How was the Alexander Empire established and disintegrated?

Macedonia lies in the north of Greece. In the 4th century BC, during the reign of Philip II, it gradually became stronger. By the end of the 4th century BC, a serious social crisis had generally appeared in the eastern Mediterranean. In order to get rid of the crisis, the slave owners of Greek city-states decided to organize a joint expedition to Persia and elected Philip II as the commander of the expeditionary force. But just as the expedition was about to begin, Philip II was stabbed to death. His son Alexander succeeded to the throne. After stabilizing the internal affairs, he immediately set out to launch an expedition to the East.

In 334 BC, Alexander led the Greek allied forces across the Da Daniil Strait and started the most famous expedition in the ancient world. After the Allied forces entered the Persian Empire, after three battles, namely, Kunis River, Isus and Gauguin Milla, the main force of the Persian army was completely wiped out, and King Darius Iii of Persia fled. In the winter of 33 1 BC, Alexander successfully captured Susa, the capital of Persia, and the old capital of Persepolis, and plundered a lot of gold and silver. He burned down the splendid Persepolis Palace on the pretext of revenge for Athens, which is the essence of architectural art in the ancient world.

Then, he continued to invade eastward. In 330 BC, he entered Central Asia and was stubbornly resisted by local nomadic tribes. In 327 BC, Alexander led an army to attack India and occupied a large area of the Indus Valley. Because of the complaints of his officers and men, they demanded to return to the motherland. In desperation, Alexander was forced to return to Central Asia by land and water. In 324 BC, he returned to the capital Babylon.

After an expedition of 10 years, Alexander established an unprecedented huge empire by force. Its territory starts from the Indus Valley in the east, reaches the Balkans in the west, reaches the grasslands in Central Asia in the north, and reaches Egypt in the south. It is known as the Alexander Empire in history. This is also the shortest-lived great empire in history.

The Alexander Empire inherited the old system of the Persian Empire and adopted a centralized monarchy. In order to consolidate this huge empire, Alexander vigorously promoted the so-called "integration policy" in an attempt to integrate the conqueror and the conquered. Another important policy of his is to establish an immigrant city as the pillar of his rule. Many of these cities are actually just settlements. Most of them are named after Alexander. They are built on strategic traffic arteries and play an important role in connecting provinces with the central government. Some of these settlements later developed into real cities and gained the autonomy of Hellenistic city-states. He also reformed the military and monetary systems to consolidate his rule.

Alexander's measures were successful to some extent and played a positive role. Nevertheless, this empire is still an extremely loose alliance. In 323 BC, Alexander died of illness in Babylon. They will immediately start an inheritance dispute with their comrades-in-arms, the so-called "successors". After a long war, the empire collapsed into several Hellenistic powers and several small countries. Alexander's crusade to the east freed the eastern Mediterranean coastal area from the crisis of slavery temporarily, and opened a new era of world history-Hellenistic era.