Find the technical terms of junior high school history (words that may be used in answering questions)

1. Background generally refers to the historical environment in which a historical event took place, which essentially includes two aspects: reasons and conditions. For example, the background of opening a new air route includes four reasons and three conditions. The reasons and conditions are basically similar in meaning, but slightly different; First, the reason emphasizes "why", that is, necessity, and the condition emphasizes "what", that is, possibility; Second, the scope of use of conditions is smaller than that of reasons. For example, the success or failure of historical events or sports can only be analyzed and cannot be expressed by conditions. For example, analyze the reasons for the failure of the Paris Commune. In this issue, "reason" cannot be replaced by "condition". Typical:

★ Historical background = (domestic+international) (economy+politics+culture +...)( 1) Economic background = productivity+relations of production+economic structure +...(2) Political background = political situation+system+policy+class+nationality+diplomacy+military +...(3) 2. Politics: ① Corruption: officialdom+army+finance ② Class contradiction. 3. Thought: Ignorance and arrogance. (2) International: 1, economy: industrial revolution → market raw materials. 2. Politics: capitalist expansion. 2. Typical conditions:

★ Historical conditions = (domestic+international) (economy+politics+culture+...), but more emphasis is placed on favorable factors (1) Economic background = productivity+relations of production+economic structure+economic pattern +...2) Political background = political situation+system+system+policy+class+nationality+diplomacy+military. ② Politics: Tsarist autocracy, the growth of the proletariat, the maturity of revolutionary parties, the change of power balance, etc. ③ Thought: the guidance of Leninism. (2) International: Imperialism is busy with World War I, etc. 3. Typical reasons:

★ (1) Analysis from the breadth of causes: causes = subjective (internal cause)+objective (external cause) 1, internal cause or subjective cause generally refers to factors closely related to the subjective consciousness of the class, stratum, group and individual where the event (or person) is located; 2. External cause or objective reason refers to the reason closely related to the former but not influenced by the subjective consciousness of the former. The advantage of this and cause analysis is that it is abstract and profound, and it is easy to stimulate students' subjective initiative. It should be pointed out that when the internal cause and external cause belong to the large-scale historical concept that the consciousness of society, country and others can hardly play a decisive role, then they refer to the internal cause and external cause, which distinguishes the subjective cause from the objective cause. Subjective reasons and objective reasons: the former belongs to self-consciousness, that is, man-made reasons; The latter is the reason why it exists independently outside human consciousness. 3. Subjective reasons: the initiation of the event, the internal economic, political and ideological factors of the participants. It belongs to the reason of self-consciousness, that is, the man-made reason; 4. Objective reasons: natural, social environment, external economic, political and ideological factors. Is the reason why it exists independently outside human consciousness. In a word, the breadth of reasons is basically consistent with the background analysis, with the background focusing on static analysis and the reasons focusing on dynamic analysis. For example, the breadth analysis of the causes of the American war of independence: internal causes: ① economy: capitalist economic development, unified market, etc. (2) Politics: the formation of American nation, bourgeoisie and planter class. ③ Culture: unified culture, awakening of national consciousness, etc. External causes: ① British economic plunder and political oppression. (2) the influence of enlightenment, etc.

★ (2) In-depth analysis of reasons: reasons: → direct → main → fundamental 1, root-refers to the factors that have the inevitability of historical development and play a decisive role in the historical process. We can explore the fundamental causes of historical development from the perspectives of productive forces and relations of production, social basic contradiction movement of economic base and superstructure, class nature and the main causes of historical development. The so-called root refers to the internal and essential inevitable factors that promote the production of historical things, which is the soil for the production of historical things and plays a decisive role in the production process of historical things. Without this factor, the corresponding historical things would not have come into being. 2, the main reason-refers to the factors that play a leading and decisive role in the production of historical things. With this factor, historical things will have the characteristics of that era. Without this factor, historical things will not appear with the characteristics of the times, or even produce. 3. Direct cause-refers to the recent inducing factors that lead to the occurrence of the incident. "Direct" means that we should pay attention to the analysis of the closest factors in time relations or logical relations, without going through intermediate things and intermediate links. The fuse of the event is usually the direct cause. It is an accidental factor that plays a catalytic role in the process of historical things. In short, there are both hierarchical differences and contact infiltration among the three. For example, the direct cause of the May 4th Movement was China's diplomatic failure at the Paris Peace Conference. The main reasons involved various contradictions at home and abroad at that time, including imperialist aggression, the dark rule of Beiyang warlords, the development of national capitalism, the growth of the proletariat, the influence of the October Revolution, the spread of Marxism and other factors. The root cause is the deepest factor among the main causes. 4. Contradiction analysis: contradiction between productive forces and production relations, contradiction between economic base and superstructure, class contradiction, intra-class contradiction, ethnic contradiction, religious contradiction, contradiction between different interest groups ... For example, the reasons for the outbreak of the Dutch revolution: ① contradiction between capitalist economic development and the old system. ② The contradiction between the bourgeoisie and the feudal class. (3) the national contradiction between the Dutch people and the Spanish rulers. (4) the contradiction between Calvinism and Catholicism and so on. 5. Purpose, motivation The purpose is the place or situation you want to reach; The desired result. The prepositional structure of "for ..." is often used to express it. It is also the reason in essence, but the tone is more direct and subjective, which generally belongs to the direct cause.

★ Typical: purpose and motivation: → direct → main → fundamental (1) Direct motivation: solving various crises or problems currently facing (2) Main purpose: achieving a certain goal and seeking stability and development. (3) Fundamental purpose: to establish or consolidate rule and safeguard the interests of the ruling class (fundamental interests). In short, the purpose and motivation are subjective reasons, and they are the subjective will of the event initiator. For example, the direct motive of Wang Anshi's political reform is to solve the social crisis he faces; The main purpose is to increase fiscal revenue, ease class contradictions and realize Qiang Bing's prosperity. The fundamental purpose is to consolidate feudal rule.

1, functions and features

Features and characteristics are the uniqueness of people or things, and in layman's terms, they are unique. Therefore, if you ask about the characteristics of a historical event or revolutionary movement, you should compare and identify similar events or revolutionary movements to find out their differences.

For example, the characteristics of the British bourgeois revolution

First, in the course of the revolution, the bourgeoisie formed an alliance with new noble to gain the leadership of the revolution (which the American and French bourgeois revolutions did not have); The second is to mark the beginning of modern world history (which is also absent from the bourgeois revolution in the United States and France).

The Huang Chao Uprising, for example, was characterized by mobile operations and failed to establish a solid base area.

2. Nature and substance

Essence and essentiality are the fundamental attributes that distinguish one thing from other things. That is, put aside the superficial phenomenon and look at its characteristics, its characteristics and its essence. When analyzing the nature of a historical event, we can often catch some signs from its cause and purpose. Because the things referred to are different, nature often has different specific meanings. If it refers to the nature of a book, it specifies which aspect (or category) it belongs to and what style it is written in. If it is the nature of war, we need to pay attention to whether this war is just or unjust, aggressive or anti-aggressive, and so on. If you ask about the nature of the revolution, you must take the social form at that time as the starting point, see which stage is the main driving force of the revolution, and see what its struggle program advocates, what it opposes, what class it seeks, why classes speak, and so on. And finally determine its class attributes and social attributes.

The essence is the essence. It refers to the inherent nature of things, which determines their nature, appearance and development. The essence of things is hidden, and it is expressed through phenomena. We can't understand them through simple intuition, but grasp the essence through phenomena.

For example, Russia's 186 1 year reform is essentially a bourgeois reform carried out by serf owners; In essence, it is a blatant plunder of farmers.

For example, sometimes, nature and essence will be one. For example, triple alliance and the Three Kingdoms Pact are both imperialist military aggression groups in nature or essence. But in essence, it focuses on military aggression and is essentially imperialism.

1, after

The so-called process refers to experience and process. In addition to the cause and effect, a historical event generally includes at least three parts: occurrence, development and ending.

For example, what happened to the May 4th Movement? There are three parts to answer: the outbreak, development and ending (initial victory) of the May 4th Movement.

2. Historical content = economy+politics+culture+ ...

Historical content is an objective history and an objective record of major historical activities of mankind. The main body of the activity includes important historical figures, groups, organizations and institutions. Activities include economic and political events, situations, systems, policies, programs, routes, plans and treaties; Cultural theory, technology, cultural relics, engineering buildings, books and documents, etc. The general historical content can be analyzed from the aspects of economy, politics and culture.

★ Typical: economic content: productivity+relations of production+economic structure and layout+…

(1) Ancient economy = economic system+economic policy+(agriculture+handicrafts+commerce)+economic structure and layout+ ...

(1) economic policy = general policy+land+tax+individual+tax. ...

② Agricultural economy = population+land+tools+water conservancy+crops+layout+ ...

(3) handicraft economy = (textile+mining+ceramics+) ...) (technology+layout+...)

(4) Commodity economy = city+transportation+commodity+market+currency+border trade+foreign trade+ ...

⑤ Economic structure and layout = the change of the proportion of economic components+the change of economic center of gravity+the expansion of economic mode+ ...

In a word, the general analysis method of ancient economy is to first analyze the adjustment of economic policies in various periods, and then analyze the economic development from agriculture, handicrafts and commerce. For example, the economy of the Tang Dynasty: First, analyze the overall policy of attaching importance to agriculture and the measures to restore the economy in the early Tang Dynasty, such as land equalization system, rent and commission modulation and so on. Then analyze agriculture, such as the improvement of production tools, the construction of water conservancy, the reclamation of wasteland, grain weaving, population growth and so on. Technology and layout of silk weaving, ceramics and paper making in handicraft industry; The prosperity of urban commerce, the development of national and foreign trade, etc. From the overall development analysis, the commodity economy is still weak, the north-south economy tends to be balanced, and the feudal mode of production expands to the frontier.

(2) Modern economy = economic development factors+economic components+international economy+ ...

(1) Economic development factors = technology+capital+market+raw materials+labor+economic structure+management mode+policy+ ...

For example, the factors of American economic development in the second half of 19 century include the labor force and technology brought by immigrants; Western development provides markets and raw materials; Abolish plantation slavery, large-scale agricultural management and monopoly mode.

② Economic composition = natural economy+foreign investment+joint venture+private capital+official capital+state-owned+collective+individual+ ...

For example, in the early days of New China, the landlord economy was eliminated, the rich peasant economy was retained, and the peasant individual economy was developed; Imperialist enterprises and bureaucratic capital in China were confiscated, and national capitalism resumed development; State-owned enterprises have established a dominant position, and the collective cooperative economy has emerged.

③ International economy = overall pattern+(production+management+capital+technology+market+tariff) (cooperation+competition)

For example: the trend of multipolarization, regional collectivization and global modernization of the contemporary world economic structure; It is reflected in the cooperation and competition between countries and groups in production, management, capital, technology, market and tariff trade.

1, effect, result and consequence

Effect-refers to the result (mostly good) produced by some force, practice or factor.

The result-is the final state when things develop to a certain stage.

Consequence-refers to the final result (often used in bad ways).

From the part of speech, the effect is affirmative and the consequence is negative. In the history question, the use effect is not much. The most commonly used is the result, sometimes the consequence. For example, briefly describe the course and results of november revolution in germany. You can't use consequences for this problem. For another example, how did Britain, France and the United States carry out the appeasement policy on the eve of World War II? What are the consequences? This question is very good with "consequences". Generally speaking, results can replace consequences.

2. Function, influence and significance

Function-is the influence, function or utility on things.

Influence-refers to the influence on people or things.

Meaning-refers to value and function.

The function and influence are basically the same. However, it should be noted that in the historical question and answer, the role and influence should be considered from both positive and negative aspects: the role includes both positive and negative aspects; In nature, the impact is both positive and negative; From the scope, there are internal (such as domestic) influences and external (such as international) influences; In terms of time, it has a direct and long-term impact; And so on.

Compared with its function and influence, its scope is much larger. Generally speaking, the nature, characteristics, functions, influences, consequences, evaluations and lessons are all in the category of "meaning". Therefore, if the topic is about the meaning of something, all the points mentioned above should be considered.

3, experience, lessons and enlightenment:

Experience-generally refers to the positive aspects of success;

Lessons-generally refers to the negative aspects of failure;

Enlightenment-and then both.

Both situation and condition refer to situation. So it is basically the same and can be used universally.

For example, the topic "Describe the situation of 1929 to 1933 capitalist world economic crisis" includes the outbreak, characteristics and influence of capitalist economic crisis. The difference between them is that the situation is dynamic and static. So when asking about the situation, we should focus on the development and change process of things.

(1) A brief description is a brief description. However, if the word "brief" appears in the title of the history topic, it means the following three situations: first, a simple narrative topic, such as "briefly describing the background and content of Shang Yang's reform". The second is a compound short-answer question, such as "briefly describing the measures and influence of strengthening feudal absolutism in Ming and Qing Dynasties", and the third is a comprehensive narrative topic. For example, "Briefly describe the main achievements of ancient medicine and pharmacy in China."

(2) Summary is a comprehensive narrative. If the history question contains the word "summary", it must be a summary question. In historical questions and answers, there are not many summaries with "summary" as the prompt, but more with "brief" as the prompt, and some even don't need to be prompted. Therefore, judging whether a question is a comprehensive question mainly depends on whether the meaning of the whole question is summarized as the main solution.

Typical: The main differences between summary questions and short-answer questions are as follows: First, from the content of the answer, short-answer questions only need to describe one thing, and the materials are very concentrated in the textbook; The summary questions are required to describe some things, and the materials are scattered in the teaching materials. Secondly, from the perspective of problem-solving methods, short-answer questions mainly summarize narrative, using "detailed summary method", and summary questions should also be summarized, but it uses "high summary method"; The main solution is comprehensive method. Thirdly, from the above two points, it is determined that short answer questions belong to general questions or "basic questions", while summary questions belong to comprehensive questions or "improvement questions"

(3) Overview, that is, summarizing the significance of narrative. Overview and summary have basically the same meaning. Their similarity is that they all need to be described in a "high degree of generalization".

For example, "Summarize the rise and fall of the invading forces of major capitalist countries in China during the period of 1840- 1949, and its causes and consequences."

(1) Comments are critical narratives.

(2) evaluation is to evaluate the merits and demerits of historical figures (including right and wrong, gains and losses, good and bad, good and bad, etc.). ), especially the nature, function and status of historical events.

(3) Comment is to analyze, demonstrate and evaluate historical figures, events and viewpoints.

In a word, there are both differences and connections between them. Comments focus on narration, while evaluations focus on conclusions. The answer to the college entrance examination comment (evaluation) question does not require everything. The key is to be accurate, profound and refined properly. "Comments" are often used as tips in questions and answers. For example, commenting on Roosevelt's New Deal. Such as evaluating the role of the anti-fascist alliance in the Second World War and commenting on Gu's stereotyped view. There is a special way to evaluate and comment on historical issues, which is not superfluous.

For example: "The relationship between France and Britain changed from the establishment of the First Empire of France to the 1920s and its reasons …" "Try to combine 19 the basic reasons and nature of the major events that occurred in the European continent in the 1950s and 1960s …" The meanings of "connection" and "combination" are similar, literally related to it, but in fact they are used as a background to explain or demonstrate or elaborate the following issues. In other words, the "connection (combination)" content in the question is secondary, and the question to be answered later is the main answer. So does the former answer or not? Of course, the answer should be concise, but the key points are the following questions.

Let's look at another example, which will be more clear: "analyze the evolution of British parliament and party politics in combination with the changes of British economy and class relations from the13rd century to the 1920s". This question requires an answer to the changes in Britain's economy, class relations, parliament and party politics in the past 700 years, but the first two aspects are secondary and the last two are major; At the same time, the latter is based on the former, and the two are closely related, not unrelated. Therefore, although the answer to this question includes four aspects, it is impossible to list the historical facts of the four aspects one by one. It must be divided into several stages. In each stage, the first two aspects are described first, and then the last two aspects are described to meet the requirements of the topic.

The meanings of "explanation" and "instruction" are similar, that is to say, from what materials did the combinatorial theory come (this meaning is often used as "instruction", such as questions 22, 24, 30 and 32 in the history of college entrance examination in 1995); In addition, "explanation" also contains the meaning of analysis and elaboration (this meaning is mostly used to answer questions, such as "summarizing why these local wars failed to contain the outbreak of World War II"). 1994 the last question of question 43 in the history of the college entrance examination "(Engels) revised the original conclusion and explained what? "It is equivalent to saying," What does it show? " That is, "What conclusion can be drawn?" The meaning of.

The main explanations of "embodiment" and "reflection" are not direct, but indirect, not superficial, but profound; Not a phenomenon, but an essence.

/kloc-the following major historical events in the middle of the 0/9th century reflect the historical trend of capitalism ... The meaning of this topic can be understood as: the essence of the historical trend of capitalism was "concretized" through historical facts such as the American Civil War and the Meiji Restoration in Japan.

There is also "friendly exchanges and cooperation among all ethnic groups", which is the mainstream. This phenomenon is "reflected" in Liu Ying's poems. This answer will take several rounds to sort out (it is unlikely to draw a conclusion directly). If the examinee can't understand this idea, how can he make an answer that conforms to the proposer's intention?

Point out that a historical fact or conclusion can be stated directly; Cite is the nature of enumeration, and if it is not limited, it should generally be enumerated (historical facts or conclusions).

"... point out what three progressive historical trends existed in the world political field before the 1970s 19, and cite two major historical events from them". As long as you answer this question briefly, what are the three trends? Give two examples for each trend. However, in those days, some candidates explained the cause and effect of what they thought, but finally failed to sum up any trends. It's really beside the point of Wan Li, and it's because they didn't grasp the essentials of solving the problem, especially the requirements of understanding the topic.

(1) "Basic" refers to most, whole or subject.

(2) "fundamental" refers to the root, essence, internal and deep level.

Typical: Take the reason as an example, the "basic reason" can be said to be the sum of several reasons (some minor or technical reasons can be ignored), while the "fundamental principle" should be traced back to the source and dig deep-seated reasons.

For example: 14 1995 In the history of the college entrance examination, 1848 The "root cause" of the French Revolution was that the rule of the financial aristocracy hindered the development of industrial capitalism. If the "root cause" is selected, the extreme corruption of the "July Dynasty" in item B has aroused people's strong anger, and C.

"Main" refers to the most important of several; "Conciseness" means conciseness, that is, expressing the main parts concisely and accurately in a general way. The key is to grasp the main points, otherwise it is simple but unnecessary; If everything is detailed and comprehensive, it is not the main thing, but complicated.

For example, it points out the main features of local anti-fascist wars in China, Ethiopia and Spain in 1930s. The anti-fascist wars in these countries have many characteristics. If you ask "main characteristics", everyone can sum them up in three or five sentences. Such a refined level is not easy for candidates to achieve, and it is not easy for teachers to cultivate to this level!

10, phenomenon, performance

"Phenomenon" and "expression" refer to situations and historical facts. When you answer, you should list them one by one or divide them into several aspects and points to express them. Pay attention to organization and avoid rambling.

"What phenomenon does the quoted material reflect?" That is, to answer the historical facts reflected in the materials. "In the Southern Dynasties and the Southern Song Dynasty, in what aspects ... did the southern economy develop?" That is, to answer the situation of economic development.

What is (1) refers to concrete, ready-made and conditional things, which have to be fabricated arbitrarily or only by their own analysis and understanding. What is the main content of treaty of nanking?

(2) What can be understood from two aspects: on the one hand, it is equivalent to "What", but the only difference is that the sentence structure is reversed, the question is obvious, and the answer is easy to grasp: What is the main content of treaty of nanking? Second, it is equivalent to noun explanation, focusing on the definition or concept of a thing or word that needs to be answered. The provisions are not as strong as the first explanation. What was the Meiji Restoration?

(3) Why do you ask the reason and purpose? Candidates should rely on their existing historical knowledge, through understanding and analysis, and give comprehensive answers in their own language according to the needs of the questions. Why did the October Revolution open a new era in human history? "Why" is often used as a hint in history answers.

(4) What are interrogative pronouns? Ask the reason, nature, action, situation, way or situation, etc. When it appears in the middle of interrogative sentences, it generally includes the following two forms; One is to ask why and after; The second is the process and the result, and the probability of the former is mostly. For example, how did the PLA change from strategic defense to strategic attack? This needs to answer the reason and process of the PLA's turning to strategic attack. Another example: How did the new air route open up? This question is to answer the process and result of opening up new routes.

12, who, how much

(1) Who refers to people in general and only one person.

(2) Several, generally refers to the number of people or things, such as: several people (several), several pieces, several times, etc.

It's an interrogative word, and it's the plural of which. It's the same for more than one person. Which place name generally refers to, such as where is the capital of the Western Han Dynasty? Among the history questions, which are commonly used in sentences or at the end of sentences, they are only used to ask questions, and generally do not need to answer the total. For example, what major reforms have Japan undergone in ancient and modern times?

Furthermore, if "which" and "several" are combined and appear in a question, we should not only answer the numbers, but also clearly write the names of the specific things represented by each number: which countries in the modern history of the world embarked on the road of developing capitalism through bourgeois revolution? This should be answered by Anglo-American law.

1, productivity and production relations

The contradiction between productive forces and production relations is the most basic contradiction in human society. This basic contradiction promotes the development of human society from low level to high level and from simplicity to complexity.

First, knowledge and understanding of productive forces.

Productivity is man's ability to transform and conquer nature. The elements of productivity include labor objects, labor materials, laborers and science and technology. The object of labor is all the objects that pigs can process in the process of labor. Labor materials are the material or material conditions used to change or influence the working object in the process of labor, among which the means of production are the most important; The most decisive factor is the most important symbol of the development level of productive forces. Laborers refer to people with certain production experience, labor intelligence, knowledge and intelligence. The invention and creation of science and technology often cause great changes in production tools, labor objects and laborers, and science and technology are also productive forces. Therefore, when analyzing the development level of productive forces in a certain period, we should make a comprehensive summary from four aspects: labor objects, labor materials, laborers and science and technology.

Take the Warring States as an example: the object of labor is feudal land ownership instead of land state ownership in slave society; Labor materials are manifested in the promotion of ironware and Niu Geng, the construction of water conservancy projects such as Dujiangyan and Zheng Guoqu, and the improvement of traffic conditions; On the workers' side, a hundred schools of thought contend to emancipate the mind, and knowledge such as astronomical calendar is mastered by workers; Science and technology are manifested in the progress of agriculture, iron smelting, salt cooking and construction.

Second, the knowledge and understanding of the viewpoint of production relations.

The relations of production are certain material relations that inevitably occur in the process of social production. The ownership relationship of the means of production, the position and exchange relationship of people in production, and the product distribution relationship and consumption relationship directly determined by it are the three basic factors that constitute the production relationship. Among them, the ownership of the means of production is the most basic and decisive factor, which determines the other two aspects of production relations.

For example, according to the three elements of production relations, we can understand the production relations in slave society: slave owners own the means of production and also directly own slaves; Slave owners enslave slaves for collective labor; Slave owners completely possessed the fruits of slaves' labor.

Third, the dialectical relationship between productivity and production relations.

Productivity determines production relations, and production relations react on productivity. The decisive role of productive forces is that the nature and level of productive forces determine the nature and form of production relations. What kind of productive forces there are, what kind of production relations are suitable for it; The development of productive forces determines the change of production relations. The reaction of production relations is that when production relations meet the requirements of productivity development, it will promote productivity development; When the relations of production do not meet the requirements of the development of productive forces, it will hinder the development of productive forces. There are two ways to change the relations of production: revolution and reform.

For example, the British bourgeois revolution made capitalist relations of production replace feudal relations of production; Commercial reform made feudal relations of production replace slavery relations of production. The change of production relations has two forms: quantitative change and qualitative change. Quantitative change, that is, local adjustment of production relations, such as the recuperation policy of Emperor Gaozu. Qualitative change is a fundamental change in production relations, such as the Meiji Restoration in Japan.

For example: 1995 college entrance examination question "What steps have the transformation and adjustment of China's rural production relations gone through since the founding of the People's Republic of China? What are the main reasons, core contents and results of each step of change or adjustment? Based on this, what principles do you think should be followed when formulating economic policies? " The theoretical thinking of this topic should be the dialectical relationship between productivity and production relations. To answer the first question, we must combine the three elements of production relations in order to clarify the changes or adjustments of production relations; When answering the reason of the second question, it focuses on the analysis of whether the relations of production and productivity are suitable, that is, the content is to change or adjust the relations of production, and the result is whether the adjusted relations of production can promote the development of productivity; The principle of formulating economic policies in answering the third question refers to the principle of adjusting production relations in this question.

2. Economic base and superstructure

First, understanding and understanding of the economic foundation.

Economic base refers to the dominant production relations that are suitable for a certain stage of development. There is a difference between the relations of production and the economic base. The relations of production are the sum of various material relations between people in a certain social production process, while the economic base refers to the dominant relations of production. For example, at present, China's production relations are characterized by the simultaneous development of various ownership economies with the socialist public ownership economy as the main body, and the economic base is the socialist public ownership of the means of production. The relations of production and the economic base are linked together. The economic base belongs to the category of production relations, and the basic elements that constitute the economic base are the three basic elements of production relations. Ownership of the means of production is the most basic factor in the relations of production, and it is also the most basic factor in the economic base. The economic base is the symbol that distinguishes different social forms. For example, there are still remnants of slavery in the Warring States period in the early feudal society in China, and capitalist relations of production have sprouted in the Ming and Qing dynasties in the late feudal society, but private ownership of feudal land is dominant.