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Geography knowledge points in the second volume of the seventh grade

Geography is a science that studies the relationship between human beings and geographical environment. People live in the environment, and human beings cannot live without the environment. Geography leads us to know the environment, teaches us how to adapt to the environment, transforms the environment, and makes human beings and the environment develop harmoniously, so it is also a science for us to learn and survive, and a tool for our life. The following are the geographical knowledge points I brought to you in the second volume of the seventh grade. I hope you like it!

Chapter 1 Understanding the Mainland

Section 1, Asia and Europe

Comparison between Asia and Europe:

Asia and Europe

Latitude is mostly in the northern hemisphere, a small part in the southern hemisphere and all in the northern hemisphere.

The land and ocean are adjacent to the Pacific Ocean in the northeast, and the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the Arctic Ocean in the west, south and north respectively.

Topographic features ① The terrain is dominated by plateaus and mountains, with a high average elevation. ② The ground fluctuates greatly, with different heights; ③ High in the middle and low in the periphery; ① The terrain is mainly plain and mountainous, with a low average elevation; ② The ground undulation is small; ③ North-South high and middle low.

Climatic characteristics ① The climate is complex and diverse (no temperate maritime climate) ② The continental characteristics and the difference between land and sea are remarkable ① The temperate climate is remarkable (no tropical climate); ② The maritime climate is remarkable.

The characteristics of rivers are as follows: ① It originates from the central alpine plateau and flows into the sea radially along the terrain; (2) long, large amount of water. (3) There are many inland rivers. For example, the Yangtze River, Mekong River and Tarim River. (1), originating in the southern mountainous area, flows radially into the sea along the terrain; (2) the river is short and there are many waters. Such as: Danube, Rhine, Volga and so on.

Population characteristics: Six countries in the world's most populous continent (3.672 billion) have a population of over 100 million, and the population density in the east and south ranks second in the world (727 million), with the lowest population growth rate and the highest population density in the west.

2. Something to remember.

The dividing line between Asia and Europe: Urals, ural river and the Great Caucasus.

(2) The dividing line between Asia and North America: Bering Strait.

(3), "the top of the earth"-Mount Everest; The lowest land point in the world-Dead Sea (-400 meters).

(4) Oymyakon (Russia), the "cold pole" in the northern hemisphere; The world's rainy pole-Kilapanche (India).

5. The longest river in Asia-Yangtze River (the third longest river in the world, which flows into the East China Sea) and Mekong River (called Lancang River in China) flows through China → Myanmar → Laos → Thailand → Cambodia → Vietnam and other countries, and flows into the South China Sea.

(6) Volga River, the longest river in Europe, flows into the Caspian Sea; The Danube, the river with the largest number of countries (flowing through 8 countries), flows into the Black Sea.

Once the lakes in Asia and Europe:

Lake Baikal (Russia)-the deepest lake in the world;

Caspian Sea (Central Asia)-the largest lake in the world;

Dead Sea (West Asia)-This lake is the lowest in the world.

Balkhash Lake (Central Asia)-Half salt water and half fresh water.

Section II, Africa

1, geographical location:

(1) Location: The equator runs through the middle and spans the northern and southern hemispheres.

(2) Land and sea location: the Indian Ocean in the east, the Atlantic Ocean in the west, the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar in the north, Asia and Europe, the Suez Canal and the Red Sea in the northeast and east.

2. Africa is the continent with the most countries in the world (54). Before World War II, only three countries were independent: Egypt, Ethiopia and Liberia.

3. African landform: (1) The landform is mainly plateau (plateau continent), with an altitude of 500-1000 m..

(2) The potential is high in the southeast and low in the northwest.

(3), the main terrain area:

(1) the Ethiopian plateau-"the roof of Africa";

(2) Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest peak in Africa;

③ Congo Basin-the most famous basin in the world;

④ The Great Rift Valley in East Africa-the longest rift zone in the world;

(5) Sahara Desert-the largest desert in the world;

6. Gulf of Guinea-the largest bay in Africa;

⑦ Madagascar-the largest island in Africa.

4. Climate: (1) Most parts of Africa are in the tropics, with high average temperature (above 25℃). It is called "tropical continent" and is the country with the largest arid area in the world.

⑵ Climatic characteristics: symmetrically distributed north and south with the equator as the axis (see the figure below for climate types).

mediterranean climate

tropical desert climate

tropical savanna climate

D, tropical rain forest climate

M, plateau climate

Note: Africa has the largest savanna climate zone in the world, and the Mediterranean climate zone is suitable for growing oranges, grapes and olives.

5. River: (1) Nile, the longest river in the world (6,000 kilometers), flows into the Mediterranean Sea;

(2) The Congo River-the water volume is second only to that of the Amazon River and flows into the Atlantic Ocean.

6. Rich products ("rich continent"):

(1) Mineral resources: Africa ranks first in the world in terms of diamond and gold reserves and output. Bauxite in the Gulf of Guinea and South Africa rank first in the world in terms of gold reserves and output, while Zambia's copper and Nigeria's oil are also famous.

⑵ Precious tree species: mahogany, sandalwood, rosewood, etc.

(3) Crops: coffee, dates and oil palm are the main producing areas.

(4) The species and quantity of large wild animals rank first in the world, such as lions, elephants, zebras and deer.

7. Economy:

Africa has the highest natural population growth rate in the world. It is the continent with the lowest level of economic development in the world.

(2) Agriculture is an important sector, with the widest corn planting area, importing a large number of wheat and rice, and exporting a large number of coffee, cocoa, peanuts and cotton.

Section III, America

1, compare North America and South America

Geographical things North America South America

Latitude is mostly in the northern hemisphere, a small part in the southern hemisphere, a large part in the southern hemisphere and a small part in the northern hemisphere.

The land and sea are located in the northeast and west, bordering the Atlantic Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean in the south, the Panama Canal and South America in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west, the Caribbean Sea in the north and North America in the north.

Topographic features: high mountains in the west, plain in the middle and low highlands in the east; Western mountains, central plains, eastern plateaus.

Climate characteristics ①. The climate is complex and diverse;

② Temperate continental climate and sub-frigid coniferous forest climate are dominant. ① The climate is dominated by savanna and rainforest;

It is the wettest continent in the world.

The main mountain ranges are the Rocky Mountains (the northern part of the Cordillera Mountains) and the Andes (the longest mountain range in the world, with an altitude of 9,000 kilometers) (the southern part of the Cordillera Mountains).

The Mississippi River, the main river, flows into the Gulf of Mexico from north to south, and the Amazon River, the fourth longest river in the world, flows into the Atlantic Ocean from west to east, with a total length of 6,400 kilometers. It is the second longest river in the world and the largest river in water.

Developed countries with economic characteristics (United States, Canada) and developing countries (countries with rapid economic development in Brazil)

2. What needs to be memorized:

(1) Bering Strait: the intersection of "three lines" (the dividing line between Asia and North America; The border between Russia and the United States; International date line passes by).

(2) Panama Canal: located in the south of the Central American isthmus, in Panama, connecting the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

Canada is the largest country in North America and Brazil is the largest country in South America.

(4) Major areas: (1) Amazon Plain-the largest plain in the world;

② Brazil Plateau-the largest plateau in the world.

5. Latin America: the American region in the southern United States. Spanish and Portuguese are the main languages, mainly mixed-race.

Residents: ① The residents in North America mainly come from Europe and other countries, mainly white.

(2) South America is a melting pot of the world's races, mainly mixed-race.

(7) Economy: (1) The United States is the most powerful capitalist country in the contemporary era.

(2) Mexico is dominated by oil industry, and the main food crop is corn. Mexico City, the capital, is the largest economic center in the country.

Argentina is an important exporter of beef and mutton.

Brazil's iron, Mexico's silver, Chile and Peru's copper reserves are the highest in the world.

(5) South America exports a lot of coffee, bananas, sugar, cotton and corn.

Chapter two, understanding the region

Section 1, Southeast Asia

1. Geographical location and territorial composition: Southeast Asia, including Indian zhina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago.

2. Topographic features: (1) Indo-China Peninsula-mountains and rivers crisscross and are distributed in columns.

(2) Malay archipelago-rugged terrain, mountainous, few plains, fast-flowing rivers, many volcanoes and many earthquakes.

3. Climate characteristics: (1) Indo-China Peninsula-tropical monsoon climate, a year is obviously divided into dry season and rainy season. In dry season (northeast wind blows from 10 to May of the following year), and southwest wind blows from June to June-June-June in rainy season).

(2) Malay archipelago-mostly tropical rainforest climate.

4. Important geographical location of Southeast Asia: Southeast Asia is at the "crossroads" of Asia and Oceania, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, and the "Straits of Malacca" in the south passes through the throat of this intersection.

5, the country and residents:

(1) Primary school: (1) Indochina countries: Vietnam, Laos, (inland), Myanmar-bordering the land south of China, Thailand, Cambodia,

② Malay Archipelago countries: Singapore (Garden City), Indonesia's largest archipelago country (Volcano Country), Malaysia, Brunei, Philippines, East Timor, etc.

(2) Residents: Southeast Asia is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, and it is also the most concentrated area of Chinese and overseas Chinese.

6. Products: (1) Thailand is the country with the largest output of natural rubber and palm oil in the world, and Malaysia ranks first in the world in tin production;

(2) Philippines: Coconut and coconut oil rank first in the world;

(3) Famous rice exporting countries in Southeast Asia: Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar;

(4) Indonesia and Brunei are famous oil producers in Southeast Asia;

5. The three countries with the largest natural rubber production in the world: Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia.

Section II, South Asia

1. Location: located in the central and western Himalayas and the vast area of the Indian Ocean, bordering the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west and the Indian Ocean in the south.

2. Three major regions in South Asia: the Himalayas in the north, the Indus and Ganges plains in the middle, and the Deccan Plateau in the south.

3. Two major rivers:

(1) Indus River: It rises in Tibet, China, and flows into the Arabian Sea from north to south, mainly in Pakistan;

(2) Ganges: Originated in the Himalayas, it flows into the Bay of Bengal from west to east and flows through India and Bangladesh.

4. Climate: Most areas belong to tropical monsoon climate, and a year is divided into three seasons.

Hot season: March-May, hot and rainy;

Rainy season: June-10 is warm and rainy;

Cool season: 1 1- February next year, cool.

5. Agriculture:

(1) Agriculture mainly grows rice, which is mainly distributed in the northeast and west coast of India and the west of Bangladesh; Wheat is mainly distributed in the northwest.

(2) Distribution of three cash crops: (1) Tea: Northeast China and South India;

② Jute: Ganges Delta;

③ Cotton: Xidegan Plateau.

Religion: South Asia is the birthplace of Buddhism and Hinduism.

(1) Sri Lanka and Bhutan believe in Buddhism;

(2) India believes in Hinduism;

③ Pakistan, Bangladesh and Maldives believe in Islam.

7, population and economy:

(1) South Asia is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with the population of India (the second in the world) and that of Pakistan and Bangladesh both exceeding 1 100 million.

India is the fastest-growing country in South Asia, and its computer software industry occupies an important position in the world.

Section III, West Asia

1. Important geographical location: the land of five seas and three continents-the junction of Asia, Africa and Europe, located between the Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea (inland sea). (see the map of world geography P 4 1).

2. Know two dilemmas:

(1) Turkey Strait: the passage between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea;

② the Strait of Hormuz: the passage between Persian Sea and Arabian Sea, which is called "Oil Strait".

3. Arid agriculture and animal husbandry:

(1) The natural environment in West Asia is dominated by drought, so animal husbandry and irrigated agriculture are developed.

(2) Famous livestock products: wool from Ankara, Turkey, purple sheepskin from Afghanistan, and wool carpets (Afghanistan, Iran).

(3) The representative plant of oasis agriculture: date palm-date palm (Iraq ranks first in the world).

4. Arab States:

(1) West Asia is the Arab world, and its residents are Arabs (white people), who speak Arabic and believe in Islam.

② West Asia is the birthplace of Islam, _ _ and Judaism.

Mecca in Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of the founder of Islam and the holy city of Islam.

(2) Jerusalem in Pakistan is the holy city of Islam, _ _ and Judaism.

5, oil treasure house:

(1) West Asia is the region with the richest oil reserves and the largest oil production and output in the world. Oil reserves account for more than half of the world total.

(2) West Asia oil is mainly distributed in the Persian Gulf and coastal areas. Major oil producers: Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait and Iraq.

(3), oil characteristics and export region or country:

① Features: large reserves, large burial, large oil production and good oil quality.

② Export region or country:

East: Persian Gulf → the Strait of Hormuz → Arabian Sea → Indian Ocean → Malacca Strait → Pacific Ocean → Japan. To the west: Persian Gulf → the Strait of Hormuz → Arabian Sea → Red Sea → Suez Canal → Mediterranean Sea → Gibraltar Strait → Atlantic Ocean → Western Europe and the United States.

Section 4 Western Europe

1. Location and scope: Western Europe refers to the western half of Europe, bordering the Atlantic Ocean in the west, the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Mediterranean Sea in the south; It covers an area of 5 million square kilometers.

2. Strong economic strength:

(1) Most countries in Western Europe are economically developed countries. Such as Britain, France and Germany.

(2) The economic development level of European countries ranks first among all continents.

(3) Switzerland-The Kingdom of Clocks and Watches; Denmark-"European Ranch and Food Bank"; Sweden's developed manufacturing industry; Norway-the per capita output of aquatic products ranks first in the world; Holland-The flower planting industry is developed, with the famous "tulip".

3. Prosperous tourism:

(1) Three famous tourist countries in Western Europe: France, Spain and Italy.

(2) Rich tourism resources:

(1), the city of music-Vienna (Austria);

2 Paris (France), the capital of art;

3. The "clock kingdom" with lakes and mountains-Switzerland;

(4) Roman monuments, water city Venice-Italy;

(5) Sunbathing and watching bullfighting on beaches along the Mediterranean coast-Spain;

6. Watch the flower windmill and visit the reclamation project-Holland;

7. Take a boat trip to the fjord and watch the midnight sun-Norway;

8. Beer in Munich, Germany.

Section 5, Arctic and Antarctic regions

North area 1

(1) The area north of the Arctic Circle includes the Arctic Ocean, some northern islands of Eurasia and North America (Greenland, the largest island in the world). The map of the Arctic region is on page 58 of World Geography (Volume II).

(2) The indigenous people in the Arctic are Inuit (yellow race) and Lapp.

2. Antarctic region

(1), including the Antarctic continent and its coastal islands and continental margin ice, but also including the South Pacific Ocean, the South Atlantic Ocean and the South Indian Ocean (see World Geography (Volume II) page 59 for the map of the Antarctic region).

⑵ Polar climate characteristics: extremely cold, dry and windy.

(3) Polar animals: penguins in the Antarctic and polar bears in the Arctic.

(4) China's two scientific research stations in Antarctica: Great Wall Station and Zhongshan Station.

Chapter III Entry into China

The first section, Japan

1. East Asian island countries: Japan is located in the east of Asia and the northwest of the Pacific Ocean. Its territory consists of Hokkaido, Honshu (the largest), Shikoku and Kyushu and 3,900 nearby islands. The capital is Tokyo.

2, mountain terrain:

(1) The terrain is mainly mountainous and hilly (3/4), and the plain area is narrow (the Kanto Plain is the largest).

(2) There are many volcanoes and earthquakes in Japan (located in the volcanic seismic belt around the Pacific Ocean). Mount Fuji is an active volcano.

③ The coastline is tortuous and there are many excellent harbors. (Kobe and Yokohama)

3. Warm and humid climate (north temperate monsoon climate, south subtropical monsoon climate) → obvious maritime characteristics.

4. Developed economies:

(1), is a developed country, the economic development level is second only to the United States, ranking second in the world.

(2) Japanese foreign trade mainly includes the United States, China and Europe.

(3) Three major sectors of Japanese agriculture: seafood, rice and vegetables.

(4) Japan's industrial distribution: the narrow strip along the Pacific coast and the inland sea coast of Seto (where shipping is convenient and foreign trade is convenient).

5. Major cities: See "Industrial Distribution in Japan" on page 69 of World Geography (Volume II).

Remember the following cities:

(1), the capital-Tokyo;

② Four industrial centers: Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka and Kitakyushu;

(3) Seaports-Yokohama and Kobe.

Section 2 Egypt

1, spanning Asia and Africa (Sinai Peninsula in Asia belongs to Egypt). (See the P 72 map of World Geography (Volume II)).

Cairo, the capital, is the largest city in Africa.

3. It is a desert country with a tropical desert climate in most areas, which is hot and dry all year round.

4. "Mother River"-The Nile is 6600 kilometers long and the longest river in the world.

5. Ancient civilization: Golden Pagoda, Sphinx, "Mummy", hieroglyphics, etc.

6. Industry is the main sector of the national economy. Egypt's agriculture is concentrated in the Nile Valley and Delta, and it is rich in long-staple cotton, ranking first in the world in terms of output and export.

Section III, Russia

1, largest country:

(1), area 1700 km2. Russia is the largest country in the world and the only country in the world that spans Europe, Asia and the eastern and western hemispheres.

(2) It borders the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Baltic Sea in the west and China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan in the south.

2. Terrain:

(1) The terrain is high in the east and low in the west.

(2) The terrain is mainly plain (70%). West → East: Eastern Europe Plain, Western Siberia Plain, Central Siberia Plateau and Eastern Siberia Mountain.

(3) River: The Volga River, the longest river in Europe, flows through the eastern European plain and flows into the Caspian Sea.

(4) Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world (the deepest is over 1600 meters), with the most fresh water.

3. Climate: Most areas belong to temperate continental climate (long and cold in winter and short and cool in summer).

4. Resources: (1) Rich in water resources (Volga River, Lake Baikal);

(2) Rich forest resources (including the largest coniferous forest in the sub-frigid zone in the world);

(3) Rich in mineral resources (Tyumen Oilfield and Second Baku Oilfield, Kursk Iron Mine and Kuzbas Coal Mine).

5. Economy:

(1) Russia is a big country with heavy industry, and its industry is mainly distributed in Europe.

(2) Four industrial zones: ① St. Petersburg Industrial Zone: coal industry, steel industry, chemical industry, etc.

② Moscow Industrial Zone: coal industry, steel industry, chemical industry, etc.

(3) Ural Industrial Zone: mainly iron and steel industry and machinery industry;

(4) Novosibirsk Industrial Zone (Asia): Mainly heavy industry and military industry.

(3) Agriculture: ① Main agricultural areas: Volga River Basin and Don River Basin in Eastern Europe Plain;

② Agricultural products: cereals, potatoes, flax, etc.

(4) Major cities:

(1) Capital Moscow: the largest city and comprehensive industrial center in China, the political, cultural and transportation center;

② St. Petersburg: the second largest city, near the Baltic Sea;

3. Vladivostok: near the Pacific Ocean;

(4) Murmansk: near the Arctic Ocean (it is not frozen all year round and is influenced by the warm current of the North Atlantic).

6. Develop Siberia: Siberia has a vast territory and rich resources.

Section 4 France

1, a European economic power

(1) Topographic features: the terrain is high in the southeast and low in the northwest; The terrain is dominated by plains and hills (4/5).

(2) Agriculture: The Paris Basin is rich in wheat. France is the country that exports the most wheat in Europe.

The Mediterranean coast is rich in grapes, and wine is very famous in the world.

(4) Industry: The automobile industry and the aircraft manufacturing industry occupy an important position in the world.

2. Culture and tourism

(1) the capital of art-Paris (with a history of more than 800 years)

(2) The best artworks are: Arc de Triomphe, Eiffel Tower, Louvre, Sacred Heart Hall, Notre Dame de Paris, Palace of Versailles, etc.

Section 5, the United States

1, location and region:

(1) borders the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west, the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico in the south, and Canada in the north.

The region consists of Chinese mainland, Alaska and Hawaii.

2. Developed economies:

(1) The total output value of industry and agriculture ranks first in the world.

(2) Agricultural production has been mechanized and specialized (such as the dairy belt near the Great Lakes, etc.). ) is the country that exports the most grain in the world, but coffee, cocoa and natural rubber need to be imported in large quantities.

(3), American industrial distribution:

(1), the northeast (the earliest development)-steel, machinery, automobile, chemical industry, etc.

(2) Southern regions (emerging industrial zones)-petroleum, aircraft, aerospace, electronic industries, etc.

(3) Western region (distributed in Silicon Valley)-aerospace, electronics, information technology and other industries.

3. Foreign trade: The United States is the country with the largest export volume of industrial and agricultural products and the largest import volume of automobiles, petroleum and textiles.

4, population and city:

(1) The residents are mainly descended from European white immigrants, and the colored people are mainly black. The population is mainly distributed in cities. American Chinese and overseas Chinese are mainly distributed in Los Angeles and San Francisco.

(2) an important city in the United States: (1) the capital-Washington;

② The largest city (United Nations Headquarters)-new york;

(3) Los Angeles (Hollywood and Disneyland), the largest city on the Pacific coast;

(4) San Francisco, a city with Silicon Valley distribution;

⑤ Chicago-transportation center;

⑥ Detroit-the center of automobile industry;

All landowners Pittsburgh-iron and steel industry center.

Section VI, Brazil

1. Brazil has the largest population and area in Latin America.

2. The terrain is mainly plain and plateau.

(1) Amazon Plain: the largest plain in the world, with a tropical rain forest climate of high temperature and rain all year round. There is the largest tropical rain forest area in the world (known as the lungs of the earth), and it is known as the world animal and plant kingdom.

(2) Brazil Plateau: the largest plateau in the world, with a tropical grassland climate.

(3) Amazon River: Flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from west to east, it is the second longest river in the world, with the largest water volume and the widest basin.

3. Economy:

(1) is the country with the strongest economic strength in South America.

(2) Brazil has a relatively complete industrial system: the level of industrial development is relatively high, and the steel, machinery and food industries are relatively developed.

(3) High degree of agricultural mechanization: it is the largest coffee producer and exporter in the world; The output of sucrose, banana and sisal ranks first in the world, and beef is exported in large quantities.

(4) Rich in resources: rich in iron ore; Abundant hydropower resources (world hydropower station-Yintaipu hydropower station).

4. Population and cities

Brazil is the most populous country in South America. The population is mainly distributed in the eastern coastal areas.

(2) The residents are mainly white and mixed-race, and speak Portuguese.

③ The largest city-Sao Paulo; Rio de Janeiro, the largest port and the second largest city; Brasilia, the capital.

Section 7, Australia

1, location, scope and area:

(1) Location: It borders Asia in the northwest, the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Indian Ocean in the west and Antarctica in the south. It is a country that occupies a continent alone.

(2) Territorial composition: mainland Australia, Tasmania, etc.

(3) The area is about 7.74 million square kilometers.

2. Terrain: The terrain is low and flat. The terrain is obviously divided into three parts from west to east: western plateau, central plain and eastern mountain.

3. The climate is dominated by savanna climate and tropical desert climate.

4. Animals: kangaroo, platypus, emu, etc.

It is the most important wool producer and exporter of wool and wheat in the world. Because there are many sheep, it is called "the country riding on the back of sheep".

6. Rich mineral resources: iron, coal, etc. , known as the "country sitting on a mine car".

7. Economic pillars: industry and mining.

8. Cities are mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas:

(1) Sydney-the largest city and seaport;

(2) Canberra-the capital.

Related articles on geographical knowledge points in the second volume of the seventh grade:

1. Seventh grade geography people's education edition Volume II review outline

2. The seventh grade geography knowledge points are summarized in the second volume.

3. Summary of knowledge points in the second volume of the first geography.

4. Seventh grade geography review knowledge points.

5. The focus of the geography exam in the second volume of the seventh grade.

6. Summary of knowledge points in the second volume of geography of senior one 20 17

7. The seventh grade must recite geographical knowledge points

8. Knowledge points in the seventh grade geography book II: Africa

9. Summary of American knowledge points in the seventh grade geography volume II