Common sense of barbarian culture

1. What should I pay attention to when collecting common sense of ancient culture in China?

There are roughly three situations of calling people by their first names: (1) claiming their first names or calling them by their first names.

Such as "Within five steps, please ask the king to spill blood on his neck" and "Luling Wen Tianxiang preface his poems". (2) for introduction or biography.

For example, "Sui and Lu Su are both interested in Sun Quan" and "Liu Jingting is from Taizhou". (3) people who are disgusted and despised.

For example, "Unfortunately, Lu Shimeng is evil in the former, but flattering in the latter". The ancients named it "Cheng Zi" when they were young, and took the word (male 20 years old, female 15 years old) when they came of age. There is a meaningful connection between words and names.

Chinese characters are for the convenience of others, courtesy and respect for peers or elders. For example, Qu Ping is Qu Yuan, Sima Qian is Sima Zichang, Tao Yuanming is Tao, Li Bai is Du Fu, Han Yu is Han tui, Liu Zongyuan is Liu Zihou, Ouyang Xiu is Ouyang Yongshu, Sima Guang is Sima Junshi, Su Shi is Su Zizhan, and Su Zhe is Su Ziyuan.

Book names are also called alias numbers and table numbers. The fundamental difference between a name, a character and a number is that the former is decided by the father or elder, while the latter is decided by himself.

Number, generally only used to claim to express some interest or express some emotion; The address of a person is also a kind of honorific title. Such as: Mr. Wu Liu, Li Bai's Qinglian Jushi, Du Fu's Shaoling Yelao, Bai Juyi's Xiangshan Jushi, Li Shangyin's Yuxi Sheng, He's self-proclaimed Siming Fancy in his later years, Ouyang Xiu's Drunk, Liu Yi Jushi in his later years and Wang Anshi's Mid-Levels in his later years.

In ancient posthumous title, after the death of princes, senior officials and famous scribes, they were called posthumous title. For example, Tao Yuanming's name is Jing Shi, Ouyang Xiu is Ouyang Wenzhong, Wang Anshi is Wang Wengong, Fan Zhongyan is Gong, Wang Ao is Su Gong, Zuo Guangdou is Zuo Gong, Shi Kefa is Shi Zhonglie Gong, and Lin Zexu is Lin Wenzhong Gong.

Calling Qin Gui Minister is a kind of "evil death". Calling a vegetarian name means calling it by a vegetarian name or room number.

For example, Yang Wanli, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, called Zhai Wei, and people called him Yang. Yao Nai is called Mr. Bao and Mr. Bao because of his name. Another example is Pu Songling's name is Mr. Liaozhai, Liang Qichao's name is the owner of the icehouse, and Tan Sitong's name is Tan Zhuangfei (his fasting name is Zhuangfei Building).

According to legend, Meng Haoran, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was from Xiangyang, so he was called Meng Xiangyang. Zhang Jiuling is from Qujiang, so he is called Zhang Qujiang. Liu Zongyuan is a native of Hedong (now Yongji, Shanxi), so he is called Liu Hedong; Wang Anshi was born in Linchuan, Jiangxi Province in the Northern Song Dynasty, so people called him King Linchuan. Tang Xianzu, a dramatist in Ming Dynasty, was named Tang Linchuan (Linchuan, Jiangxi). Gu, a beginner in Qing Dynasty, was born in Kunshan Town, Jiangsu Province, and was called Gu. Kang Youwei is a native of Nanhai, Guangdong Province, known as Kang Nanhai; Yuan Shikai, the leader of Beiyang warlord, is called Yuan Xiangcheng (from Xiangcheng, Henan). There is a famous couplet full of irony in the late Qing Dynasty: "Hefei, the prime minister, is thinner than the world, and Changshu, the farmer, is barren."

The first couplet "Hefei" refers to Li Hongzhang (from Hefei, Anhui), and the second couplet "Changshu" refers to Weng Tonghe who was born in Changshu, Jiangsu. Although Han Yu, known as the king of the county, was born in Heyang, Hanoi (now Meng County, Henan Province), Han Yu often called himself "Changli Han Yu", because the Han surname of Changli (now Yixian County, Liaoning Province) was an aristocratic family in the Tang Dynasty, so the world called him Han Changli.

For another example, Su Shi was originally from Meizhou, Sichuan, but he sometimes called himself "Su Shi in Zhao County" and "Su Zhao County" because Su Shi was a noble family in Zhao County. It is called "Sun Qiulu is smart and kind", and "Sun Qiulu" is Sun Quan, so it is called because he was once awarded the position of General Qiu Lu.

In Meihualing, there are some sentences, such as "coming from the north" and "Yan Taishi uses his soldiers wisely, and Wen Shaobao uses his soldiers to make a big light". Running is Hong Chengchou's official position, a surname is the provincial name of Yan Zhenqing's official position, and Shaobao is Wen Tianxiang's official position. "Book with Wife": "Sima Chun shirt, you can't learn too much."

"Sima" refers to Bai Juyi, who was once a Sima in Jiangzhou. It was quite common to use official names as titles of people in ancient times, such as calling Jia Yi Jia Taifu; Ruan Ji, one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", used to be a captain of the infantry and was called Ruan Infantry in the world. Ji Kang once worshipped Zhong Sanyi, who was known as Zhong Sanyi in the world. Wang Xizhi, a great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was a general of the right army, and people still call him Wang Youjun. Wang Wei, formerly known as Shangshu Youcheng, was called Wang Youcheng. Du Fu is called the left scavenger, and he is also called Du Gongbu, because he is a foreign minister. Liu Yuxi used to be a guest of honor of the prince and was called Liu Ke. Liu Yong was the foreign minister of wasteland, known as Liu wasteland; Su Shi was once a bachelor of Hanlin in Duanmingtang, and was called Su.

The title of "training frugality to show health" is "the luxury crown in recent years", the title of Kou Zhun is Lai Guogong, and Lai Gong is a provincial title. In Meihualing, Duoduo was named Prince Yu by the Qing Dynasty.

In the biography of Liu Jingting, "Ningnan goes south, Anhui Shuai wants to marry Ningnan and pay tribute to the shogunate Zhongting". Ningnan was the provincial name of Zuo Liangyu in the late Ming Dynasty. For example, Zhuge Liang was once conferred the title of marquis of Wu, so later generations are commensurate with marquis of Wu; Xie Lingyun, a poet in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, attacked the title of Xie Xuan, his ancestor, and he thanked him in the past. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, it was named Zheng Guogong, so it was called Wei in the world. Guo Ziyi, a famous soldier, was named Guo Ziyi and called "Guo Fenyang" for putting down the Anshi Rebellion. Chu Suiliang, a great calligrapher, was named Duke of Henan, known as Chu Henan in the world; In the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi was named King Gong Jing. Sima Guang was once named the Duke of Wen, and the world called Sima Wengong. In the early Ming Dynasty, Liu Ji, the minister of Zhu Yuanzhang, was knighted with sincerity, and people were commensurate with sincerity.

Official land refers to the place name of official land. Such as "Battle of Red Cliffs": "What does Yuzhou want now?" Because Liu Bei used to be the secretariat of Yuzhou, he called it an official place.

Another example is Jia Yi, who was once dismissed as Teacher Wang of Changsha, and was known as Jia Changsha in the world. Kong Rong, one of the "seven sons of Jian 'an", was once a Beihai phase, known as Kong Beihai in the world; Tao Yuanming was once the magistrate of Pengze County, and was known as Tao Pengze in the world. Luo was once the magistrate of Linhai County, and was known as Luo Linhai in the world. Cen Can used to be a secretariat, known as CenJiaZhou; Wei was once the secretariat of Suzhou, known as Wei Suzhou in history; Liu Zongyuan used to be the secretariat of Liuzhou, known as Liu Liuzhou in the world; Jia Dao used to be the master book of Changjiang County, known as Jia Changjiang in the world, and his poetry collection was called Changjiang Collection. Also known as "Travel to the Mountain", there are four people, Lu's father, his father and Changle Wang.

2. What are the necessary knowledge of American culture?

Furnace-another name for America.

Because the United States is a country composed of immigrants of different nationalities from all over the world. The English spoken by these immigrants is not as hierarchical and geographically diverse as that spoken by the British.

They formed similar living habits and manners; The difference between urban and rural residents is not as obvious as in other countries. Although American society is fiercely competitive and has racial discrimination, it shows considerable flexibility and inclusiveness in assimilating immigrants from different ethnic groups.

As a result, a brand-new overall culture and national consciousness have been formed, making the United States a "multi-ethnic country". The American outlook on life is based on the spirit of individual struggle, self-control and competition.

Yuppies and yuffies-Yuppies and yuffies are a new word that Americans copied from hippies, meaning "young urban professionals". Yuppies are engaged in occupations that require higher education, such as lawyers, doctors, architects, computer programmers, business managers and so on.

Their annual salary is very high. Yuppies are successful, ambitious, talented and have a luxurious life.

Unlike hippies, yuppies have no sense of decadence, do not care about political and social issues, and only care about making money and pursuing a comfortable life. Elegant princess poetry means "young people who fail in the city"

Although they feel that their life is not as good as that of yuppies, they don't want to feel lost and swear to find their own home. Uncle Sam-Uncle Sam is a nickname and symbol of the United States.

Uncle Sam's English is Uncle Sam, and the abbreviation is America.

Just like the English abbreviation in America. But how did it become a nickname and symbol of America? The general saying is: 18 12. During the American-British War, there was a businessman (some people said he was an official) named Sam? Samuel Wilson (1776— 1854) is usually called Uncle Sam.

The United States bought his beef box with the American flag on it.

Words. People joke that these are all covered by u.

S. The boxes with words on them all belong to Uncle Sam.

Later, "Uncle Sam" became a nickname for the United States. 19 In the 1930s, American painters painted Uncle Sam as a lanky old man with a goatee, and his hat and trousers were marked with the Stars and Stripes.

-Black Friday-The word "black" comes from Good Friday. 1987101October19, the share price of new york stock market plummeted. Because it is Friday, it is called "Black Friday" in the stock market.

65438+1October 65438+1October 9, new york stock index generally fell sharply, exceeding the record of stock crash caused by the Great Depression on June 65438+1October 28, 1929. Shortly after the market opened that day, there was a frenzy of selling stocks. New york's stock market hit a record of 604.3 billion shares, causing heavy losses to several large American companies. The total stock value of 5,000 listed companies lost $500 billion in one day.

The stock prices of major financial markets around the world plummeted rapidly, causing great panic in the West. This stock price crash is the worst since the First World War and the biggest decline in Wall Street's history.

3. Ask for an 800-word essay on ancient culture.

Huxiang culture refers to a historical and cultural form with distinctive characteristics, relative stability and inheritance.

Huxiang culture in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties should be incorporated into another historical and cultural form-Chu culture. Qu Yuan's poetic art and Mawangdui's historical relics have distinct Chu cultural characteristics.

Since the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Tang and Song Dynasties, due to historical changes and development, especially after several large-scale immigrants in the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Huxiang scholars have undergone important changes in population, customs, fashion, ideas and concepts, thus combining and constructing a new regional cultural form, which is called Huxiang culture. Chu culture in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties has an important influence on Huxiang culture constructed after the Song Dynasty, and it is one of the sources of Huxiang culture.

Huxiang culture is a regional culture. Hunan people who live in it are all deeply influenced by her, baptized by her and branded with her mark from head to toe and from inside to outside.

For many people in Hunan, they are proud of the profound heritage of this culture. It is precisely because of the influence of this culture that those Hunan talents who have traveled all over the world can deduce their brilliant lives and be admired by the world. In this sense, Huxiang culture has surpassed her region and become a culture of concern to China and even the world.

"The Central Plains culture moved south, and under the background of the cultural center moving south, Hunan became a province with Confucian culture as its orthodoxy, which was called' Xiaoxiang Bamboo Silk' and' Man Jing Zou Lu' by scholars; Local culture before Tang and Song Dynasties, including Jingchu culture. These two origins affect two levels of Huxiang culture respectively.

On the ideological and academic level, Confucianism in the Central Plains is the source of Huxiang culture, and the plaque of "Daonan Zhengmai" hanging in the lecture hall of Yuelu Academy shows the Confucian orthodoxy represented by Huxiang culture. From the social and psychological level, such as the folk customs and psychological characteristics of Huxiang, it mainly stems from the local cultural traditions.

These two completely different cultures regrouped and formed a unique regional culture. Therefore, by studying Huxiang scholars, we can find the orthodox characteristics of Confucianism in Huxiang culture. Whether Zhou Dunyi, Zhang Nanxuan, Wang Chuanshan or Zeng Guofan, their academic thoughts and pursuits are all aimed at orthodox Confucianism and Mencius. Those who study Hunan people will feel the strong and stubborn character of Jingchushan people.

Of course, these two cultural combinations are interpenetrating: Xiang Xuehai's academic thoughts always reveal Ren Xiang's strong, pragmatic and enterprising style and fighting spirit, while Ren Xiang's personality traits are cultivated by Confucian moral spirit, so he can show a kind of personality charm and spiritual sublimation. For example, Zeng Guofan's pursuit of "blood honesty" and "light" in personality cultivation often makes us realize the beauty of this dual cultural combination. The thoughts of "honesty" and "Ming" both come from Confucian classics and Confucian scholars' pursuit of personality perfection; The two concepts of "blood" and "force" are clearly surging with the blood of Jingchu barbarians! Including the Xiang army formed by Zeng Guofan, whose members are mainly mountain people on Hunan land. Zeng Guofan not only took a fancy to their straightforward and vigorous Hunan character, but also asked them to learn Confucian morality and cultural accomplishment, which reflected his conscious use of this dual cultural combination.

Triple evolution and the causes of Huxiang culture. Huxiang culture was formed after the Song Dynasty.

Historically, Hunan "has great rivers in the north, thin mountains and five mountains in the south, and Guizhou and Sichuan in the west." It is a fascinating place that has not been touched by the Central Plains people. Then, how did Huxiang culture, with the Central Plains culture as its main source, form in this "land of four blockades"? China culture experienced three great changes in Song Dynasty, which played a vital role in the rise of Huxiang culture.

Following the pre-Qin, Han Confucian Classics, Wei-Jin Metaphysics and Sui-Tang Buddhism, the Neo-Confucianism cultural trend of thought rose in the Song Dynasty. As a new cultural trend of thought, the main feature of Neo-Confucianism lies in the synthesis of traditional ideology and culture.

Under the banner of reviving Confucianism, it requires reinterpreting Confucian classics in the new historical period in order to revitalize Confucian culture. On the other hand, it absorbs and synthesizes the universal philosophy and thinking method of Buddhism and Taoism, and supplements it to Confucianism, making Confucianism develop into an ideological system with profound philosophy.

Because Neo-Confucianism can revitalize and develop Confucianism and meet the needs of the late feudal society in China, it soon became a dominant ideology until the late Qing Dynasty. Before Wei and Jin Dynasties, the political, economic and cultural centers of China were all in the north.

The Central Plains culture, which represents the main body of China culture, originated in the north. From the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, China's economic center of gravity began to move south, and so did its culture. Especially, due to the constant worries of some nomadic people in the north, there appeared the Yongjia Rebellion in Jin Dynasty, the Anshi Rebellion in Tang Dynasty and the Jingkang Rebellion in Song Dynasty, which led to the constant wars in the Central Plains and forced the Central Plains people to go south in succession.

As a result, the position of the north, which has always been the political, economic and cultural center of China, began to decline, while the south gradually rose in economic and cultural aspects. By the Song Dynasty, the economy and culture of the south had been very developed, surpassing that of the north.

Especially in the Southern Song Dynasty after the Jingkang Rebellion, famous literati engaged in cultural and educational activities in the south, and Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian and other provinces became the most culturally developed places, producing many famous schools and establishing many famous academies. An important academic phenomenon in China Song Dynasty is that Confucianism evolved into a regional school with local characteristics and historical inheritance, which is called "Confucianism localization".

Confucianism was also in its heyday in the Han Dynasty, but the opportunity for its prosperity was that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty promoted "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", and Confucianism in the Han Dynasty became a top-down national ideology. Fundamentally speaking, Confucianism in Han Dynasty is a unified Confucianism.

The ideological trend of reviving Confucianism in Song Dynasty is a bottom-up academic and cultural ideological trend, which mainly carries out academic research and dissemination through local academies instead of central or local official schools. Groups of neo-Confucian scholars who are determined to revive Confucian beliefs and rebuild Confucian knowledge system gather in different academies in various regions to concentrate on writing and giving lectures.

As a result, regional schools with academic traditions and ideological characteristics have been formed. In the Northern Song Dynasty, there were Zhou Dunyi's Learning, Zhang Zaizhi's Learning, and Er Cheng's Learning. Here we are.

4. What are the basic cultural knowledge?

The basic knowledge of culture includes history, geography and politics.

The basic knowledge of culture belongs to the examination content of comprehensive cultural subjects, which mainly examines the overall grasp of the basic skills of three middle school courses, such as history, geography and politics, as well as the thinking ability of comprehensively analyzing and solving problems with knowledge. Requirements for expanding the course of material history: 1. Re-recognize and retell important historical facts.

Compare and evaluate historical events and historical figures according to historical facts, and demonstrate some viewpoints. 2. Describe the process of the emergence, development or extinction of historical phenomena, and summarize the reasons.

Make an accurate and clear statement. Geography curriculum ability requirements: 1. Use maps to understand the names and distribution of important geographical things, important geographical data and major current events related to geography.

2. Understand the geographical situation, regional characteristics and differences of China, and understand the geographical national conditions, basic national policies and relevant policies and regulations of China, as well as land development and remediation measures. Political course ability requirements: 1, re-recognize or reproduce the knowledge of philosophy, economy and politics.

Understand the basic concepts and viewpoints involved in philosophical common sense, economic common sense and political common sense, and master the internal relations between knowledge. 2. Use historical, dialectical and class viewpoints and methods to analyze, compare and explain relevant political and economic phenomena and understand the essence of things.

3. Comprehensive understanding and evaluation of relevant theoretical and practical issues. Use philosophical, economic and political terms correctly, and express clearly and logically.