When did Fuzhou dialect become popular?

Fuzhou dialect belongs to the branch of Chinese Min dialect and is the representative of the sub-dialects in eastern Fujian. It occupies an important position in all major Chinese language families. One of the eight major dialects of Chinese, stereotyped in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, occupies an important position in Fujian dialect.

Fuzhou dialect has many sources. Its bottom layer should be the language of the ancient Min and Yue nationalities. Early immigrants before Wei and Jin Dynasties brought ancient Wu dialect and ancient Chu dialect, and ancient Chinese and middle Chinese also obviously remained in Fuzhou dialect.

introduce

Fuzhou dialect is mainly used in the middle and lower reaches of Fujian Minjiang River Basin (including its tributaries Dazhangxi and Gutianxi) to the estuary, covering 1 1 counties and cities, namely Gutian, Pingnan, Minhou, Yongtai, Minqing, Changle, Fuqing, Pingtan, Luoyuan, Lianjiang and Fuzhou. The user population is about 6.4 million.

Fuzhou people call Fuzhou dialect Pinghua.

Rhythm and rhythm

Initial consonant, basic vowel and rhyme ending

Fuzhou dialect has sixteen initials * * *. There are two (β and? 0? 0) only appears in the process of sound change. They are:

The first letter of the lip group (4) p, p', m, β.

Initial consonants of dental group (8) t, t', ts, ts', s, l, n,? 0? 0(? )

Throat initials (4) k, k', h,? 0? seven

Fuzhou dialect has nine basic vowels. They are: a, e,? ，o，？ 0? 0, ? , ? 0? 4，u，y，I .

Although the rhyme of Fuzhou dialect is only throat/? 0? 3/, but you can still feel the existence of another rhyme /k/ in the sound change and language flow. So "one or two" is a question of "different people have different opinions, and the wise have different opinions".

pay attention to

There are nine tones in Fuzhou dialect * * *, of which two tones (half yin and half yang) only appear in the process of sound change. They are:

The flat tone is 55 or 44.

The pitch is 33.

The negative detuning value is 2 12 or 2 13.

The intonation value is 24.

The rising tone is 53.

Yang detuning value is 242.

Yang -in modulation value is 5 or 4.

The halftone value is 2 1.

The half-yang detuning value is 24.

Sound change

Chinese characters have some phonetic changes in vocabulary and sentences, including initial changes, vowel changes and tone changes. Sometimes these changes are carried out independently, and sometimes three * * * occur at the same time. Although most of these tone sandhi have rules, most of them are complicated, especially there are 56 rules of tone sandhi.

Writing system

Chinese character

Most Fuzhou dialect words come from ancient Chinese, so they can all be written in Chinese characters. Many works written in Fuzhou dialect are also written in Chinese characters, such as Du Min Bieji (Pinghua word: ming-d? 0? 9-biék-gé) and the Chinese translation of the Bible published by western missionaries in Fuzhou in the late Qing Dynasty. However, as a writing system of Fuzhou dialect, Chinese characters have many shortcomings. First of all, Fuzhou dialect retains many unique non-Chinese words and cannot be written in orthodox Chinese characters. Such as the negative word "m0? 2 ",there is no uniform writing. Some people write it as homophonic "sell", but the meaning of "sell" has nothing to do with it; Someone wrote it "Mei"; Someone has created a brand-new word consisting of "don't" and "want", but this word has not been included in most fonts. Secondly, due to lack of education, almost all users of Fuzhou dialect are illiterate. They think that dialects can't be written in Chinese characters, and only Mandarin can be written in Chinese characters. So when they write Fuzhou dialect, they often misuse Chinese characters through the approximate pronunciation of Putonghua. Such as "will make (0? The word "2 sāi)" (meaning "can") is usually written as "* Asser".

Pinghua character

Pinghua characters (Bàng-u? -cê) is a romanized script designed by American missionaries in Fuzhou in the 0/9th century A.D. according to the phonology of Fuzhou dialect. It overcame some disadvantages of writing Fuzhou dialect with Chinese characters, and it was very popular from the end of 19 to the first half of the 20th century.