When was Israel founded? How was it established? Where is it built? When Israel was founded, which ethnic group lived there?

1.1May, 94814th, the State of Israel was formally established.

In 70 AD, the Roman army occupied Jerusalem and destroyed the Jewish temple. In 135, the Jews were expelled from Palestine, and since then, they have been wandering for more than 800 years. From the day they were expelled from their homeland, the Jews never forgot to return to their homeland.

/kloc-at the end of 0/9, a large-scale anti-semitism wave appeared in Europe, and the Zionist trend of thought and movement rose accordingly. 188 1 year, Pinske, a Russian Jewish doctor, published the book "Self-liberation" and put forward the idea of establishing a Jewish nation-state. This book is regarded as the origin of Zionism. 1896, Hecl, a Hungarian Jewish lawyer, published The Jewish State, which put forward the idea of Zionism completely. In response to the slogan "Jews get out" that was everywhere in Europe at that time, he wrote: "I want to ask this question in the simplest form now: Are we going out now? Where to go? " "The sovereignty of a certain part of the earth should be granted to us, and its area is enough to meet the normal needs of a nation; The rest is up to us. " Hecl's works have aroused great repercussions among Jews, but there have always been differences among Jews about where this national homeland was built. They imagined South Africa and Argentina, seriously considered Uganda and voted for it. It was not until 1897 that the first World Zionist Congress was held in Basel, Switzerland, that it was finally defined as the cultural root in the eyes of Jews-Palestine.

This congress proposed that Jews should establish "a homeland (or country) recognized by the public and guaranteed by law". At the same time, the "World Zionist Organization" was established and began its activities. They organized Jewish immigrants to Palestine, where Arabs have lived for centuries, and established the Jewish National Fund and the Palestinian Land Development Corporation. The current Congress 1897 is considered to be the year when Jews began to put their dream of homeland into practice, and it is also considered to be the year when the Palestinian-Israeli dispute began.

From Balfour Declaration to Palestinian White Paper

The Palestinian-Israeli region borders the Mediterranean Sea in the west, Lebanon in the north, Jordan in the east and Egypt in the south. Historically, this area is not a separate political-geographical area, and there is no strict border. During the Ottoman Empire, the northern part of this area belonged to Beirut Province, most of the central and southern parts were within the scope of "Greater Jerusalem Area", and the southeast end extended to the west of Hijaz (now Saudi Arabia).

1906 10 10 In October, the Ottoman Sultan and the Egyptian Governor signed a border treaty between eastern Egypt and Palestine, which defined the border between this region and Egypt for the first time, namely the southern border of Palestine.

Shortly after the outbreak of World War I, Britain, France and Russia began secret negotiations on the division of Ottoman territory after the war. The special status of Palestinian areas was established in the initial stage of a series of plots. Even in its efforts to win Arabs to join the anti-Ottoman camp, Britain denied that the Palestinian region was a "pure Arab region" and refused to include it in the Arab countries that were brewing. In the Sykes-Pico Agreement formally signed by Britain and France in March 19 16 and 17, it was stipulated that the Palestinian area was "under international control", which roughly divided the border between the northern part of the Palestinian area and the future French sphere of influence. Since then, with the participation of Zionist leaders, Britain and France have started protracted negotiations on the northern border of Palestinian areas. In order to reserve more development space and sufficient water for the "Jewish homeland", during the Paris Peace Conference in February 19 19, the Zionist leaders also put forward a plan of "Greater Palestine", which included a part of land in southern Lebanon and the east bank of the Jordan River today, but it was not accepted.

During the First World War, Palestine was occupied by Britain and became a British mandated territory after the war. 1917165438+12, British foreign secretary Belfo wrote to Rothschild, vice-chairman of the Zionist league, claiming that "Your Majesty's government is in favor of establishing a Jewish national state in Palestine and will do its utmost to promote its realization". This letter was later called the Balfour Declaration. On this basis, Jews began to immigrate to Palestine in large numbers. However, this move was strongly opposed by local Arabs in Palestine, who put pressure on Britain by means of riots and strikes to restrict Jewish immigration. The unrest lasted for three years. At the same time, Jews who had no livelihood under Nazi persecution continued to immigrate to Palestine in large numbers. By 1939, the total number of Jews living in Palestine had increased to 445,000.

1920 12. Britain and France informally draw the northern "agreement border" in the Palestinian area as a temporary dividing line between the two countries' spheres of influence. This dividing line divides a part of the Golan Heights north of lake tiberias into Palestinian territory, so that the Palestinian area has all the surface runoff of the Jordan River system, and lake tiberias enjoys it. This dividing line is obviously beneficial to the Palestinian area, but France is not satisfied with it. 1920 After the League of Nations officially issued the power of attorney in July, Britain first granted the independent status to Outer Jordan (the east bank of the Jordan River) and established the "Jordan River Boundary Principle" for dividing the eastern border of Palestinian areas.

Then, Britain and France held many negotiations, and in March 1923, the dividing line between the two sides was formally defined, that is, the northern border of Palestine. In the new division scheme, the Golan Heights are all included in the French trust territory, while lake tiberias is all included in the British trust territory, so the external boundaries of the Palestinian areas are all delineated. The area of this area is about 27,000 square kilometers.

1936 After the uprising of the Arab People's Congress in April, Britain sent Robert Dangel Coward; A royal delegation headed by Pierre drew up a partition idea called "Pierre Plan". In this plan, Palestinian areas are divided into Arab areas, Jewish areas and British mandated areas.

The Arab region includes Jaffa City in the south of Tel Aviv, most of the land in the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and all the land in the Negev Desert, with an area of about 17000 square kilometers, accounting for about 60% of all Palestinian land, which is1.5-1of the area of Arab countries stipulated in the United Nations partition resolution 1947.

Jewish settlements are located in northern Palestine, bordering Lebanon and Syria in the future. At present, it is the richest Galilee region in Palestine and the northern coastal zone, covering an area of about 8,000 square kilometers, which is no more than 1/3 of the total area of Palestine and about 40% of Israel's current territory.

The area that continues to be under British trusteeship is the most sensitive area in Palestine with Jerusalem as the center, and its area does not exceed 10% of the total area of Palestine. Almost all the holy places of various religions are concentrated in this area, and Nazareth (the place where the Virgin Mary was conceived, the Christian holy place), located in the Jewish settlement, is classified as an enclave of mandated rule. However, neither the Arabs nor the Jews accepted this plan.

1939 in may, the British government was afraid of further arousing the resistance of Arab countries, so it took the initiative to show goodwill to Arab countries and put forward the so-called Palestinian white paper. The white paper proposes that in the next five years, only10.5 million Jews will be moved each year; Restrict Jews from buying Arab land, and prepare to gradually hand over Palestine to a local government with a majority of Arabs, under which Jews can exercise a high degree of autonomy. The Arab unrest has subsided, but it is obviously not an easy task to build trust between Jews and Arabs who strongly oppose it.

When the White Paper on Palestine was published, it was the day when European Jews struggled to find an oasis to live in to escape the Nazi Holocaust. In the Nazi Holocaust,13 of the Jews in the world were killed, and the total number of victims reached 6 million, leaving few Jews in Europe. Before Britain declared war on Germany, local Jews and trusteeship authorities refused to let persecuted German-Austrian Jews enter Palestine because of their adherence to the White Paper, and were on the verge of war. Violence is limited only based on hatred of German fascism. But in wartime, Jewish commandos never stopped destroying British facilities that intercepted illegal immigrants.

United Nations Resolution 18 1 and the Establishment of Israel

After World War II, hundreds of thousands of Polish Jewish prisoners liberated from Nazi concentration camps were homeless. They can't go back to their hometown, because at this time, there have been incidents of killing returning Jews in various parts of Poland; Except for a few Nordic countries, war-torn western European countries are unable to accommodate them; Even the United States, known as an immigrant country, is unwilling to open its doors. At this time, the only one who welcomes them with open arms is the Jewish community in Palestine. As Britain continued to adhere to the policy of the White Paper, the conflict between Jewish commandos and British trusteeship authorities escalated. Jews bombed roads and bridges, attacked camps where illegal immigrants were held and assassinated British officials.

This will be an unpopular war for Britain. At this time, Hitler's crime of killing 6 million Jews was gradually exposed, and international public opinion expressed sympathy for the Jews. It is really unreasonable to let those liberated Polish Jews continue to live in concentration camps. With the exposure of the secret documents of the Axis countries, Britain rejected Italy's proposal, and its decision not to approve the transfer of German and Austrian Jews to Palestine through Italy was also made public. Public opinion regarded Britain as an accomplice in the massacre of Jews. Under the pressure of international public opinion, Britain decided to get away from Palestine. 1947 February 15, Britain announced that it would hand over the hot potato of Palestine to the United Nations.

1947165438+1On 29 October, the second session of the United Nations General Assembly voted in favour of Palestinian partition with 33 votes in favor, 13 votes against (including 10 Islamic countries) and 10 abstentions. The resolution stipulates that Britain will end its mandated rule in Palestine and withdraw its troops before 1 August 9481; Two months later, two countries were established on the land of Palestine, namely, the Arab country and the Jewish country. The resolution also stipulated that the United Nations should establish and manage an international special regime for the city of Jerusalem. In order to be the ruling Labor Party for Israel, the Soviet Union changed the anti-Semitic attitude inherent in the Russian Empire, made great efforts for the founding of Israel, and gave diplomatic and military support to the establishment and consolidation of the State of Israel. Gromyko, Permanent Representative of the Soviet Union to the United Nations, delivered a touching speech at the United Nations General Assembly, which played an important role in the smooth adoption of resolution 18 1. However, Britain, which vowed to support the Jewish Restoration in the Balfour Declaration, abstained.

1947 165438+ United Nations1The partition resolution adopted in October provided both Jews and Palestinian Arabs with the opportunity to establish their own countries. However, under the influence of various factors, the territory allocated to Arabs is less than their population proportion and their actual land share.

1.1land actually owned by Arabs and Jews at the end of 947:

Of the 27,000 square kilometers of Palestinian land, about10.2 million square kilometers is cultivated land, and the actual development area is about 9,000 square kilometers. Like other countries or regions, land occupation is divided into ownerless land, ownerless land and public land. Following the land law of the Ottoman Empire, the British mandated authorities have always been very strict in the land management of Palestine. Since 1920, the land has been re-registered and the rules for land sale have been stipulated. There is no doubt that before the Jews returned to Palestine, except for a small amount of real estate owned by the Christian church, the owners of Palestinian "owned land" were basically Arabs.

From 65438 to 0855, Jews began to buy agricultural land in Palestine. By the end of the Mandate (1 May 1948), Zionist organizations, companies and individuals had purchased 1 630 square kilometers of land, and the British Mandate authorities also "chartered" the wasteland of 188 square kilometers to Jews for development, so that the land area owned by Jews reached1.

It is difficult to retrieve the exact data of Arab land ownership in the same period in the literature. According to the accounting of indirect data, the land area owned by Arabs at the end of the mandate was about 7,200 square kilometers, accounting for nearly 27% of the total area of Palestine, and the actual development area was 80%.

In terms of population proportion, according to the report 1947 1 1 submitted by the United Nations Special Committee in June, the total population of Palestine at the end of June was19.72 million, including 608,000 Jews, accounting for 3 1% of the total population. 1.364 million are Arabs (including Muslims, Arab Christians and a small number of non-Arab Christians, the total number of Christians is about 654.38+million), accounting for 69% of the total population.

2. Basic information on the territory of Arab countries stipulated in the partition resolution:

The blueprint of the Palestinian partition plan was actually put forward by the United States, and there are several different versions. Approved by the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine and put to the vote of the United Nations General Assembly, it is called the final blueprint, that is, 1 947+0181(II) Resolution (Resolution on Partition of Palestine) adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on October 29th1. This 250,000-scale map shows the respective territories of the Jewish State and the Arab State, as well as the boundaries of the Jerusalem Special Administrative Region. The text of the resolution also describes the general direction of the border in writing, but does not specify the territorial area of each side. Because of the subsequent war, the demarcation of the site could not be carried out, and all the data about the territorial area that people have seen at present are estimated afterwards.

Resolution 18 1 (II) allocated Palestinian land as follows:

Territorial area (square kilometers)

Arabia 1 1, 000, 40.7% transferred from iron blood/

Jewish State 15850 58.7%

Jerusalem SAR 158 0.6%

Total 27,008100%

The territorial division between "Arab State" and "Jewish State" is not strictly based on population distribution, and the problem of population crossing is very serious. In the "Arab countries", there were nearly 1 000 Jews living at that time; There are more than 430,000 Arab residents in the "Jewish State".

The population composition and ethnic proportion of each district are as follows:

The proportion of Arabs and Jews in the total population of this area.

Arabia 828000 818000 98.8%100001.2%

Jewish State 937,000 438,000 46.7% 499,000 53.3% transferred from Iron Blood/

Jerusalem SAR 205000105000 51.2%100000 48.8%

Total 1, 970,0001,36 1, 000 69% 609,000 31%

1948 at 4: 00 p.m. on May 6th 14, in the square in front of Tel Aviv Museum of Modern Art, Ben-Gurion, the "father of the founding of Israel" with a height of 1.6 meters, announced the declaration of independence of the State of Israel. Ben Gurion became Israel's first prime minister.

The news of the founding of Israel spread all over the world by radio waves, and most countries responded positively. 17 Ben-Gurion announced the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), and White House Press Secretary Charlie Rose announced to reporters that the United States recognized Israel. The declaration of recognition of Israel was drafted by Americans before they knew the name of this new country. When he learned that the country was named "Israel", President Truman crossed out the word "Jewish State" in the proclamation and changed it to "Israel". 17 in may, the Soviet union announced its recognition of Israel.

The First Middle East War

On May 1948, 15, the day after Israel announced its founding, Britain announced the end of its mandated rule over Palestine. On the same day, the armies of the Arab League countries Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan (renamed Jordan in 1950) successively entered Palestine. At the same time, the Arab League issued a statement declaring that Israel was in a state of war and the first Middle East war broke out. History is called "Palestinian War".

At the beginning of the war, the Arab army was slightly superior to the Israeli army in number. Among them, Egypt sent 7000 troops, Jordan sent 7500 troops, Syria sent 5000 troops, Iraq sent 1, Lebanon sent 2000 troops, and the Arab Liberation Army and the Arab Salvation Army sent 1, totaling more than 40,000 people. Air Force equipment 13 1 aircraft, 12 ships, 240 tanks and armored vehicles, 140 field guns. However, Israel's total strength is only 34,000 people, 33 planes, 3 ships, and almost no artillery and armored vehicles.

Different from the later Middle East war, Britain and the United States sided with Arabs in the Palestinian war because of their long-term strategic consideration of the Arab world. It was the Soviet Union that fully supported the founding of Israel. Czechoslovakia, which was under the control of the Soviet Union at that time, not only provided Israel with a lot of arms, but also provided Israel with a special airport, established an air corridor and trained the air force and paratroopers for Israel. During the war, several Jewish soldiers of the US Air Force in Europe risked being court-martialed and stole three heavy bombers. After the airport in Czechoslovakia was filled with bombs, they took off to bomb Cairo and Damascus.

Due to the suspicion and internal discord between the Arab countries participating in the war, King Abdullah of Jordan and King Farouk of Egypt made their own calculations, which enabled Israel, which had only guerrilla strength, to take the initiative in the war. In mid-July, at the urging of Britain and the United States, Israel declared a ceasefire, but sporadic fighting continued until 1949.

In the case of military defeat, Egypt signed an armistice agreement in Rhode Island 1949, Greece on February 24th. According to the agreement, Egypt recognized the Israeli occupation of the entire Negev except the Gaza Strip. The border town of Oja is demilitarized, and Egypt is not allowed to set up positions within 0/4 to 0/7 miles from Oja/Kloc-. Armistice talks between Jordan and Israel also began in Rhode Island on March 2. Through this agreement, Israel controlled the strategic route through the Carmel Mountains to Esredland and the Galilee Valley, and lifted the Arab military threat to Tel Aviv and the eastern coastal plain of Hadela. Iraq refused to negotiate with Israel, but said it would abide by the Israel-Jordan agreement. After the Israeli-Jordanian armistice, Iraqi troops withdrew from Palestine.

After the war, Palestine was divided into three parts: Israel occupied 78% of the total area of Palestine, exceeding the area of more than 5,700 square kilometers stipulated in the partition resolution; The West Bank is under the jurisdiction of Jordan; The Gaza Strip is under Egyptian jurisdiction.

As a new Jewish state, Israel has stepped onto the historical stage.

3.Arabs and Jews