Several problems about the development of China.

1 For a long time, China officials have always claimed that China is one of the so-called "four ancient civilizations", and we are an ancient country with a history of 5,000 years of civilization, which is an important part of educating the people.

People's livelihood is depressed, and it is difficult for bank funds to turn around smoothly, which is mainly related to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Uprising. At the same time, the bank represented and paid a huge amount of military expenses for the Qing government. Ai Xinjue Roche owed us Shanxi people a lot of real money and never paid it back. At the beginning of the twentieth century, banks disappeared completely and never returned them!

3 the territory of each period of the Qing Dynasty:

In the late Qing Dynasty, it was 6.5438+0.6 million yuan larger than it is now (including Mongolia and Tangnuoliang Sea).

The early years of Kangxi were 4-6 million larger than now (Russia didn't invade eastward)

The Qianlong period was more than 3 million larger than it is now.

A: In the early years of Kangxi, the territory was wrong. At that time, Xinjiang, Tibet and Qinghai had not been ruled by the Qing Dynasty, and Outer Mongolia was still a foreign vassal.

1759 (twenty-four years of Qianlong), after the Qing Dynasty unified the whole country, the territory was: Mongolia and Siberia in the north, the South China Sea in the south, Tibet and Yunnan in the southwest, Xinjiang and Central Asia in the northwest, Xing 'anling and Sakhalin Island in the northeast, and Taiwan Province Province in the southeast. The total area is about130,000 square kilometers.

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China's international status is definitely improving. The outstanding performance of the government of China and the people of the whole country in earthquake relief fully embodies the cohesion of the Chinese nation and has been well received by the international community. Needless to say, the Olympic Games is a good opportunity for China to show itself to the whole world. China has also been affected by the financial crisis, but it is much better than western countries. In addition, the government has issued 4 trillion yuan to stimulate domestic consumption and expand domestic demand, further reducing the impact of the financial crisis. In addition, the financial crisis is bound to change the international economic system, and the status of developing countries like China in economic globalization will improve, which is good for China. Need I say more about Sino-Japanese relations? Sarkozy's behavior is totally asking for trouble. It is normal that the faster China develops, the more the western countries look down upon it. In short, the international situation in China is still good, so we should have confidence in our motherland!

From the perspective of geography and political culture between China and the West, this paper roughly analyzes the process of China's gradual decline and the gradual strength of the West after the15th century, and draws the conclusion that the key is the difference of political culture that led to the decline of China. Finally, it is concluded that political and cultural freedom is the basis of a country's sustainable development.

Reform and opening-up have significantly improved China's comprehensive national strength. And comprehensive national strength is the decisive factor of a country's international status.

Since the reform and opening up, with the growth of comprehensive national strength, China's position in the international arena has been significantly improved, and China's international influence has been increasingly enhanced. Especially after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the bipolar pattern ended and the world pattern developed towards multipolarization, so China is bound to become a pole.

The promotion of China's international status is obviously reflected in its diplomacy. At present, China has established diplomatic relations with most countries in the world. Especially in recent years, China has played a more and more important role in international politics, showing its great power.

As a responsible big country, China plays an important role in handling regional affairs, such as the North Korean nuclear issue in recent years, from which China mediated and successfully promoted the "Six-Party Talks".

Economically speaking, the reform and opening up has brought earth-shaking changes to China's economy. China's economy is making more and more contributions to the world. China's foreign exchange reserves rank first in the world, and China's economy ranks second only to the United States. The development of the world economy cannot be separated from China. The current financial crisis has had a certain impact on China. However, as a responsible country, China has been trying to save the world economy. Although there are still many problems in our economy, I believe we will get better and better.

Culturally speaking, China's culture is becoming more and more influential in the world, and there is an upsurge of learning Chinese all over the world. The opening of Confucius Institutes around the world is a good example. China and some countries hold "Year of Culture" activities with each other, which is also an example of China's cultural influence. Hosting the Olympic Games and World Expo in China is not only a recognition of a country's culture, but also a better promotion of its own culture to the world.

According to foreign comprehensive reports, recently, a news that "Mongolia will propose to merge Mongolia into China" attracted special attention. It is reported that the Mongolian National Great Hural Conference is currently discussing a proposal to establish a federal state plan between Mongolia and China. Members of Gobi Province put forward the above plan for the first time at the national seminar on social and economic development.

On February 30th, 2004, the National Hural Conference of Mongolia held a special discussion on the establishment of Mongolia-China Union and the integration of Mongolia into China. During the discussion, members of Gobi Province proposed that Mongolia should be merged into China and built into a China Special Administrative Region similar to Hongkong and Macau, so that Mongolia could finally return to the motherland and become a part of China.

As early as 1995, 2000 and 2002, some members of the Mongolian National Great Hural kept putting forward the idea of Mongolia joining China. However, due to resistance, the proposal was not discussed. In recent years, the Mongolian government is facing increasing pressure due to economic difficulties, and the rich life of Mongolians in Erlian, China and other places has attracted herders. Including many elites, are increasingly attracted by the economic development of China, especially the relative prosperity of Inner Mongolia.

On the other hand, if China wants to "recover" Outer Mongolia on the political map, it will be very far away, even almost impossible. On the one hand, there is still great resistance to China's "return" within Mongolia, and even the merger form conceived by "returnees" has a certain gap with China's wishes. Secondly, international boycotts, including the United States and Japan, especially Russia, will be fierce. After all, we still want Russia in international strategy and national defense development. Of the three, the reaction of Mongolians in China is negligible. It should be pointed out that the loyalty of Mongolians in China to the country is beyond doubt. If "Tibetan independence" and "Xinjiang independence" have a certain social foundation among Tibetans and Uighurs, then the so-called "Mongolian independence" is purely the fantasy of a few Mongolian intellectuals and overseas anti-China forces. Nevertheless, many Mongolians in Inner Mongolia do not want to see an independent Mongolia disappear completely. I think this kind of emotion should be understandable. Hastily "recovering" outer Mongolia may cause resistance from the people of Inner Mongolia.

background information

Mongolian Great Hural offered to return to China 43 times.

192 1 year, the Mongolian people's revolution was successful, and in July, it declared independence and established a "constitutional monarchy". In May 1924 after the death of Zhebuzundanba, in the same year 165438+ 10, Hural, the largest people, held a meeting in Kulun, announcing the abolition of constitutional monarchy and the establishment of the Mongolian People's Republic. 1945 February 1 1 The leaders of the United States, the Soviet Union and Britain signed the Yalta Agreement on the sovereignty of Outer Mongolia. 1946 China national government recognizes the independence of outer Mongolia. People's Republic of China (PRC) established diplomatic relations with China in June 1949+16 10.

Mongolia is a landlocked country, bordering only China and Russia, which determines three strategies for building the country, either pro-Russia, pro-China or balancing the forces of all parties. At present, Mongolia's nation-building strategy is to balance the forces of all parties and seek the greatest interests for its own country. Before the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Mongolia had no army and its defense was provided by the Soviet Union. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Mongolia initially established a compulsory soldier system and recruited border guards. However, Mongolia only borders on China and Russia, and the whole people cannot guarantee the security of the country 100%. So there is basically no military power. In fact, in the Soviet Union, Mongolia was seriously considered to join the United States to provide permanent defense, but it gave up because of strong opposition from Mongolia.

Russia's control over the Far East has been greatly weakened by domestic fatigue. The disintegration of the Soviet Union had a great and far-reaching impact on China and made great contributions to the whole world. The Chinese nation has benefited a lot, and the army's military expenditure has been transferred to the air force and navy, creating a gradually powerful air force and blue ocean fleet. With decades of relatively safe and peaceful construction, we can really get close to the feasible measures to solve the problems in Taiwan Province Province and make great progress in military science. It quickly realized the ideological vacuum left by the disintegration of the Soviet Union (Iran, Egypt, Syria, Latin America, Cuba, Venezuela, Bolivia and other Soviet traditional spheres of influence), which was impossible before the disintegration of the Soviet Union. At the same time, it also brought a golden opportunity to Mongolia's return. Mongolian Great Hural has proposed to return to China 43 times, but China has not made any positive comments or responses so far.

Voice: Now is not the time for Mongolia to return.

First, the geographical location of Mongolia is very important, mainly between China and Russia. If Mongolia returns to China, it will undoubtedly cast a shadow over Sino-Russian relations and undermine the overall strategic situation of Sino-Russian cooperation. Mongolia's strategic position is as important as Jingzhou. Both China and Russia have developed friendly relations with Mongolia, which is of great benefit to stabilizing the Sino-Russian border and the domestic situation in Mongolia. Otherwise, if Mongolia returns, it will make Russia an enemy, which is not conducive to the rise of Russia. Russian weakness makes the United States concentrate on threatening China, which harms our great strategic interests.

Second, we are not strong enough. On many issues of reunifying the motherland, Mongolia lags far behind and is far less important than Taiwan Province Province, Diaoyu Island and the South China Sea. We cannot accept Mongolia's voluntary return. Until these problems are solved, the time for Mongolia's return will not be ripe. The simple truth is that if a country is not strong, it cannot lose a good opportunity to develop its strength because of reunification.

Third, the motivation of Mongolia's return is not strong, its will is not firm, and it is suspected of speculation. Mongolia is now developing friendly relations with the United States and Japan and conducting joint exercises with the United States. The United States has troops in Mongolia and so on. It shows that the return of Mongolia may be a huge conspiracy to alienate each other, aiming at making China and Russia suspect each other and fight with each other on the Mongolian issue, thus losing cooperation and trust.

slave society

A society where people exploit people after the disintegration of primitive society. The main performance is that the slave owners possess the slave's body and practice super-economic slavery. In slave society, slave owners are in a dominant position in economy and superstructure, and the mode of production of slave owners determines the basic development direction of the whole society. Slave society first appeared in Egypt, West Asia, China and India, and then in Greece and Italy. At the end of primitive society, due to the development of social productivity and division of labor and the improvement of labor productivity, workers were able to produce surplus products, thus making it profitable to enslave others. In this case, the first form of human exploitation appeared in human history, that is, slave possession. The earliest slave owners were clan nobles differentiated from primitive society. The earliest slaves were foreigners captured in clan and tribal wars. With the disintegration of primitive society, the polarization between the rich and the poor within clans and tribes intensified, and the slavery of the rich clans and nobles to the poor clan members deepened day by day. The main form is debt slavery, and poor clan members who are unable to pay their debts are often sold by creditors to other clans and tribes as slaves. In addition, punishing criminals, pirates, human trafficking, slave trade and self-made slaves are also important sources of slaves. With the increasingly fierce contradictions and struggles between slaves and slave owners, slave countries emerged as a tool for slave owners to suppress slaves and other exploited people. The countries that first appeared in Asia, Africa and Europe in human history were all slave countries. Class structure and class struggle in slave society, residents are divided into two parts: free men and slaves; Within freemen, it can be generally divided into slave owners who own slaves and self-made workers who don't own slaves; Slaves are divided into several groups; There are many transitional classes between free men and slaves. Within freemen, there is a struggle between civilians in danger of becoming slaves and slave owners and nobles; There is obvious opposition between free men and slaves, between slave-holding countries and enslaved foreigners or subjects. The struggle of slaves against slave owners, and the struggle of enslaved clans and tribes against conquerors are often manifested in large-scale uprisings. However, the way slaves resist slave owners is more often to be passive, escape, destroy production tools or kill individual vicious slave owners. In the struggle against the exploitation and slavery of slave owners, slaves sometimes act in conjunction with civilians among freemen. Disintegration With the improvement of labor tools, the accumulation of production skills and the development of division of labor, the production relationship of slave ownership is increasingly contradictory to the further development of social productive forces. At the end of the slave society, a number of big landlords emerged in the slave owner class, and the broad masses of freemen gradually became the exploited and oppressed class with roughly the same situation as slaves, and social contradictions became increasingly intensified. After a long period of different forms of revolutionary changes, the slave-owning country gradually embarked on the road of feudalism, with the leading role of the earth becoming a feudal Lord and slaves and freemen becoming serfs. The feudal mode of production dominated by exploitation of serfs gradually replaced the mode of production dominated by slave ownership. Compared with the primitive society, the slave ownership society is a great progress. It breaks the parochial relationship between clans and tribes in primitive society, thus contributing to the expansion of social production scale, the development of division of labor between manual and mental labor, and creating conditions for the further development of material civilization and spiritual culture of all mankind.

Background More than two thousand years ago, Rome was a slave society. When the Romans conquered other countries, they turned the local residents into slaves. Slaves are called "talking tools". They are the owner's property and articles, and they have no rights. Even the children are the owner's. Slaves are not protected by law, and slave owners can slaughter their slaves at will.

Slave owners make slaves wear fetters to do all kinds of coolies, pick out the strongest and bravest gladiators, and put them in the Colosseum to force them to fight or kill each other to entertain themselves. This kind of fighting is extremely brutal and cruel, and the result of the fighting is that all the gladiators die or leave the last person behind. Spartak and ten other slaves mentioned in this article are gladiators.

At the end of 1970s BC, the Spartak Uprising took place in Rome. In 73 BC, 200 gladiators in Kapuya fled to Mount Vesuvius because they couldn't stand the dark life, and held an uprising under the leadership of Spartak. Many slaves gathered in Spartak from all directions. The forces of the uprising developed rapidly, forming an uprising army of 70 thousand people. In 7 1 year BC, the rebels fought a decisive battle with the Roman army. The rebels were poorly equipped and exhausted, and could not stop the crazy attack of the Roman army, so they failed. Spartak fought bravely to the death.

The slave uprising led by Spartak was the most glorious struggle of the oppressed class in ancient history, which seriously dealt a blow to the rule of slave owners. Spartak's heroic deeds will always be praised by people. Marx, the revolutionary mentor, once praised Spartak as "the most magnificent young man in ancient history". Lenin praised Spartak as "one of the most outstanding heroes in the greatest slave uprising".

On the further development of slave social productive forces

(1) Reason:

Slave society replaced primitive society and created necessary conditions for the development of productive forces. The major reasons for this are the following

(1) The preservation of a large number of labors.

Under slavery, prisoners of war are no longer killed, but become slaves, saving a lot of labor. Laborers are human factors in productive forces. Retaining a large number of labor force may create more wealth for the society and be beneficial to the development of the whole social economy.

② Large-scale production and labor cooperation

Slave owners have a large number of means of production and a large number of slaves, concentrated in their own manors and workshops, and it is possible to organize large-scale production, thus improving production efficiency and completing huge projects.

③ Development of division of labor and cooperation.

A large number of slaves carry out simple division of labor and cooperation in large-scale productive labor, which makes the division of labor between different departments and within the same department more and more detailed, the labor skills and proficiency of workers are constantly improved, and the labor productivity is also rapidly improved. This has promoted the further improvement of social productive forces.

(2) Performance:

(1) widely used metal tools (signs)

After mankind entered the slave society, all fields of social production have made great progress, especially metallurgical technology and metal tools have been widely used.

The extensive use of metal tools in production is the main symbol of the development of productive forces in slave society.

② the development of handicraft industry

Metal smelting is an important sector of handicraft industry. In slave society, metal tools were also mainly used in handicrafts. Handicraft in slave society was an important window to show the development of production at that time. Mainly in the aspects of industrial integrity, huge scale and fine technology.

(3) Commercial development and urban prosperity.

With the development of handicraft industry, commodity exchange is more and more frequent. Finally, in the slave society, there appeared merchants specializing in commodity trading, and their appearance promoted the development of production. The development of commerce has promoted the prosperity of the city.

(3) Conclusion (the main standard to measure the progress of social system):

Facts have proved that the establishment of slavery basically adapted to the requirements of the development of productive forces at that time and greatly promoted the development of productive forces, so the replacement of primitive society by slave society is a great progress in the development of human history. It can be seen that whether the transformation from one social system to another is historical progress or retrogression depends on whether the relations of production in the new society are compatible with the development of productive forces at that time. The replacement of primitive society by slave society has greatly promoted the development of productive forces, so it is a great progress in the development of human society.

4. About the appearance of the text.

(1) course:

The appearance of characters has gone through a long process. The textbook P2 1 introduces something in italics. Generally speaking, this process can be summarized as follows:

No words-physical notes (knots, beads, carvings, etc. )-picture text-hieroglyphics

Hieroglyphs are very similar to things in shape, have recognized fixed shapes and pronunciations, and are real words. Because of the needs of managing the country, running business, managing labor and developing science and culture, hieroglyphics developed rapidly in slave society. Most ancient civilizations in the world have created their own hieroglyphs.

(2) Meaning:

Since the slave society, human beings have a written history. The appearance of characters enables human production experience and understanding of nature to be passed on, accumulated and spread, which prepares the necessary conditions for the development of science and culture.

The appearance of characters is a sign that human beings have entered the civilized era. Since the slave society, human beings have a written history.

3. On the division of labor and opposition between mental labor and manual labor.

(1) Division of labor between mental work and manual work.

Possibility of division of labor: With the improvement of social productivity and the emergence of class oppression, the vast number of slave labor can provide more surplus products, so that some people in society can get rid of manual labor and specialize in mental labor. Others, mainly slaves, can only engage in manual labor, so there is a division of labor between manual labor and mental labor in slave society.

Inevitability of division of labor: In slave society, manual workers were deprived of the right to education. In a slave society with a low level of productivity, it is necessary to go through this division of labor before entering the civilized era. This division of labor is not only an objective requirement for the development of social productive forces, but also creates a prerequisite for the development of science and culture.

③ Progressiveness of division of labor: The division of labor between mental work and manual work was an important aspect of social division of labor at that time. It adapts to the objective requirements of the development of social productive forces and also creates preconditions for the development of science and culture. It can be said that in slave society, there would be no great achievements of modern science and culture without the division of labor between mental work and physical work. Therefore, in slave society, the division of labor between mental and physical labor is a historical progress.

(2) The opposition between mental labor and manual labor.

We should also see that in slave society, the achievements of mental workers in science and culture can not be separated from the activities of manual workers. Without the hard work of manual workers to produce various means of subsistence, mental workers could not survive, let alone invent and create; Without the manual labor of slaves and craftsmen, only the design of mental workers will not create any civilized achievements; Without the production practice of slaves and other workers, mental workers will lose their rich source of scientific and cultural creation. Therefore, in the final analysis, any achievement of mental workers is based on the labor of manual workers.

After the separation of mental labor and manual labor, engaging in mental labor became the privilege of slave owners, while slaves were deprived of the right to receive scientific and cultural education. Slave owners divorced from manual labor and regarded manual labor as a despicable thing. They also used their scientific and cultural knowledge to strengthen the rule of slaves. In this way, the opposition between mental labor and manual labor is formed. In class society, this opposition reflects the class opposition between the exploiting class and the exploited class.

The most barbaric system of exploitation and oppression

② Analysis of key issues

On the cruel exploitation of the slave class by the slave owner class

Slave society has brought mankind into the civilized era and promoted the great development of social productive forces, which is a great progress in history. But at the same time, slavery is also the most barbaric system, which can be clearly illustrated by the characteristics of slave production relations and the experiences of slaves.

(1) The different positions of the slave owner class and the slave class in the relations of production.

Possession of means of production: the slave owner class owns all means of production and slaves themselves; Slaves have no personal freedom and are the private property of slave owners.

Status and relationship: the relationship between slave owners and slave classes is naked exploitation and exploitation. Slaves were deprived of all rights and engaged in the most intense and arduous labor under violence.

Product distribution: the slave owner class occupies and dominates all the fruits of slaves' labor and leads a luxurious and luxurious parasitic life; Slaves can only get very little means of subsistence to maintain their lives.

(2) the characteristics of slavery relations of production

From the above, it can be seen that the characteristics of slavery production relations are: slave owners possess the means of production and completely possess slaves; The relationship between slave owners and slaves is naked exploitation and exploitation. Slaves have no personal freedom and work under the coercion of slave owners. All products created by slave labor are owned and dominated by slave owners, who only give slaves the minimum means of subsistence.

On the cruel oppression of the slave class by the slave owner class

(1) political rule:

(1) slavery state institutions.

In order to maintain the slave system, slave owners constantly strengthened the military, prisons, courts and other state institutions, ruled slaves and suppressed their resistance.

(2) Slavery is the most inhuman oppression system, which is manifested in using slaves as human sacrifices or human sacrifices.

(3) Slave owners often take pleasure in destroying the lives of slaves.

(2) Ideological rule:

In order to maintain their rule, slave owners also deceived and paralyzed their slaves ideologically. They fabricated all kinds of fallacies and heresies, described slavery as permanent, and made slaves content with the status quo, resigned to their fate and did not resist.

In short, the vast number of slaves are bound by tangible and intangible shackles, suffering cruel exploitation and oppression, and living the darkest and most miserable life.

13. On the Obstacle of Slavery Production Relations to the Productivity Development in the Later Period of Slavery Society

(1) The inherent limitations of slavery relations of production

Performance: deliberately not using advanced tools in slave labor is the inherent limitation of slave production relations.

Reasons: slave owners don't care about the improvement of production technology; Slave resistance to forced labor. As a result, slave owners can only use clumsy and indestructible production tools for their slaves.

Example: Use of metal tools

Judging from the types of bronzes, most of them are production tools in the early stage, and most of them are ritual vessels and weapons in the later stage.

Tools are biased towards handicraft production in terms of types. Agricultural production still mainly uses stone tools, both in China and Europe.

In the development of metal products, the production of production tools has been neglected. The production of metal tools is not mainly to develop production, but to obey the consumption needs and ruling needs of slave owners.

It should be noted that the limitations of the slave production relations always existed in the slave society, but they did not become the dominant production relations in most of the early and middle stages of the slave society. Only under the condition of the late slave society, the slave relations of production became an obstacle to the development of productive forces. Therefore, the process in which the limitations of slavery production relations are increasingly exposed is the process in which slavery production relations promote the development of productive forces to hinder the development of productive forces.

(2) The development of productive forces and the relative backwardness of production relations in the late slave society.

Only after the emergence of new production tools did the limitations of slavery relations of production be fully exposed. The appearance of new production tools is a sign that productivity has developed to a new level, but more advanced production tools can not be widely used in slave labor, which proves that slave production relations have become the shackles of production development. In this sense, the emergence of new production tools is also the time when the slave production relations decline.

Productive labor is the foundation of social existence and development. In the later period of slave society, slaves hated labor extremely, and slave owners despised manual labor extremely. Many fields are barren, handicrafts are declining, business is stagnant, population is decreasing, and the economy is depressed, showing a serious recession.

According to the principle of interaction between productive forces and production relations, production relations must adapt to the requirements of productive forces development. When the productive forces develop to a certain extent, the old relations of production no longer meet the requirements of the development of productive forces, but become an obstacle to the development of productive forces. The decline at the end of slave society is an important manifestation that slave production relations are gradually incompatible with the development of productive forces.

In this case, the new relations of production that meet the requirements of the development of productive forces have emerged, the slave society has ended, and the feudal system is ready to take its place.

There are only a handful of countries in the world that have experienced slave society. Is there a development stage of slave society in China? Since 1980s, this theory has been strongly questioned by scholars such as Huang Xianfan, Zhang Guangzhi and Chao Fulin, the representatives of slavery school. There are more and more supporters and their influence is growing.

Fourth, as China and Russia, we should jointly develop relations with Mongolia and drive the forces of the United States and Japan out of Mongolia. This is what we should do. Instead of blindly accepting the uncertain return of Mongolia. Actively unite with Russia, reach an understanding and develop relations with Mongolia. This is our best response.

Therefore, we should be patriotic, not blind, have a strategic mind, and consider the long-term stability of the country and the international situation in order to make the best decision.

Political scientists are not only ignorant.

I think there is still a long way to go before what you call true democracy, and it may take a long time to achieve what you say.

Many things in China are opaque and various systems are imperfect. It takes a long time to develop. Nowadays, many people emigrate, not because of China's backward economy, but because of the system in China.

Did you find the news broadcast very general, such as "China's international status has been greatly improved"? How much has it improved? In fact, China people will be discriminated against to some extent when they go around the world.

China's media is more opaque, and China's media reports all positive news, with few negative news. There is a special column in Japan to comment on politicians at will, and the attitude of Japanese public servants is very good. In China, those civil servants are more proud of each other. As long as he doesn't scold you.

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