The National Regime in Hexi Region of Northern Song Dynasty: Cao Zhi's Return to China

Guiyijun was a local regime established in Dunhuang, Gansu Province in the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty. In the second year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Yichao revolted in Shazhou and overthrew the Tubo rule. He also sent envoys to seal hexagrams, Sha, Yi, Su, Gan and where to go to Sha Zhou. In five years, Zhang Yichao was appointed as our ambassador to Guiyi Army. From the Northern Song Dynasty, Cao Xianshun led the rebels. In the past hundred years, Guiyijun regime can be divided into three periods: Zhang Gui Rebel Regime, Western Han Rizo Regime and Cao Shi Rebel Regime. At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, the watermelon sand area in Hexi, Gansu Province was ruled by Cao Shigui's rebel army. 1. The Rise of the Cao Rebel Army In the eighth year of Tang Xiantong, Zhang Yichao, who established the rebel regime, entered the DPRK, and his nephew Zhang Huai became the leader of the Reform Army. At that time, on the one hand, it actively developed relations with the Central Plains Dynasty, controlled Gansu, Liangzhou and its eastern States, and made traffic and peace unimpeded. The west went all out to fight against the invasion of Uighur in the east. In the struggle against Uighur, on the one hand, the Tang Dynasty rewarded and supported Shen, on the other hand, it sent envoys to declare the surrender of Uighur, adopted the policy of appeasement, and used its influence to reduce the pressure of Uighur and help Zhang Huaishen defeat the Uighur forces. After the first year of Tang Xizong Guangming, the situation took a turning point. In, Huang Chao occupied Chang 'an and fled to Sichuan. Provinces and regions sent troops to expand their territory in his name. In the suppression of Huang Chao, Guiyijun also participated in the war against him, but it was also involved in the contradiction between the buffer regions, exploiting and weakening its own strength. In February of the first year of Dashun, Shen and his six sons died in civil strife at the same time. Ten years later, the Shazhou regime was in civil strife, its strength weakened, Gansu and Liangzhou fell one after another, and its territory shrank sharply. After the death of Zhang Huai, Zhang Huaiding, commander-in-chief of the Guiyi Army, made a brief transition from Zhang Huaiding to Suoxun. In the first year of the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Yichao's fourteen daughters Sima Li overthrew Suoxun in Liangzhou with their wives, and made a nephew our time. Li's three sons served as the secretariat of Sha, Gua and Ganzhou respectively, and held the real power to return to the army. At the beginning of the third year of Ganning, some families in Guazhou and Shazhou overthrew Zhang Li Chengfeng, restored the real power of the rebel army, and were named generals. In August of the third year of Guanghua in Tang Zhaozong, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty officially appointed him as the constant attendant of Zuosanqi in our school. In the autumn of Kaiping, Hou Liang, Zhang Chengfeng established the Jinshan Kingdom in the Western Han Dynasty, calling himself the Emperor in White, and no longer regarded the Tang Dynasty as the official new moon. During the reign of Zhang Chengfeng, Ganzhou Uighur rose, and Zhang Chengfeng changed the old national policy of alliance with the Central Plains Dynasty, and joined hands with Tubo and Tuguhun in the south to fight against Uighur. At that time, the Tubo people were scattered in Longyou, Hexi and other places, and their forces were scattered, so they could not effectively support the rebel regime. Jinshan has resisted Uighur many times. Although it won a small victory at first, its national strength failed after the war, and the people complained bitterly. In the first year of Emperor Taizu of Liang Dynasty, Uighur soldiers came to Shazhou and suffered a heavy defeat. Shazhou people wrote to Ganzhou Uighur Khan for peace, so they formed an alliance at the gate and took Ganzhou Uighur Khan as their father. Hou Liang spent four years in Jian 'an, Rizo was a pawn, and the Chinese were mainly Cao Yijin, the chief historian. Cao, who took charge of the deposed government after Feng, began the Cao Shi era of returning to the rebel army. Two. The Development and Decline of Cao Shi Regime

During their decades as commander-in-chief of the Guiyi Army, Cao Shi brothers and their descendants basically followed the internal and external policies determined by Cao Yijin. Every time our commander-in-chief dies, he will pay tribute to the Central Plains Dynasty. As usual, his successors strive for the recognition and appointment of the Central Plains Dynasty, and often send missions and gifts to the Central Plains Dynasty. Cao Yuande also established a tributary relationship with the Liao Dynasty. Externally, we will continue to strive to improve and develop relations with neighboring ethnic minority regimes and establish brotherly and equal friendly relations with Ganzhou Uighur Khan. Although there will be small frictions between the two sides from time to time, friendly exchanges will always be the mainstream. Relations with Gaochang Uighur and Khotan have been relatively stable, and envoys from both sides have kept in touch. These measures not only enabled Guiyijun to survive and develop in the complicated ethnic relations in the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty, but also promoted the friendly exchanges between Hexi and the oasis countries in the western regions. Driven by the Guiyi Army, Ganzhou, Gaochang, Yutian and other countries also paid tribute to the Central Plains Dynasty, which sometimes sent envoys to the Western Regions, thus strengthening the relationship between the Central Plains Dynasty and the Western Regions. In the Cao period of Qing Dynasty, there was another war between Guiyijun and Ganzhou Uighur. It has brought profound disasters to people in war-torn areas. Cao couldn't wait to handle the internal affairs of Guiyijun fairly, which made many people wronged and finally provoked the five-year mutiny in Xianping. At that time, Cao and his brother defended Guazhou and let Cao live in Guazhou. Angry soldiers and people surrounded the capital of Guazhou, and the roadshow brothers were forced to commit suicide. Cao Zongshou, a clan relative, took control of the Guiyi regime with the recommendation of everyone. The government of the Northern Song Dynasty realized this fait accompli and appointed Cao Zongshou as our special envoy. Since then, on the one hand, Cao has continued to maintain relations with princes; On the other hand, Song Jingde paid tribute to Liao for three years and began to associate with Liao. In the seventh year of Dazhong Xiangfu, Cao Zongshou died and his son Cao Xianshun succeeded to the throne. Cao Xianshun surrendered to Song. In the third year of Jubilee, Cao Xianshun was appointed King of Dunhuang County in Song Dynasty. When Cao Xianshun entered the Song Dynasty, he also strengthened his ties with the Liao Dynasty and was conferred by the Liao Dynasty. In April of the third year of Liao Kaitai, Cao Xianshun, a Uighur in Shazhou, sent tribute. In the first month of the eighth year of Thailand, Cao Xianshun became the king of Dunhuang County in Fengsha Prefecture of Liao Dynasty. Cao Xianshun sent envoys to pay tribute to Liao many times and was favored by Liao. In July of the ninth year of Thailand, the Liao Dynasty sent envoys to pay tribute to Liao in September, and sent envoys to Cao Xianshun, the Uighur king of Dunhuang, and Shazhou. Cao Xianshun was originally a Han Chinese, but he was called Shazhou Uighur in Liao Dynasty, indicating that the power of Shazhou Uighur at this time was quite strong, and the momentum was higher than that of Guiyi Army, even controlling the regime of Guiyi Army. Since then, it has not been recorded in the literature. In the third year of Jing, Wang Yuanhao sent troops to attack Uighur again, and was trapped in three states, namely, Gua, Sha and Su, all located in Hexi. There is no mention of returning to the rebel regime, only Uighurs. It is speculated that the Guiyijun regime was destroyed by Uighurs in Shazhou about three years ago. Three. After Cao Yijin succeeded to the throne, he restored the old name of our time in the Guiyi army, focusing on the Central Plains Dynasty and actively moving closer to it. At the same time, it strengthened the relationship with Ganzhou Uighur. First, he married the Uighur in Ganzhou. Dunhuang has long been surrounded by Uighur, Tubo, Tubo, Qiang, Longjia and other ethnic groups, and the collapse of Jinshan has aggravated the crisis of the Guiyijun regime. In order to ease the tension with Ganzhou Uighur, Cao Yijin first married Princess Tian of Ganzhou Uighur as his concubine, and then married Yingyi Khan of Ganzhou Uighur.

On the south side of the east wall of the main room of Gongde Cave opened by Cao and Zhai in Xunyang, there is also a portrait of a Uighur widow, entitled "Qin State". These appellations reveal the complicated kinship between Cao Shi regime and Ganzhou Uighur. This is bound to help resolve the contradiction between the two regimes, realize the short-term stability and economic recovery in Hexi region, and help consolidate the Cao Shi regime. Second, respect the vested interests of Ganzhou Uighur on the Silk Road and attach importance to the development of tributary relations. Cao Jin appointed him as the special envoy of Ganzhou Uighur. The two established normal relations, and the envoys sent by Shazhou to the Central Plains were unimpeded. Because Ganzhou is located on the main road from Shazhou to the Central Plains, Ganzhou Uighur has always taken the initiative in its communication with Shazhou, and Shazhou has to acquiesce in its advantages. Otherwise, once the road from Shazhou to the Central Plains is cut off, it will seriously hinder the exchange of tribute envoys and economic trade between Shazhou and the Central Plains. After Cao Yijin came to power, he learned the lessons of the previous generation and paid attention to improving the relationship with Ganzhou Uighur. This policy was inherited by successors for a long time, which ensured the development and extension of friendly relations between them.