married a servant after playing tricks on the two powerful people. Many vivid life scenes, democratic ideological content and the moving image of the heroine make this play a masterpiece.

Gordoni also exposed and criticized the bad habits and shortcomings of the bourgeoisie. The drama "Old Stubborn" (1760) takes the contradiction between the old generation and the new generation as the theme, and reflects the crisis of Venetian society in18th century.

The plot unfolds in a typical Venice commercial bourgeois environment. A businessman's daughter wanted to meet her unknown fiance before she got married, which violated the custom of Venice at that time. A clever and enthusiastic wife helped her get what she wanted. The fathers of both families are stubborn domestic tyrants, because this incident broke off their engagement. The lady spoke bravely and finally helped the young man and woman.

The script successfully depicts the characteristics of life in Venice and the subtle differences of various stubborn people's personalities.

Among Gordoni's plays that reflect the lives of working people, the most outstanding one is the Qiao family's Quarrel (1762), which describes the scene of fishermen quarreling and fighting. A young lawyer reconciled everyone and helped them with several marriages.

The script consists of a series of vivid real life scenes, but it depicts some excellent qualities of the working people through quarrels, and also reveals the author's sympathy for the people.

Godoni's comedy reform has aroused fierce criticism from anti-Enlightenment critics headed by Goz. He had to leave his motherland on 1762 and live in Paris until his death.