Australian immigrants 488

The full name of Europe is "Europa", which literally translates as "the place where the sun sets in the west". There are some legends about the origin of its name. In Greek mythology, Demeter was a goddess who specialized in farming activities. She endowed the world with abundant grains and prosperous people and animals. In the portrait of this goddess, people always draw her sitting on the back of a bull. Another name of this goddess is Europa. People regard Europa as the name of the mainland out of respect for the goddess. In addition, there is a widely circulated legend that Zeus, the "king of gods", took a fancy to Europa, the beautiful daughter of the Phoenician king, and wanted to marry her, but he was afraid that she would not agree. One day, Europa was playing with a group of girls at the seaside. Zeus felt that the opportunity was rare, and soon became a strong and docile bull, mixing with the cattle of the Phoenician king. Zeus, who became a bull, squatted beside Europa and looked at her affectionately. When Europa saw this lovely bull squatting beside him, she couldn't help walking on the bull's back. At the sight of Europa's move, Jose immediately stood up and walked away from the crowd, then jumped into the sea, broke the waves and took Europa to live on a distant land. This land will be named after this beautiful princess, called Europa.

Asia

Of the seven continents in the world, Asia has the largest area, the largest population and the oldest name. Asia is the abbreviation of "Asia Asia", which means "the place of sunrise in the East". According to legend, the name Asia was given by the ancient Phoenicians. In the middle of 2000 BC, Phoenicians rose on the east coast of the Mediterranean (now Syria) and established a powerful Phoenician kingdom. They have superb navigation skills, active in the whole Mediterranean, and can even cross the Strait of Gibraltar and sail into the vast ocean. They developed their own culture, created the Phoenician alphabet, and made contributions to the writing development of many nationalities in the world. Frequent sea activities required the Phoenicians to determine their position. Therefore, everyone calls the land east of the Mediterranean "Asu", and English "Asia" evolved from Phoenician "Asu" and transliterated as "Asia Asia". At the beginning of the 4th century AD, people regarded the Ural Mountains as the dividing line between the two continents, and the southeast of the dividing line was called Asia, or Asia for short. The northwest region is called Europa, or Europe for short.

United States of America

North America and South America are collectively called America, and America is the abbreviation of "America". The name America is said to commemorate a famous navigator named Amerigo Weiss Pucci in Florence. Although Columbus discovered America as early as 1492, he still believed that this continent was a part of Asia. Seven years later, 1499, Amerigo sailed from the sea to India with a ship led by Portuguese Ohda. They sailed along the route taken by Columbus, overcame many difficulties and finally reached the American continent. After a detailed investigation of the northeast coast of South America, Amerigo was convinced that this continent was another continent in the world and compiled the latest map. 1507, his book Sea Travel Tales came out, which caused a sensation all over the world. In this book, the process of discovering the new continent is described fascinating, and the mainland is described and rendered vividly. Amerigo announced the concept of the new continent to the world, and washed away the earth structure system formulated by the absolute authority of western geography in the Middle Ages. Therefore, several French scholars revised and supplemented Pollles' masterpiece Cosmology, and named the New World after Amerigo to commemorate his outstanding contribution to human understanding of the world. After the publication of the new book Cosmology, according to the materials in the book, a new continent, Amerigo, was added to the map. Later, imitating the suffix form of other continents, "Amerigo" was changed to "Americana". At first, the name was just a guide to America, and through the Mercator map of 154 1, North America was also a part of America.

[Origin of Latin American name: Latin America is the general name of the southern United States, including Mexico, Central America, West Indies and South America. Since the end of 15, most countries in this region have been colonized by Spain and Portugal, and a large number of immigrants have poured in. /kloc-After the 0/9th century, these countries gradually gained independence. Due to 300 years of colonial rule, they were deeply influenced by the social system, customs, religious beliefs and cultural traditions of Spain and Portugal, and the local Indian language was gradually replaced by Spanish and Portuguese, which belong to the Latin family. These two languages have become the national languages of many countries in this region, so people call this region "Latin America". (Note: There are about three classification methods for America: ① North America-South America; ② North America-Latin America; ③ North America-Central America-South America)

Africa

Africa is short for Africa. The origin of the word Africa. There are many interesting legends. According to a legend, in 2000 BC, an ancient Yemeni chief named Afriks invaded North Africa and established a city called Afriyie there. Later, people called this large area Africa. Another legend is that "Africa" is the name of a goddess worshipped by Berbers living in North Africa. This goddess is a patron saint. It is said that as early as BC 1 century, Berbers found the statue of this goddess in a temple. She is a young woman in an elephant skin. Since then, people have taken the name of the goddess "Africa" as the name of the African continent. There is also a legend that Scipio, the Roman conqueror who invaded Carthage (present-day Tunisia), was nicknamed "Scipio Philigen". In memory of the conqueror, the Roman rulers called this area "Afrikan". Later, the Romans continued to expand and established a new African province. At that time, the name was limited to the northern part of the African continent. By the 2nd century A.D., the territory of the Roman Empire had expanded to a vast area from the Strait of Gibraltar to the whole northeast of Egypt. People call all the Romans or aborigines who live here Africa, which means Africa, and this place is also called Africa. Later, this name generally refers to the African continent.

Oceania [1]

Oceania means "land in the ocean". Generally speaking, it refers to most of the islands in the Pacific Ocean. In a narrow sense, it refers to Australia, New Zealand and Polynesia in the east of the Pacific Ocean, Micronesia in the middle and Melanesia in the west. In the past, Oceania was also called "Australia" for short, because Australia accounted for 85% of the land area of Oceania. The name of Oceania first appeared around 18 12 and was named by Danish geographer Matt Brown.

Antarctica

Antarctica is named because this continent is located around the southernmost pole of the earth. Its English name is Antarctica, which comes from the Greek anti (in turn) plus Arctic (North Pole), which means the opposite of the North Pole, that is, the South Pole. Antarctica was discovered by French Bouvier from 1738 to 1739. When he was sailing, he found an island (now Bouvier Island) near the Antarctic continent. The Englishman Cook visited many islands around the Antarctic continent from 1772 to 1775. But it is generally believed that the Antarctic continent was discovered in the19th century. It is said that Americans first saw the Antarctic continent in 1820.

***7 sheets

Map of seven continents

By region: "Asia, Africa, North and South America, Antarctica and Europe"

(namely: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Oceania)

General situation of population and land area of each continent

Asia: With an area of 44 million square kilometers, accounting for 29.4% of the world's total land area, it is the largest continent in the world. * * * There are 48 countries and regions. The population is 465,438+64.3 million, accounting for about 60% of the world's total population, ranking first in the world. Africa: With an area of about 30 million square kilometers, accounting for 20.2% of the world's total land area, it is the second largest continent in the world. * * * There are 56 countries and regions. Population103.25 million, accounting for 12.3% of the world's total population, ranking second in the world. North America: covering an area of about 24 million square kilometers, accounting for 16.2% of the world's total land area, it is the third continent in the world. * * * There are 37 countries and regions. The population is 528.7 million, accounting for 8. 1% of the world population, ranking fourth in the world. South America: It covers an area of about 6,543,800 square kilometers, accounting for 654.38+02% of the world's total land area, making it the fourth continent in the world. * * * There are 13 countries and regions. The population is 302 million, accounting for 5.6% of the total population in the world, ranking fifth in the world. Antarctica: With an area of 6.5438+0.4 million square kilometers, accounting for 9.4% of the total land area of the world, it is the fifth continent in the world. There are only some researchers and whaling teams from other continents in Antarctica, and there are no settled residents.

***5 sheets

seven continents

Europe: The area is about 6.5438+million square kilometers, accounting for 6.8% of the total land area of the world, only bigger than Oceania, and it is the sixth continent in the world. * * * There are 37 countries and regions. The population is 740 million, accounting for 10.4% of the world's total population, ranking third in the world. Oceania: With an area of about 9 million square kilometers, accounting for about 6% of the total land area of the world, it is the smallest continent in the world. * * * There are 24 countries and regions. With a population of 29 million, accounting for about 0.5% of the world's total population, it is the least populated continent except Antarctica.

Asia

definition

The full name of Asia is Asia, accounting for one-third of the global land area.

Geographical division

① East Asia: People's Republic of China (PRC), Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea and Japan.

② South Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

③ West Asia: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Cyprus, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran and Turkey.

④ Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

⑤ Southeast Asia: Brunei, Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.

***4 sheets

seven continents

⑥ North Asia: Siberia (that is, the Asian part of Russia)

Western understanding

European and American countries usually refer to Asia Minor, the Eastern Mediterranean and Transcaucasia as the Near East. Southeast Asia and other places are called the Middle East; East Asia, Southeast Asia and North Asia are called the Far East.

Oceania

definition

The scope of Oceania can be divided into narrow sense and broad sense. In a narrow sense, it only refers to the three islands in the Pacific Ocean, namely Polynesia, Micronesia and Melanesia. Broadly speaking, in addition to the three major island groups, it also includes Australia, New Zealand and New Guinea, with about 65,438+100000 islands. The total land area is about 8.97 million square kilometers, accounting for about 6% of the world's total land area. It is the smallest continent in the world. Oceania is also called Australia. Australia is the abbreviation of Australia. The word "Australia" comes from Spanish, which means "the land of the South". When people found this continent in the southern hemisphere, they thought it was a land leading to Antarctica, so they named it "Australia". Later, I learned that there is a Wang Yang between Australia and Antarctica.

Human population

Residents: Residents account for about 0. Accounting for 5% of the world's total population. Apart from Antarctica, it is the least populated continent in the world. Urban population accounts for more than 60% of the total population, which is the largest proportion of urban population in all continents. More than 70% of the residents are descendants of European immigrants; The local residents account for about 20% of the total population, mainly melanesians, Micronesia, Papua and Polynesian; Indians account for about1%of the total population; In addition, there are mixed-race, Chinese, overseas Chinese and Japanese. Most residents believe in Christianity, a few believe in Catholicism and most Indians believe in Hinduism. Most residents speak English, and the local residents of the three Pacific islands use Melanesian, Micronesia and Polynesian respectively.

environment

Natural environment: the coastline of the mainland is about 19000 km long. The island area is about 654.38+3300 square kilometers, of which new guinea is the largest and the second largest island in the world. The terrain is divided into two parts: the mainland and the island: the western part of the Australian mainland is a plateau with an altitude of 200-500 meters, and there are also some Hengduan mountains with an altitude of 1000- 1200 meters, most of which are deserts and semi-deserts; The central part of the mainland is plain, below 200 meters above sea level, and the water level of North Aier Lake is 16 meters above sea level, which is the lowest point in Oceania. The eastern part of the mainland is mountainous, with an altitude of 800- 1000m, with steep eastern slope and gentle western slope. New Guinea, New Zealand's North Island and South Island are all mainland islands, with mountains and narrow plains, with mountains above 2000 meters above sea level. Puncak jaya, the highest point in New Guinea, is 5030 meters above sea level, which is the highest point in Oceania. The eastern and northern coastal islands of Australia are part of the volcanic belt on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. There are more than 60 active volcanoes in Oceania (not including submarine volcanoes). There are several unique and world-famous volcanoes on the island of Hawaii, among which Mauna Loa is the highest active volcano in Oceania, with an altitude of 4 170 meters. This volcanic area is also a region with frequent and strong earthquakes in the world. The outflow area accounts for about 48% of the total area of Oceania. Murray river is a river with the longest outflow area and the largest drainage area. The inflow area (including the no-flow area) accounts for about 52% of the total area of Oceania, all of which are distributed in the central and western Australia, and the main inland rivers flow into Lake Bell. There are few waterfalls and lakes in Oceania. The largest lake, Lake Bell, covers an area of about 8,200 square kilometers. The deepest lake is Tianao Lake at the southwest end of South Island, New Zealand, with a depth of 276 meters.

Most of Oceania lies between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, and most of it belongs to tropical and subtropical regions. Except for the continental climate in the inland areas of Australia, the rest areas belong to the maritime climate. The extreme maximum temperature in Crockley, Queensland, Australia is 53 degrees Celsius, which is the hottest place in Oceania. The desert region in central and western Australia has a dry climate, with an average annual precipitation of less than 250 mm, which is the region with the least precipitation in Oceania. The annual average precipitation in the northeast of Kauai, Hawaii is as high as 12000 mm, which is one of the highest precipitation areas in the world. Northern New Guinea, Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia belong to tropical precipitation areas, which are rainy all year round. The average precipitation on the windward slope is over 2000 mm, while the average annual precipitation in northern Melanesia, northern New Guinea and southern Marshall Islands can reach 3000-5000 mm, and the leeward slope is only about 65438 0,000 mm; Northern Australia and the southeast coast of New Guinea belong to warm-season precipitation areas, with an average annual precipitation of 750-2000mm, and warm-season precipitation accounts for about 50-80% of the annual precipitation. Southeast Australia and New Zealand belong to temperate precipitation areas, with relatively uniform monthly precipitation but slightly more in winter, and the average annual precipitation is mostly 500-1000 mm; The south and southwest coast of Australia belong to the Mediterranean winter precipitation area, and the winter precipitation accounts for about 40-60% of the annual precipitation. Eastern Australia and New Zealand were affected by typhoons from June 5 to April. Central Polynesia and Micronesia's Caroline Islands are the cradles of typhoons. In southeast Australia, the temperature drops below 10 degrees Celsius due to the "south cold wind" blowing from the polar regions in winter.

Resources and economy

Natural resources: Except Australia, the main minerals are nickel, bauxite, gold, chromium, phosphate, iron, silver, lead, zinc, coal, oil, natural gas, uranium and titanium. The reserve of nickel is about 46 million tons, ranking first in all continents. There is also a lot of bird droppings on the island. The forest area of Oceania is about 76 million hectares, accounting for 9% of its total area. Accounting for 2% of the world's forest area.

Economy: The economy is dominated by agriculture and mining, and coconut, sugarcane, pineapple and natural rubber are abundant for export. The main food crops are wheat, potatoes, corn and rice. Most countries and regions are not self-sufficient in grain production. Animal husbandry is developed, mainly raising sheep. The number of sheep accounts for about 20% of the total number of sheep in the world, and the wool output accounts for about 40% of the total wool output in the world. Mining and processing of agricultural and livestock products are the main industries. Australia and New Zealand have developed heavy industries, New Caledonia ranks second in the world in nickel production, Fiji has developed gold and Nauru has developed phosphate mines.

Geographical area

Geographical area: Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia.

Australia: famous for its rare animals and plants, it is the origin of cultivated plants such as eucalyptus globulus, eucalyptus grandis, eucalyptus citriodora, sandalwood, Populus davidiana, Casuarina equisetifolia and Chimonanthus praecox.

New Zealand: It is the origin of New Zealand hemp and Cowley sheep.

New Guinea: It covers an area of about 865,438+10,000 square kilometers, of which New Guinea (also known as Irian Island or Papua Island) covers an area of 785,000 square kilometers. Most residents come from Melanesia and Papua. Residents in the east speak Melanesian and Piqin, while residents in the west speak Malay. About half the residents believe in Christianity. Maoke Mountain Range and Mahler Mountain Range cross the whole island, with an altitude of more than 4,000 meters. The Guli-Frye Plain in the south is the largest plain on the island, with swamps and mangroves along the coast. Southeast coastal areas have a savanna climate, areas above 1 000 meters above sea level have a mountainous climate, and the rest have a tropical rain forest climate. The mountains are covered with snow all year round. The average annual precipitation in the northern half is over 3000mm, and that in the south is over1000-2000mm. 1-was affected by tropical hurricanes in April. Minerals are gold and oil. Mainly produces coconut, cocoa, coffee, natural rubber and so on.

Melanesia: It means "black island". Located in the western Pacific Ocean, between the equator and the Tropic of Capricorn. The total land area is about 155000 square kilometers. The residents are mainly melanesians. Melanesian is spoken by local residents, and English is the official language. There are Bismarck, Solomon Islands, Santa Cruz Islands, New hebrides, New Caledonia and Fiji Islands.

Micronesia: It means "small island". Located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, most of them are located north of the equator. The total land area is 2584 square kilometers. The residents are mainly Micronesia. Mainly Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands, Marshall Islands, Nauru Island, gilbert islands and so on. These islands are divided into two arcs by the Mariana Trench. The archipelago is dominated by coral reefs, with many large atolls, lagoons and volcanic islands. It belongs to the tropical rain forest climate, with high temperature and rainy weather. The vicinity of Caroline Islands is one of the sources of typhoon. Mainly produces bananas, sugar cane, coconut and phosphate.

(1) Nauru * * * is located in the central and western Pacific Ocean. It covers an area of 22 square kilometers. Most of the residents are Nauruans. Nauru is a coral island with a tropical rainforest climate. The administrative center of Nauru is Aaron.

(2) Kiribati is located in the east of Nauru, covering an area of 684 square kilometers. Dried coconut, phosphate, fruit, shark fin, etc. Tarawa, the capital. /kloc-0 established diplomatic relations with China on June 25th, 980.

(3) The Federated States of Micronesia consists of more than 600 islands with an area of 722 square kilometers. Colonia, the capital. 1September 1998 1 1 Establish diplomatic relations with China.

④ Marshall Islands area 18 1 km2. Majuro, the capital. 1990 165438+1October16 established diplomatic relations with China.

(5) Palau covers an area of 488 square kilometers. Korol, the capital.

Polynesia: It means "multi-island islands". Located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. The total land area is about 20000 square kilometers. The residents are mainly Polynesians, mainly including Hawaiian Islands, Midway Island, wake island, Tuvalu Islands, tonga islands, society islands, Tubai Islands, Tuamotu Islands, Marquesas Islands, Niue Islands, Samoa Islands, Tokelau Islands, Cook Islands, Lane Islands, Phoenix Islands, Johnston Island, wallis islands, Futuna Islands and pitcairn islands. It consists of volcanic islands and coral reefs. The islands near the equator have a savanna climate, while other islands have a rainforest climate. Central Polynesia is one of the cradles of typhoons. Minerals include phosphate, nickel and chromium. Pearls are produced along the coast. Rich in desiccated coconut and exported, but also produces cocoa, sugar cane, natural rubber and so on.

The Kingdom of Tonga is located in the southwest of Polynesia. It consists of about 170 islands. It covers an area of 697 square kilometers. 1970 declared independence on June 4. The economy is dominated by agriculture, mainly producing and exporting dried coconuts and bananas. The capital, Nuku 'alofa.

(2) French Polynesia, located in the south-central Pacific Ocean, mainly includes society islands, Tubai Islands, Tuamotu Islands, Marquesas Islands, Gambier Islands, Kilotelli Islands (Bass Islands) and Pala Island. The land area is 4000 square kilometers. Papeete, the capital.

③ Niue (New), located in the middle of the South Pacific. The land area is 258 square kilometers. The capital is Alofi.

(4) Samoa, located in the northeast of Fiji, is the hub of air and sea transportation in the South Pacific. It is mainly composed of Ubolu Island, Savai Island and Tutuila Island 13 islands and coral reefs, with a total land area of 3 144 square kilometers. These islands are divided into two parts: the east and the west. Western Samoa has become independent, and East Samoa is still occupied by the United States. East Samoa covers an area of 65,438+097 square kilometers, producing and exporting dried coconuts, bananas, fruits and canned fish, with Pago Pago as its capital.

(5) Tokelau (New), also known as Youning, is located to the north of Samoa. Land area 12 square kilometer, population 2000. It mainly produces coconuts, cocoa and bananas.

(6) Tuvalu, located in the northwest of Samoa. The total land area is 26 square kilometers, mainly Polynesians, and it became independent in June 1 978+1October1day. Most residents are engaged in coconut cultivation and fishing. Funafuti, the capital.

(7) Cook Islands (New), located in the east of Samoa, is divided into two parts: the south and the north. The total land area is 240 square kilometers. It abounds in and exports oranges, dried coconuts, tomatoes and pearls, and also produces bananas, coffee, cassava and pineapples. Avarua, the capital.

Wallis islands and Futuna Islands lie between Fiji and Samoa. The total land area is 153 square kilometers. Produce coconuts, potatoes, taro and bananas. Matotou, the capital.

(9) Pitcairn Island (UK), located in the southeast of Tuamotu Islands. The area is 5. 2 square kilometers. It mainly produces fruits and fish, and the capital is Adams Town.

Africa

definition

The full name of Africa is Africa in Africa, and the equator crosses the continent. It covers an area of about 30.2 million square kilometers, accounting for about 20% of the world's total land area, making it the second largest continent in the world. The total population is about one billion (2009).

There are 54 independent countries in Africa. The status of Western Sahara is uncertain. Reunion island is a French "overseas province". St Helena is a "direct colony" of Britain.

① North Africa: Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco.

② Sub-Saharan Africa: Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Seychelles, Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Cape Verde, Sierra Leone, Liberia, C? te d 'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Niger, Nigeria, Chad and Central Africa. Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sao Tome and Principe, Zambia, Angola, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho, Madagascar, Comoros, Mauritius.

Africa is called a tropical continent, and most areas are dry with high temperature and little rain. A few areas, such as the Mediterranean coast and plateau areas, have a cool climate and spring-like seasons.

Environment and geographical resources

Africa has a straight coastline (not as long as Europe) and few peninsulas and bays.

The terrain is relatively flat, and it is a plateau continent. The Ethiopian plateau is called the "roof of Africa", with an altitude of over 1000 meters. Kilimanjaro is the highest peak in Africa, with an altitude of 5,895 meters, and is called "Equatorial Snow Mountain".

Africa has the largest desert in the world: the Sahara Desert, which spans the northern part of the whole African continent and covers an area of 9.2 million square kilometers, accounting for one third of the total area of Africa. There are Namibian desert and kalahari desert in the southwest.

The Great Rift Valley in East Africa is the longest rift valley in the world, with a total length of about 6,400 kilometers, starting from the Schiller Estuary in the east and crossing the Red Sea to the north of the Dead Sea. There are many canyons, rapids and waterfalls in rivers, which are rich in hydraulic resources, but they are not conducive to navigation.

Major rivers: Nile, Congo, Niger, senegal river, volta river, etc. , flowing into the Atlantic Ocean; The Zambezi, limpopo river and Juba rivers flow into the Indian Ocean. Most lakes in Africa are concentrated in the East African Plateau, and the Great Lakes are part of the Great Rift Valley in East Africa: Lake Malawi, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Kivu, Lake Edward, Lake Zobert, Lake Victoria and Lake Turkana. Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and the second largest freshwater lake in the world. Lake Tanganyika is the second deepest lake in the world. In addition, Lake Tana, located on the Ethiopian Plateau, is the highest lake in Africa, with an altitude of 1, 830 meters. Lake Chad is the largest lake in the inland basin.

Africa is rich in natural resources. Oil, natural gas, iron, manganese, chromium, cobalt, nickel, vanadium, copper, aluminum, zinc, tin, uranium, phosphate, gold and diamonds have long enjoyed a good reputation.

There are more than 40,000 species of plants in Africa, many of which are rare or endemic. Africa's forest area accounts for 265,438+0% of the total area, and there are various precious woods such as redwood, ebony, rosewood, koba, ebony, camphor, alder, walnut, lacquer, cork oak and so on, which are rich in reserves. Africa has vast grasslands, accounting for 27% of the total area, and has great potential for animal husbandry. Africa is also rich in fishery resources. Many areas have been opened as animal reserves.

Economy and civilization

Africa's economy is relatively backward and is the continent with the lowest level of economic development in the world. Agriculture is the pillar of African economy, with weak industrial base and backward management and technology. Transportation is also in a backward state.

Africa is one of the cradles of mankind, with many splendid ancient civilizations. Since modern times, African countries have been conquered by European colonists one by one; Most countries became independent after 1960.

Most ethnic groups in Africa are in a tribal state, with a large number of tribes, and some tribes have deep internal contradictions, which often lead to bloody conflicts and wars.

Europe

definition

Europe is the abbreviation of Europe, located in the eastern hemisphere, west of Eurasia. With an area of 1.0 1.6 million square kilometers, it is the sixth largest continent in the world. With a population of over 700 million, it is the most densely populated continent.

Europe has 44 independent countries and many dependent countries.

① Western Europe: France, Germany, Britain, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Andorra, Monaco, Ireland, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, San Marino, Vatican, Slovakia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Austria, Poland, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Greece, Romania.

② Eastern Europe: Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Slovakia and Ukraine.

Geography and environment

Europe has many peninsulas, islands and bays with a coastline of 38,000 square kilometers, making it the most tortuous continent in the world.

Europe is dominated by plains, followed by plateaus, hills and mountains over 200 meters above sea level. The European plain stretches for thousands of miles from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Urals Mountains in the east, the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Mediterranean Sea in the south.

The Alps are the largest mountain range in Europe, spanning the south. There are Caucasus mountains in the southeast, and its main peak, Mount Elbrus, is 5642 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in Europe.

Europe has a dense river network. The main rivers are Volga River (the largest inland river in the world), Danube River (the largest river in the world), ural river (one of the dividing lines between Asia and Europe), Dnieper River, Don River, Rhine River, Rhone River and Thames River. There are many lakes and many small lakes.

Most parts of Europe have a humid and warm climate and are rich in natural resources.

Latitude is the factor that forms the climate characteristics of Europe: most areas are located between 35 degrees and 60 degrees north latitude, belonging to the north temperate zone, where westerly winds prevail all the year round and are deeply influenced by the Atlantic Ocean.

Land and sea distribution: the Atlantic Ocean is in the west, the continental outline is fragmented, and all places depend on the sea, which makes the influence of warm and humid air flow go deep inland.

Terrain: the central part is plain, the northern and southern parts are mountainous, and the Alps are east-west, which is conducive to the warm and humid air flow from the Atlantic Ocean going deep into the inland.

Influence of ocean current: The warm current in the North Atlantic, which is blown by the west wind, plays a role in warming and humidifying coastal areas.

United States of America

North and South America

The United States includes the following countries:

① North America: United States, Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominica, Costa Rica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Barbados, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago and Nicaragua.

② South America: Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay.

Named after the Italian explorer Amalgo Weiss Pucci. Also known as the new world. In the western hemisphere. Located between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, it faces the Arctic Ocean in the north and faces Antarctica across the Drake Strait in the south. It consists of two continents, North America and South America, and many nearby islands. Panama Canal is generally used as the dividing line between North and South America; In political geography, Mexico, Central America, West Indies and South America are collectively called Latin America, while North America only refers to Canada, the United States, Greenland, Saint Pierre, Miquelon and Bermuda. It covers an area of over 42 million square kilometers. The population is 647 million (1983). The descendants of European immigrants, Indo-European mixed-race people, mixed-race people account for the majority, as well as blacks, Japanese, China and indigenous Indians, Inuit (Eskimos) and so on. The mainland is divided into three north-south longitudinal zones from east to west: the eroded mountains and plateaus in the east, and the Brazilian plateau is the largest plateau in the world; The west is a young and steep mountain, belonging to the Cordillera Mountains in America. Hankowuma Mountain is 70 10 meters above sea level, which is the highest point in the whole continent. The mountains approach the coast, and the coastal plain is narrow.