The formation stage of Hakka clan

The formation of Hakka clan is a long historical process. The formation area of Hakka clans is the border area of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong provinces, but there is a development process from gestation to stereotypes, and each has played different roles in different periods, which has led to the formation stage theory of Hakka clans. An Introduction to Hakka Studies and the Formation of Hakka Clans says: "The formation of Hakka Clans is a historical process, which began at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty when Hakka ancestors moved south, and went through the Six Dynasties, Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, and was finally completed at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty. In general, it was bred in southern Jiangxi, matured in western Fujian and developed in eastern Guangdong. " "Some Issues on the Formation and Development of Shibi in Ninghua and Hakka in West Fujian" said: "The formation and development of Hakka and other nationalities are the same historical process. Three states, Tinghui and Sanjiang basins in Jiangxi have their own irreplaceable roles in the formation and development of Hakka, and Ganzhou and Ganjiang basins are the cradles of Hakka formation. Tingzhou and Tingjiang Valley are the places where Hakka ancestors first transformed into Hakka people. Huizhou and Dongjiang Valley are the places where Hakka people finally formed, perfected and prospered. " Hakka Fenghua Hakka Origin said: "The formation of Hakka clans has gone through a long historical process: it started in southern Jiangxi, further developed in western Fujian and completed in eastern Guangdong. "

Generally speaking, Hakka clan originated in southern Jiangxi, developed in western Fujian and matured in eastern Guangdong. Hakka clan originated in Gannan (about before the Tang Dynasty).

Ganzhou, located in the south of Jiangxi and the upper reaches of Ganjiang River, is usually called Gannan. Ganzhou has 18 counties and cities, with a total area of about 40,000 square kilometers, accounting for about14 of the province's area, and is the largest administrative region in Jiangxi Province. Gannan is the main settlement of Hakkas and the birthplace of Hakkas. However, the start of Hakka clans in southern Jiangxi is not necessarily neck and neck, among which Du Yu, Xingguo, Ningdu and Shicheng are particularly important, especially Shicheng.

(1) According to the administrative system and population situation, Ganzhou is the beginning and birthplace of Hakkas.

Let's talk about administrative establishment first. According to some historical records, before the Qin Dynasty unified China, there were no Han people living in the south, but the indigenous people living in the Hakka areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi were She Yao (called Shanyue in ancient times). Ganzhou is the earliest administrative system in the Hakka base camp of Fujian and Guangdong, and Nanmao County was established in the Qin Dynasty. Qin Shihuang sent 10 troops to the Zhangjiang River Basin during the "Hundred Leaps in Nanding". Ganzhou city was once called Huazhou and Qianzhou in history. According to "Records of Ganzhou Region": "In the fifth year of Wu Jiahe (236), Luling County was located in the south, ruled by the capital and led by seven counties, which was the embryonic form of Ganzhou region." In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Ganxian was the government, and Ganzhou City was established in 1949, which is the seat of Ganzhou area. In the 1990s, it was changed to the city governing counties, with jurisdiction over 17 counties, and Ganzhou was changed to zhanggong district. Ganzhou county under the jurisdiction of the establishment time is:

Yudu County, formerly known as Tuotu County, began in the sixth year of Gaohan (20 1).

Ganxian County in Han Dynasty (206-220 BC)

Wujiahe, the Three Kingdoms in Xingguo County, was originally named Pingyang County in 236.

Wujiahe, the Three Kingdoms in Nankang County, was originally named Nan 'an County in 236.

Ningdu County, formerly known as Yang Du County, was built in Wujiahe five years (236).

Anyuan County (544) in the Ten Years of Datong in the Southern and Northern Dynasties

In the first year of Tang Yongchun in Xinfeng County (682), it was originally named Nan 'an County.

Dayu County was originally named Dayu County in the first year of Tang Shenlong (705).

Ten Years of Nantang Baoda in Shangyou County (952)

Bao Da was in Nantang, longnan county in the 11th year (953).

Twelve years of Nantang Baoda in Ruijin County (954)

Twelve years of Nantang Baoda in Shicheng County (954)

In the Northern Song Dynasty, Huichang County was peaceful and rejuvenating the country for seven years (982)

Fourteen years of Ming Zhengde in Chongyi County (15 19)

Three years of Qin Minglong in dingnan county (1569)

Xunwu County, formerly known as Changning County, lasted for four years in Wanli of Ming Dynasty (1576).

Quannan county, formerly known as Qiannan County, was in the 29th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1903).

The above 17 counties were set up before the Tang Dynasty, 4 counties in the Five Dynasties, 1 county in the Northern Song Dynasty, 3 counties in the Ming Dynasty and 1 county in the Qing Dynasty. This shows that this area was very China before the formation of Hakka clans, and it was the birthplace of Hakka clans, which played a great role in the southward migration of Hakka ancestors, especially in the east. Look at the population. According to the newly compiled records and population of Ganzhou area, there were about 37,647 households with 2754 10/0 in Tianbao period of Tang Dynasty (742~755) and about 36,548 people in Chongning period of Song Dynasty (1 102 ~ 106). The population growth of Chongning is twice that of Yuanfeng. It shows that the population density of Ganzhou in this period is much higher than that of Tingzhou and Meizhou, especially Ningdu and Shicheng in the east. Luo Yong said in the article "On the Backward Migration of Hakka from Fujian and Guangdong to Jiangxi in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties": "In Ningdu, more than 40 surnames migrated from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the end of the Song Dynasty, and later developed and distributed to 80% of the villages in the county, becoming the basic residents of Ningdu. During this period, there were 60 surnames in Shicheng, and their descendants were all over the county, becoming the main surnames in the county, while other places were sparse ... "Thus, the East was the earliest birthplace of Hakka.

(2) According to historical records and folk customs, this is the earliest birthplace of Hakka.

Start with historical records. First, after Qin Shihuang unified China, he repaired Epang Palace, sent some soldiers from the original six countries south to cut trees, and finally settled in Shangluo Mountain, which was called "wooden guest" in history. Secondly, the 500,000 troops guarding Lingnan led by Tu Youyou, commander-in-chief of Qin Shihuang, and the 40,000-50,000 navy men who reinforced Qin Jun led by Ren Tao and Zhao Tuo were the first Central Plains Han people to enter Lingnan, and most of them stayed in Gannan. Third, the Han Dynasty imperial court sent officers and men out to guard Meiling twice to build villages and repair cities. The officers and men of Qin and Han dynasties became the earliest Han people in the Central Plains who developed and lived in Shicheng, Gannan.

Look at the folk customs in eastern Gannan. Xingguo is known as the "General County". In the first half of the 20th century, more than 60 generals were sent to the country and the two factions, that is, whether they were soldiers of the Qin Dynasty (soldiers sent by Qin Shihuang to cut trees and build Epang Palace in Xingguo, Jiangxi). In addition, xingguo folk song is the most Hakka in southern Jiangxi, which seems to be the same as the Xintianyou in northern Shaanxi, especially the "Japanese Song" in the song, but not in other parts of the country. Besides, Shicheng Lantern Festival: Young people with lanterns, double-breasted shirts and white sheep belly towels and Shaanxi guys are like compatriots in different places. Look at Du Yu's suona again: the old man wearing a double-breasted coat and a towel seems to be a live performance of the elderly in northern Shaanxi. The Hakka customs exhibition in Jinggangshan also has spicy leaves (clematis leaves are used to play music on the tongue, and the sound is high and clear), which is exactly the same as that in northern Shaanxi.

All of the above can be circumstantial evidence that officers and soldiers and immigrants had arrived in the eastern part of Gannan during the Qin and Han Dynasties.

(3) From the important position of Shicheng in the initial stage of Hakka clan.

First of all, from the geographical environment, it is the natural habitat of Han people who moved south. The emergence of the new clan can not be separated from the specific geographical environment. Shicheng is located in the southeast of Jiangxi Province, the northeast of Ganzhou, the west foot of the middle section of Wuyishan at the junction of Fujian and Jiangxi, and adjacent to Changting and Ninghua counties in Fujian Province. Surrounded by mountains, it is inconvenient to travel, just like a paradise. Shicheng is not only remote, but also almost closed. It is 0/40 Li away from Ningdu Prefecture/KLOC-and 450 Li away from Ganzhou Prefecture. The rugged mountain road is beyond the reach of the rulers, and it is a good place for immigrants to avoid chaos. Three quarters of Shicheng is land,110 is cultivated land, and 1/30 is water. The surrounding mountains and rivers crisscross, and there are many small basins with valleys, low mountains and gentle slopes, which are suitable for reclamation, fertile land and superior water conservancy conditions. In terms of natural conditions, it is suitable for farming. Due to the inconvenient transportation around the mountainous area, there has never been a military horse avenue in history. Geographically, it belongs to a closed agricultural area, like a "paradise" suitable for living. Before the pre-Qin period, there were people living in Shicheng, such as Gu Shanyue or Gu Cheyao. Therefore, many ancient place names in Shicheng have the word "she", such as Wenjiashe, Yang She, Xiashe and Dashe. These places with the word "she" have one thing in common, that is, they are all surrounded by mountains and waters, and there are She people living there. From the end of Qin Dynasty to the end of Jin Dynasty, a small number of Han people who moved southward lived in the city. In the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, a large number of Han people in the Central Plains moved in and reclaimed land to live together. Most clans with the same surname as the core live together, and there are few mixed surnames, and some villages with hundreds of people have few mixed surnames. In the Song Dynasty, a large number of southern immigrants moved in. After centuries of United struggle and pioneering and innovative efforts, the developers who have worked hard in Shicheng have cultivated a spiritual temperament that is not afraid of any difficulties and obstacles and is adaptable to the new environment, forming a unique spiritual disposition of Hakka people.

Secondly, from its traffic environment, it is also an excellent transit point for immigrants. Shicheng is the source of Ganjiang River, and Qinjiang River runs through the north and south tributaries, and can reach Ganzhou, Nanchang and Jiujiang by boat. There are dozens of ancient roads connected with Changting and Ninghua in Fujian Province and Guangchang, Ruijin and Ningdu in the province. Although it is banned, it can still be circulated. In addition, Shicheng is located at the junction of Fujian and Jiangxi, and there are dozens of roads, large and small, connecting the borders of the city. From Jiujiang south to Fuzhou via Nanfeng and Guangchang, Fujian must pass through Shicheng, and from Ji 'an to Xingguo in the east and Ningdu to Fujian must also pass through Shicheng. Shicheng has been the main road leading to northwest Fujian and eastern Guangdong since ancient times, and is called the throat. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the four characters "The thoroughfare of Fujian and Guangdong" at the fifth floor gate of Guobei Town in Shijie are still clearly visible today. The Han people in the Central Plains who moved south to avoid chaos in the past dynasties traveled thousands of miles to find a better place to live. Stay where you meet the right place, and move on if you don't. In Shicheng, Fujian is further away. You must stop for a while before making the final choice. Shicheng has naturally become a natural transit point for immigrants. Shicheng is an ideal stop and transit place, so the immigrants in troubled times flocked in at the peak and moved to a new location in troubled times. According to incomplete statistics, there should be about 50 surnames of immigrants who lived in Shicheng before the end of the Tang Dynasty, and only 13 surnames really survived. In the Song Dynasty, there were more than 70 surnames who moved in, and only 30 surnames were really left. More people come in than stay, and most people who come to Shicheng are in transit. Where is the main place for Shicheng to move out? Geographically, it takes half a day to get to the stone wall of Ninghua after Wuyishan. According to the investigation of scholars, after moving away from Shicheng, most of them moved to Shibi, Ninghua, and then moved back to Guangdong. For example, "Wen's Genealogy" said: "During the May 5th Movement, Wen moved south with the Tu people in the Central Plains, and some of his descendants moved to Shicheng, Jiangxi. When Wen Gangbao was in Tang Xizong, he moved from Shicheng to Shibi Township, Ninghua County, Fujian Province to avoid the chaos in Huang Chao. " Guangdong genealogy migration is also recorded. The Genealogy of the Zeng Family in Xingning records: "In the second year of Song Dynasty (1 12), Zheng He moved from Nanfeng, Jiangxi Province to Shibi, Ninghua, and then to Wuhua, Meizhou, Guangdong Province, passing Guangchang, Shicheng, Ninghua, Changting, Shanghang, Pingyuan and Xingning, and finally arrived at Wuhua." Chen's "Family Tree of Homosexuals" contains: "From the end of the Song Dynasty, it started in Fuyang, Anhui Province, crossed the Yangtze River from Yingchuan to Hukou, Jiangxi Province, traced back to the Ganjiang River, folded east in Ningdu and Shicheng, entered Ninghua, Fujian Province, and passed Changting and Shanghang to Meixian District, Tai Po, Xingning, Wuhua and Longchuan, Meizhou City, Guangdong Province." Due to its location, Shicheng became one of the birthplaces of the early Hakkas and one of the biggest transit points for the Han people in the Central Plains to move southward.

Shicheng has played a unique historical role in the formation of the whole Hakka clan system and occupies an important position in the development history of Hakka clan system.

Thirdly, from the origin of Hakka culture, it is the source of Hakka culture (including material culture and spiritual culture). Linguistically, Shicheng dialect retains the ancient phonetic features. Shicheng dialect is a unique Gannan Hakka dialect used by Shicheng people. Shicheng dialect is closer to Meizhou accent than neighboring Ningdu and Ruijin. Shicheng dialect has 23 initials, and the middle ancient sound is full of voiced stops. No matter whether it is flat or flat, voiced stops are usually aspirated unvoiced, and voiced stops become unvoiced. Many words of "light lip sound" in Putonghua (not applicable in ancient times) are pronounced as "heavy lip sound" (ancient gang combination) in Shicheng dialect, which retains the ancient phonetic characteristics of "no light lip sound in ancient times". There are 6 1 vowels in Shicheng dialect, of which 38 are Shu rhyme, 9 are Fu rhyme 1, 2 are self-contained chapters, and there are no vowel chapters1. There are only three calls in vowels: open, closed and even-toothed, with no pinch; Words ending in -m, -n,-η and -p, -t and -k in dialects are almost the same as those in the Middle Ages, and the coordination of Yang rhyme and Ru rhyme is very neat. Shicheng dialect has five tones, namely Yin Ping y53, Yangping y24, Shangsheng y3 1, Desheng y32 and Rusheng y2 1. In the Middle Ages, Pingsheng was divided into Yin Pingping and Yang Pingping according to voiced initials. There is no distinction between yin and yang. In terms of words, there are more monosyllabic words in Shicheng dialect than in Putonghua (more monosyllabic words in ancient times); I like to add the words "Fan" or "Foreign" before the names of articles imported from foreign countries; There are many taboos. Shicheng still retains many ancient Chinese words. For example, the sun is called the sun, daytime is daytime, sleeping is rest, chopping wood is firewood, eating is food, black is darkness, standing is an enterprise, face is face. In a word, due to the closed geographical environment, Shicheng dialect is less impacted by foreign languages and forms a relatively pure Hakka dialect.

Look at the architecture of Shicheng again. The architectural art of Shicheng is quite Hakka style, classical, elegant and simple, including houses, temples and temples. From 742 to 756 AD (Tianbao period of the Tang Dynasty), the White Jade Immortal Hall and the Xihua Mountain Immortal Hall were built in China. Zhukeng Jixian Temple and Qiuxi Luoyunxiang Temple were also built in the Tang Dynasty. Buddhism reached its peak in the Song Dynasty. The famous Neigong Temple, yongfu temple Temple, Haicang Temple, Fu Bao Temple and Qing Palace were all built in the Northern Song Dynasty. The most exquisite building is the Bao Fuyuan Tower, which was jointly built by the Song Dynasty monks Yingke and Daofu. It was founded in 1 102 (the first year of Chongning) and completed in110 (the fourth year of Daguan), with a height of 57.68 meters, seven floors and six sides, and a Strafe-shaped bamboo joint. Exquisite structure and unique shape not only preserve the legacy of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, but also have a typical Song Dynasty style. It is the crystallization of the integration of Hakka ancestors' Central Plains culture and the characteristics of Fujian and Guangdong, and belongs to our precious classical architecture. The residents of Shicheng are at the end of the tulou in western Fujian. For the sake of self-defense and safety, there are many cottages and earth buildings in Shicheng rural area, with different shapes and sizes, which can accommodate hundreds of thousands of people. The outer end is provided with a crib opening as a lookout hole and a shooting hole. The well-preserved tulou in the city so far include Muyangcheng Tulou, Hebei Tulou and Xiaogu Gaoling Tulou.

The above shows the special position and function of Shicheng in the early stage of Hakka clan formation. Hakka clan was formed in Tingzhou (about Song Dynasty).

Tingzhou (Youninghua, Shibi) is in the middle of the formation of Hakka mountain system, which plays a connecting role.

(1) From the perspective of historical buildings and population.

First of all, from the perspective of historical organizational system, the overall organizational system of Tingzhou is later than Ganzhou and earlier than Meizhou. According to records, in the 21st year of Tang Yuankai (733), Tang Xunzhong, a long history of Fuzhou, visited more than 3,000 families of escaped prisoners in Chaozhou North, Qianzhoudong and Fuzhou West, and settled down in Fuzhou. Later, in the twenty-fourth year of Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty, Tingzhou was established, governing Changting, Huanglian (Ninghua), Silla and other cities, with a vertical and horizontal distance of nearly 400 kilometers. In the old days, there were 8 counties in Tingzhou, namely Ninghua, Liu Qing, Guihua (Mingxi), Changting, Liancheng, Shanghang, Yongding and Wuping. The establishment time of 8 counties is:

In the 13th year of Tang Kaiyuan (725), he was in Ninghua.

In the 24th year of Tang Kaiyuan (736), he was in Changting.

Five years of Chunhua in Shanghang in the Northern Song Dynasty (994)

Wuping Chunhua Five Years in Northern Song Dynasty (994)

Fu Yuan in the Northern Song Dynasty in Liu Qing for three years (1 100)

Three years in Southern Song Dynasty (1 133)

Seven years of Ming Chenghua (147 1)

Fourteen years of Chenghua in Yongding, Ming Dynasty (1478)

The above eight counties: 2 counties in Tang Dynasty, 4 counties in Song Dynasty and 2 counties in Ming Dynasty. It can be seen that its historical establishment is generally later than that of Gannan and earlier than that of eastern Guangdong.

Look at the population. Judging from the population scale and growth rate, the population development of Jiangting Valley in Song Dynasty was the highest before Qing Dynasty, and it became the highest in the triangle areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong. After the mid-Song Dynasty, the population density of Tingjiang River Basin in western Fujian surpassed that of Ganjiang River Basin, but compared with eastern Guangdong, the actual area of western Fujian was similar to that of eastern Guangdong, which was about 1/3 higher than that of southern Jiangxi, but the population of Tingzhou in the same period was more than six times that of Meizhou. From the Southern Song Dynasty to the end of the Ming Dynasty, the general population trend of Tingzhou declined, especially during the 22 years from the Southern Song Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, the population development showed negative growth, with an average negative population growth of 7. 1%, and the population decreased by one million in the 22 years. "The Origin of the Formation of Hakka Clans" said: "The original Hakka ancestors who moved south in the Song Dynasty had a surname of 100, which was the highest in all previous dynasties." From the end of the Five Dynasties to the end of the Northern Song Dynasty (1 127), it developed for nearly 400 years. At this time, the Hakka ancestors in Tingzhou have already occupied an absolute advantage, and the Hakka ancestors and She Hakka have basically evolved into Hakkas.

It can be seen that Tingzhou plays a connecting role in Hakka history.

(2) From the geographical location of Ninghua and its stone walls in the formation and development stage of Hakka people.

The article "The Central Region of the Formation of Hakka Clan" says: "There are many elements that constitute Hakka Clan on the stone wall, such as region, language, economic life, psychological quality and so on. Ninghua Shibi is the early central area for the formation of Hakka clans and the cradle of Hakka. " Ninghua and Shibi are the central areas where Hakkas were born, which can be seen from the following points.

First of all, from the special geographical traffic environment of Ninghua and Shibi. Geographically, Ninghua is located at the junction of Fujian and Jiangxi provinces, and is connected with Du Yu, Ruijin, Changting and Mingxi in Jiangxi. Surrounded by mountains, barren hills and wild forests, especially the northwest border, there is a steep Wuyi Mountain range running northeast and southwest as a barrier to prevent large-scale military disasters from the north and south. From the traffic environment, Shicheng County in Jiangxi Province and Ninghua County in Fujian Province are only 50 kilometers apart by land, and there are four important passages between the two places, among which Ling Zhan Pass is the lowest at the junction of northwest Fujian and southeast Jiangxi, less than 10 km away from Shibi, and it has been one of the important passages in the two provinces since ancient times. From the perspective of waterway transportation, Ninghua is located at the source of the Three Rivers and reaches the "Four Waters". Ninghua is one of the sources of Minjiang River, Fujian's largest river, Tingjiang River in Guangdong leading to Hanjiang River, and Gongshui River in Jiangxi leading to Ganjiang River. It is not far from the main stream of Xujiang River in Jiangxi. When there is no highway, it is convenient to use waterways, from northern Jiangxi to northern Jiangxi and from northeastern Jiangxi to Xujiangdu. The "Four Waters" are: from Ninghua to the east, there is Minjiang Waterway, to the south, to the west, there is Gongjiang-Ganjiang Waterway, and to the north, there is Xujiang Waterway. There are two main routes for Han people to enter the west of Fujian, especially into the stone wall of Ninghua: one is to return from northern Jiangxi to Ganjiang to Ningdu, and enter the stone wall of Ninghua through Shicheng Station Ridge; Second, it goes back to Weihe River from the northeast of Jiangxi, passes through Cheng Nan, Nanfeng and Guangchang to Shicheng, and crosses Zhanling to enter Ninghua Stone Wall. Judging from the living environment, Ninghua is a vast area, a virgin land with fertile land and lush trees. There are both developed hot soil and undeveloped soil here, which is naturally an ideal environment for immigrants to settle down. Besides, Ninghua was defeated for thousands of years before Jingkang. In the meantime, there is a relatively flat strip as a passage from Jiangxi to Fujian. This not only provides migration convenience for migrants from the Central Plains who move south, but also makes them live relatively safely, making them an ideal "Xanadu" for refugees. Therefore, immigrants from the Central Plains are willing to take refuge and breathe here, and even those who are worried about unrest in stable times are willing to choose here to ensure peace. The special geographical traffic and living environment of Ninghua Shibi determines its important position in the formation and development period of Hakkas.

Secondly, judging from the migration of Hakkas, because Ninghua and Shibi have the above advantages, it is very convenient for Central Plains immigrants to migrate to western Fujian and Guangdong in the south, but it is also easy to migrate to central Fujian, northern Fujian and southern Jiangxi in the east. However, during the fifth migration of Hakkas, most of the people who migrated from Gannan to the stone wall in Ninghua in the east passed through Ninghua and its stone wall. Therefore, almost all Hakkas live in Ninghua or even Shibi in their predecessors. Judging from the history of ethnic migration, the genealogy of Hakkas at present all mentions that their ancestors once lived in Ninghua and its stone walls. Judging from the clan's recognition of ancestors, Hakkas from all over the world often regard the generation who entered Fujian, especially Ninghua, as ancestors; From the consciousness of Hakka clans themselves, they also think that they are "Hakkas" after living in Ninghua. Judging from the geographical distribution of Hakka today, northeast Guangdong, southeast Jiangxi and southwest Fujian are the most concentrated areas, which is consistent with the areas where Central Plains immigrants passed through Ninghua and its stone walls in history. According to Hakka Dialect and Ninghua Shibi, the migration of Hakka surnames: from the Tang Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, the migration surname 10 1, accounting for 85% of the statistical migration surnames (branches) before the Qing Dynasty; The emigration situation is: based on 80 surnames (branches); Jin 1, Late Tang 2, Five Dynasties 6, Northern Song 1 1, Southern Song 32, Yuan 12, Ming 14, Qing 2, Late Tang to Southern Song 49 surnames (branches) accounted for 63%. Especially in the Southern Song Dynasty, Hakka ancestors who moved to Ninghua had more than 37 surnames, accounting for 32% of 1 19 surnames. More than 32 surnames have moved out, accounting for 40% of the 80 surnames. It is the period with the largest import and export volume in the history of Ninghua, and it is also the area with the largest import and export volume of Hakka base camp. The population flow was: 5000 in 742 (the first year of Tang Tianbao), 1253~ 1259 (the Southern Song Dynasty), 1 10000. After that, the population dropped sharply, 139 1 year (twenty-four years of Ming Hongwu), and the population dropped to 44,930. The increase and decrease of population coincides with the migration of surnames. With such a high population distribution, Ninghua is the only one among more than 30 pure Hakka counties in the base camp area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, which fully shows that Ninghua and Shibi were the distribution centers of Hakka people from the late Tang Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty.

Look at the transition from folk culture again. On its transition from Hakka dialect. Compared with the border areas of Fujian and Jiangxi, such as Shicheng and Meizhou, the Hakka dialect south of Tingzhou and Changting has obvious transitional forms, especially Shibi. Professor Luo Meizhen from China Academy of Social Sciences said: "In the process of the formation of Hakka dialects, the stone walls in Ninghua occupied an important historical position. Shibi is the main passage for northerners to enter western Fujian from southern Jiangxi. Many Hakka ancestors have lived on this wide flat dam for some time. From a linguistic point of view, Shibi is located at the junction of Jiangxi and Hakka dialect, so today, some languages and vocabulary in Shibi dialect in Ninghua are the same as those in Gan dialect, but they are different from Hakka dialect in most areas ... but the languages in Shibi in Ninghua, Ruijin, Shicheng, Du Yu and Ningdu in southern Jiangxi are consistent with Hakka dialect in western Fujian and northeastern Guangdong. " "Ninghua Shibi is the earliest gathering and dispersion center in the formation period of Hakka dialect. Later, because Changting was the capital of Tingzhou, the center gradually moved to Changting. "

On the intermediary of hakka folk houses from their development. As the saying goes, "Fu Lao likes porridge, while Hakkas like living." As a kind of cultural accumulation, residential architecture is a kind of event that can best reflect the cultural connotation of Hakka people. Judging from the residents of Hakka base camp, Yongding Tulou and Meizhou Weilong House are both developed from square buildings or circular buildings in northwest Fujian. There are three typical styles of Hakka earth buildings, namely Wufeng Building, Square Building and Yuan House. The so-called Wufeng Building is actually only in the original structure of Ninghua Plaza Building, with the main house and horizontal house added from the front to the fifth floor. Its facade image is like a top-notch, but it is only beautiful in Phoenix. The square building and the round building essentially copied the pattern of Ninghua, Changting square building and round building, but only strengthened its defensive performance. Weilongwu is a typical Hakka residence in Meizhou, which is built according to the relatively flat terrain in Meizhou, and group living is more prominent than defense.