What does intelligence include?

Intelligence refers to the general psychological ability of living things. Refers to people's ability to know and understand objective things and solve problems by using knowledge and experience, including memory, observation, imagination, thinking and judgment. This ability includes the following aspects: understanding, planning, problem solving, abstract thinking, expressing thoughts, language and learning ability. When considering animal intelligence, the definition of "intelligence" can also be summarized as: the ability to effectively adapt to the environment by changing itself, changing the environment or discovering new environments.

Five factors that make up intelligence

1, observe

It refers to the brain's ability to observe things, such as discovering novel things through observation, gaining a new understanding of sound, smell and temperature through observation, and improving the ability to understand the essence of things through observation of phenomena. We can add some training contents such as observation and imagination to study and training, and improve students' observation and imagination ability through training.

Step 2 pay attention

Refers to the ability of people's psychological activities to point to and focus on something. For example, our good students can concentrate on reading books and researching topics for a long time, while their interest in other irrelevant games and activities is greatly reduced, which is the embodiment of strong attention.

Step 3 remember

It is the ability to remember, maintain, re-recognize and reproduce the contents and experiences reflected by objective things. For example, when we are old, we still remember the images of our parents when they were young, and remember the family environment when we were young, that is, human memory is at work.

4. Thinking ability

It is the indirect and general reflection ability of the human brain to objective things. When a person learns to observe things, he will gradually classify and summarize different items, events and experiences, and he can sum up different types through thinking.

Step 5 imagine

It is the ability of people to create new images in their minds on the basis of existing images. For example, when you say cars, I immediately imagine all kinds of car images. That's why. Therefore, imagination is generally completed on the basis of mastering certain knowledge.

[Edit this paragraph] Influencing factors of intelligence

1. Genetics and nutrition

Genetic quality is the biological premise of intellectual development. Good genetic quality is the foundation and natural condition for intellectual development. It is found that the closer the genetic relationship is, the more similar the intelligence of individuals is. However, heredity only provides the possibility of intellectual development. To make the possibility of intellectual development come true, we need the interaction of society, family and school education.

2. Early experience

The speed of people's intellectual development is unbalanced. Research shows that the more experience gained in the early stage, the faster the intellectual development. Many people call preschool a critical period of intellectual development. American Bloom put forward an important hypothesis that the age before the age of 5 is regarded as the fastest period of intellectual development. If the intelligence level of 17 is 100%, then 50% of intelligence is acquired from birth to 4 years old, the remaining 30% is acquired at 4-7 years old, and the other 20% is acquired at 8- 17 years old.

3. Education and teaching

Intelligence is not innate, and education and teaching play a leading role in the development of intelligence. Education and teaching can not only enable children to acquire the knowledge and experience of predecessors, but also promote the development of children's psychological ability. For example, when teachers use the method of analysis and generalization to teach course content, they not only enable students to acquire relevant knowledge, but also master this method as a means of thinking. This ability will be formed if this external teaching method and learning method are gradually transformed into internal generalized thinking operation.

4. Social practice

Human intelligence is gradually developed in the practice of understanding and transforming the objective world. Social practice is not only an important way to learn knowledge, but also an important foundation for intellectual development. Edison's first teacher was his mother, but experiment was the basis of his invention and an important condition for his intellectual formation.

5. Subjective efforts

The decisive role of environment and education can only affect the development of ability mechanically and passively. Without subjective efforts and personal diligence, it is impossible to achieve career success and ability development. Many outstanding thinkers, scientists and artists in the world, no matter how different their careers are, have one thing in common, that is, they are obsessed with their own careers, persist for a long time, and are diligent and tenacious in the struggle against difficulties. Without these, they can only be mediocre people, and they can't succeed or improve their abilities.

[Edit this paragraph] Intelligence theory

1, psychometric theory

Mental measurement is based on the innate difference of intelligence, that is, the difference between high and low. In order to quantify this difference, people put forward the method of testing, which is what we call IQ test. IQ: IQ for short. Intelligence is measured by a narrow intelligence test (see IQ). These tests are the most accurate (reliable and effective) psychometric tests, but they are not used to measure creativity, personality, character or wisdom. There are many ways to test intelligence, but all of them measure the same intelligence. G factor has always been considered as a major measurement factor in intelligence test. (See G-factor theory). Some researchers have suggested that intelligence is not a single quantity or concept, but contains a set of relatively independent abilities.

2. Multiple intelligence theory

Gardner, a psychologist at Harvard University, put forward the theory of multiple intelligences in 1983. He believes that the definition of intelligence in the past was too narrow and failed to correctly reflect a person's true ability. In his book Mental Framework, he proposed that human intelligence can be divided into at least seven categories (later increased to eight categories): 1. Logic two. Language 3. Space 4. Music 5. Kinetic. 6. within the individual 7. Interpersonal relationship. Naturalist

3. Successful intelligence theory.

Robert Jeffrey Sternberg of Yale University has been engaged in intelligence research for a long time and put forward the theory of successful intelligence, which makes people realize that success in life depends mainly on successful intelligence rather than IQ. Robert Jeffrey Sternberg not only engaged in the theoretical research of successful intelligence, but also carried out practical experiments. His theory of success (1996) is quite influential, and this book has been translated into Chinese. Regarding the concept of successful intelligence, Robert Jeffrey Sternberg (1998) thinks that we should pay less attention to some traditional concepts of intelligence, especially the concept of IQ, and pay more attention to what he called successful intelligence. In the preface of the book "Successful Intelligence", he said interestingly that he failed the IQ test in primary school, and he was determined to show that if he succeeded in the future, it would not be the role of his IQ. To this end, he finally embarked on the road of exploring intelligence, trying to find intelligence that can really predict future success. The so-called successful intelligence is the ability to adapt to the environment, change the environment and choose the environment in order to achieve the goals of individuals and their own groups or cultures. If a person has successful intelligence, then he knows when to adapt to the environment, when to change the environment, and when to choose the environment, and can balance the three. People with successful intelligence can recognize their strengths and weaknesses, and then try their best to make use of their strengths and make up for their weaknesses or deficiencies. This is one of the reasons why people succeed. Perkins' "true intelligence" was put forward by D.Perkins, another psychologist of Harvard University in the United States, in 1996. He consulted a lot of research on IQ testing and promoting IQ, and then proposed that IQ includes three main components or dimensions: [1] One is neurointelligence, which refers to the effectiveness and accuracy of the nervous system. Neural intelligence has the characteristics of "inexhaustible". Obviously, neural intelligence can be maintained and strengthened by using innate factors. Neural intelligence is somewhat similar to the fluid intelligence described by R.B.Cattell, and the second is empirical intelligence: this refers to the knowledge and experience accumulated by individuals in different fields. This can be seen as the accumulation of all personal professional knowledge. Empirical intelligence is based on the accumulation of knowledge and experience, which can make people have high-level skills in one or more fields. Compared with a person who grew up in a rich learning environment, a person who grew up in a poor stimulating environment showed significant differences in intelligence. Rich learning environment can promote experiential intelligence. Empirical intelligence is somewhat similar to what cartel calls crystal intelligence. The third is reflective intelligence: this refers to a wide range of strategies to solve problems, learn and complete tasks that challenge intelligence. It includes various attitudes that support persistence, systematicness and imagination. It includes self-monitoring and self-management. Reflective intelligence can be regarded as a control system, which helps to use neural intelligence and empirical intelligence effectively. People can learn various strategies to make more effective use of neural intelligence and empirical intelligence. Reflective intelligence is similar to the concepts of metacognition and cognitive monitoring.

[Edit this paragraph] Dispute

Scholars who study human intelligence face many criticisms from public opinion-even to the point where ordinary scientists can't stand it. Some controversial topics include: * the differences of this subject from the perspective of psychometrics theory and common sense * the importance of intelligence in daily life * the influence of genetic factors and environmental factors on human intelligence (see congenital and acquired) * the intelligence differences of different races and sexes, and the sources and significance of these differences (see race and intelligence).

[Edit this paragraph] How to develop children's intelligence

Choosing the right toys for children and playing games with their babies are all good ways to develop their intelligence in this period. You can increase your baby's intelligence through the following three games: 1. How to find toys: when adults and babies play together, they will put toys in their pockets, under pillows or under sheets in front of them when they are interested. After finding the toy, adults should immediately pick up the baby and praise him as "great!" " How clever! ".This encourages the baby to develop keen observation and memory, and establishes the concept of object permanence for him. 2. Develop visual, auditory and tactile games: choose colorful faces, colorful plastic toys, mirrors, pictures, small animals, etc. First demonstrate, put toys of the same color together, and then let the children follow suit; Hearing toys that can make pleasant sounds, such as small rattles, rattles, music boxes, wind chimes, etc. You can teach children to pronounce different sounds with the sounds made when playing with toys; 3. Games to cultivate cognitive and tactile abilities: First, teach children to look in the mirror and let them gradually "know" themselves. For example, hold the baby in front of the mirror, hold his little finger, say "nose" through his nose, then hold his little hand and point to the adult's nose, and so on until he can point to the nose and say "nose". Then, you can teach your baby to know other things: take toys with different textures, such as plush toys, small toys made of silk, building blocks, balls playing on the beach, etc. And teach him to know things, cultivate feelings, distinguish size from color, and actions such as "tearing paper", "picking peas" and "throwing things".

[Edit this paragraph] IQ test

1905, French psychologists formulated the first scale for measuring intelligence-Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale, which was introduced to China in 1922 and revised by Mr. Wu in Beijing in 1982. It has ***5 1 question, and is mainly suitable for measurement. 19 16 wexler compiled Wexler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), Children Intelligence Scale (WISC) and wexler Infant Intelligence Scale (WPPSZ) for children aged 4-6.5 years. Wechsler scale was introduced into China in the middle and late 1980s, and was revised and published in Chinese, so it was widely used. We adopted the intelligence scale compiled by American psychologist wexler and revised by Gong Yaoxian of Hunan Medical University, and formulated the China norm. Now we can test children aged 6- 16 and adults aged 16. Through psychological measurement, we can understand our intelligence level and potential, identify the mental damage caused by traffic accidents, and provide scientific basis for giving full play to our advantages, filling in the college entrance examination volunteers scientifically and giving birth to excellent children.

[Edit this paragraph] IQ test items

The IQ test includes 1 1 items, including common sense, understanding, arithmetic, similarity, memory, words, images, building blocks, permutation, puzzles and symbols. The whole test takes about an hour, and it takes about an hour to summarize, analyze and write a test report. Eight clues show that because the baby's language has just begun to develop, it is impossible to test the baby's intelligence with a paper-and-pencil test, and there is no written answer. Parents can only estimate the development of baby's intelligence by observing the baby's movements. The first development in the brain is the nervous system that controls the spine and limbs. Therefore, the best way to understand the development of baby's brain and intelligence is to observe the development of children's motor ability. The development of sports ability involves the movement and application ability of the body and limbs. Diagnosing the early clues of intellectual development: Dr. Nancy Bell is a famous psychologist. For several years, she has been devoted to studying and observing the development of babies. In the book Research on Child Development, she listed the following eight clues to remind parents to pay attention to the normal development of infants' intelligence. When the spoon falls to the floor, the 6-month-old baby will look in the falling direction; A 6.5-month-old baby will sound satisfied when his needs are met; For more than 7 months, I will smile at the image in the mirror and find the small spoon that fell to the ground; For 8 and a half months, I will play hide-and-seek and clap my hands with people; Will also listen to familiar words; When I was more than 9 months old, I would pull the thread tied to the ring to pull it closer. Can also understand the meaning of some words; 10 months, will imitate adults to put the building blocks in the box, if you see others wrap the toys, you will not open them; 1 1 month, which will imitate the pronunciation of words; 12 months, can say a few words. Parents can try to play some activities similar to the above with their baby and estimate their baby's intellectual development. Dr. Bell found that there is no necessary connection between the intelligence test scores in infancy and those in the future. The smartest baby is not always the smartest child or student, and the slow-growing baby often catches up with or surpasses the fast-growing partner. Therefore, during the observation period, it is forbidden to make long-term predictions for infants.

[Edit this paragraph] Increasing children's intelligence mainly focuses on eight aspects.

First, language intelligence. It is people's reading and writing ability and the ability to communicate in words. Outstanding performance in writers, poets, speakers, social activists, teachers and so on. ? Second, logic-mathematical intelligence. It is the ability of mathematical thinking, logical reasoning, scientific analysis and calculation. This kind of intelligence has made great progress in scientists, mathematicians, computer software engineers, lawyers, judges, philosophers and accountants. ? Third, music-rhythm intelligence. The most important factors in the intellectual structure of music rhythm are pitch, melody, rhythm and timbre. This cleverness is outstanding among composers, conductors, performers and stage actors. ? Fourth, vision-spatial intelligence. It is the ability of people to form a model of the external space world in their minds and to use and operate this model. Excellent architects, painters, navigators and sculptors all have highly developed visual space intelligence. ? Five, the body-kinesthetic intelligence. It is a person's ability to control body movements and skillfully operate objects. Dancers, surgeons and gymnasts all have excellent kinesthetic intelligence. ? Sixth, communication-exchange of information. It is the ability to understand others, explore their ideas, get along well with others, and be good at organizing and communicating. Communication-people with developed intelligence are masters of communication and negotiation, and can be well qualified as negotiators, consultants, marketers, teachers and other occupations. ? Seven, self-knowledge-introspection intelligence. It is the ability to deeply understand your inner world, emotions and behavioral motives and adjust them. Generally speaking, writers, philosophers, psychologists, musicians and clergy all have highly developed self-knowledge-introspection intelligence. ? (Gardner later added natural observation intelligence to the eighth intelligence; It is reported that existential intelligence is being studied as the ninth kind of intelligence. Gardner's exposition on the essence and structure of intelligence shows a brand-new perspective for parents to know their children and injects fresh energy into family education. Parents should treat their children with appreciation, relief and gratitude, and be full of confidence and hope for their children from beginning to end. ? Every child is a potential genius! Every child has eight kinds of intelligence or nine kinds of intelligence to varying degrees! Every child may exert one or more of his intelligence to the extreme and excel! ? -Parents should re-recognize "intelligence" and shift the focus of developing children's "intelligence" in time. ? Traditional intelligence focuses on verbal-linguistic intelligence and logical-mathematical intelligence, and parents mainly pay attention to the cultivation and development of children's verbal-linguistic intelligence and logical-mathematical intelligence. Gardner's research results show that intelligence is "the ability of individuals to solve their own practical problems and produce and create effective products needed by society under a certain social and cultural background." Parents should shift the focus of developing children's "intelligence" to cultivate and develop children's "ability to solve practical problems" and "ability to produce and create effective products needed by society" in time, and pay attention to the overall improvement of children's quality to meet the needs of social development. In a sense, quality education emphasizes the cultivation of children's practical ability and creative ability, which is consistent with Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. )? -Parents should keep pace with the times, study for life, and constantly master effective methods to "activate" their children's various intelligences. Intelligence is a kind of potential, which is the potential development ability of human central nervous system. Parents can be activators of this potential, or they can be "terminators" of this potential in ignorance or unintentionally. Therefore, activating children's "potential" requires not only the love of parents, but also the wisdom and skills of parents. Parents should actively study, lifelong study, constantly learn the latest scientific education concepts and methods, objectively observe children, fairly evaluate children, reasonably guide children, and scientifically "develop" children ... to effectively activate their "potential" and make their lives more exciting! ? -Parents should not blindly "follow the trend", let alone copy mechanically. There is no best mode and method for tutoring, as long as it is the most suitable. ? Every child is a complete life and an independent individual. Every child has his own unique intelligence composition and structure, unique advantage intelligence field and weak intelligence field, and his own personalized learning style and learning method. Parents should pay attention to "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" and "suit the right medicine". Never blindly "follow the trend" or copy mechanically. Models and methods suitable for other families and other children may not be suitable for your family and your children! ?