Theory and examples of ancient emperors governing the country by virtue

The governance of Wenjing refers to the governance of the world during the period of Emperor Wendi and Emperor Jingdi in the Western Han Dynasty.

At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, due to years of war and social and economic depression, the Han court greatly appreciated Huang Lao's ruling skills and adopted the policy of "being frivolous" and "sharing interests with the people". In the second and twelfth years of Emperor Wendi's reign, he "exempted half of the land rent" twice, and in the thirteenth year of Emperor Wendi's reign, he also completely exempted the land rent. At the same time, it is not easy to send troops to neighboring hostile countries to maintain peace, so as not to consume national strength. This is a frivolous and generous policy.

Emperor Wen of Han lived a frugal life. There were no clothes in the palace, clothes were not mopped, and cars were not added. The curtains are not embroidered, and it is forbidden to contribute exotic things in the county. Therefore, the expenditure of the state was restrained, and the aristocratic bureaucrats dared not be extravagant, thus reducing the burden on the people.

Emperor Wenjing also attached great importance to agriculture, and ordered many times to persuade farmers to teach mulberry, and set up a number of people, such as Sanlao, Filial Piety and Tian Li, according to the proportion of registered permanent residence, and rewarded them to encourage farmers to produce. Reward hard-working farmers and persuade officials to care about agriculture and mulberry trees. Every spring, they personally go to the fields to set an example for the people. During the Wenjing period, we paid attention to "educating the people with morality". At that time, the society was relatively stable and the people were rich.

By the end of Emperor Jingdi's reign, the granary of the country was full, and a large amount of copper coins in the treasury were not used for many years, so that the rope for wearing money was rotten, and the scattered money was countless. With the recovery and rapid development of production, there has been a stable and prosperous scene that has not been seen for many years.

The people's living standards have been greatly improved, and the material foundation of the Han Dynasty has also been greatly enhanced. This is the first prosperous time after Chinese civilization entered the imperial era. The rule of Wenjing is not only a great era of rapid economic and cultural development in the history of China, but also a period of saving energy for the later conquest of Xiongnu by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.

2. Rule of Zhenguan

Zhenguan rule was the ruling situation of political clarity, economic recovery and cultural prosperity in the early years of Emperor Taizong.

Emperor Taizong inherited Tang Gaozu's national policy of respecting ancestors and worshipping Taoism, and further developed it, ruling the country and leveling the world with Taoist thought.

Emperor Taizong can be honest and make good use of others. Speak freely, respect life, exercise self-restraint, and be open-minded to teach; And adopted policies such as taking agriculture as the foundation, practicing economy, recuperating, reviving culture and education, and perfecting the imperial examination system to stabilize the society; And vigorously pacify foreign aggression, respect border ethnic customs, stabilize the border areas, and finally achieve the ideal situation of governing the world.

Because the year number at that time was "Zhenguan" (627-649), it was called "Zhenguanzhi" in history. The rule of Zhenguan laid an important foundation for the prosperity of Kaiyuan and pushed China's traditional agricultural society to its peak.

3. Anti-sense Shi Sheng

The prosperous time of Kanggan, also known as the prosperous time of Kang Yong, the rule of Kang Yong and the rule of Kanggan, is the last prosperous time of the ancient feudal dynasty in China and the rebirth of the feudal society in China.

This period experienced three emperors, Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong, which lasted 134 years and was the highest peak of the Qing Dynasty. During this period, all aspects of China society reached the acme under the original institutional framework, with the greatest reform, the strongest national strength, social stability, rapid economic development, rapid population growth and vast territory.

4, the emperor's rule

The imperial system was initiated by Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty on the basis of the Northern Zhou Dynasty.

After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wen made great efforts to govern, advocated frugality, developed production, and pacified the Chen Dynasty, ending the long-term division since Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, realizing national unity, and at the same time carrying out a series of political and economic system reforms, creating a prosperous era of political stability, social stability, people's prosperity and cultural prosperity, so feudal historians called it "the rule of opening the emperor."

When the Sui Dynasty opened its ports, people's livelihood was rich, people lived and worked in peace and contentment, and politics was stable.

Emperor Wendi of Sui successfully unified China, which had been divided for hundreds of years, ended Yu Wentai's Xianbei policy in the Western Wei Dynasty, and restored the ministers and generals of the Han nationality (and their government soldiers) renamed Xianbei.

In addition, the Sui Dynasty abolished the nine-grade system in selecting officials and set up a sub-disciplinary examination system to select officials. The official system adopted the system of five provinces and six Cao, which was later renamed the system of five provinces and six ministries, which was the blueprint of the system of three provinces and six ministries in Tang Dynasty.

Zhongshu province and Menxia province are responsible for drafting and refuting imperial edicts, and Shangshu province is responsible for government affairs management. Shangshu province consists of six departments: officials, people, etiquette, soldiers, criminals and workers.

Official department, in charge of the appointment, removal, assessment, promotion and transfer of state officials; Ministry of Civil Affairs, in charge of land, household registration, taxation and fiscal revenue and expenditure; Ritual department, in charge of sacrifice, etiquette and foreign exchange; The Ministry of War is in charge of the selection of military attaché s throughout the country, as well as military records and ordnance. Punishment department, responsible for criminal law and prison break throughout the country; Ministry of industry, in charge of various projects, craftsmen, water conservancy, transportation, etc.

5. The rule of Hongwu

The rule of Hongwu, also known as the prosperous time of Hongwu, was one of the prosperous times in the third day of Ming Dynasty.

1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtianfu, Jinling, and the Ming Dynasty was formally established.

During Zhu Yuanzhang's reign, he ordered farmers to return to farming and reward reclamation; Vigorously engage in resettlement and military camp construction; Organize local farmers to build water conservancy projects; Vigorously promote the cultivation of mulberry, hemp, cotton and other cash crops and fruit and wood crops, he will only enrich the people and restrain the mighty; Ordered the liberation of handmaiden; Reduce the tax burden and severely punish corrupt officials; Send people to all parts of the country to measure land, audit accounts and so on.

In the era of Zhu Yuanzhang, the land used by the National Yellow Book to collect land tax was as high as 8 million yuan, which was much higher than 6 million yuan in the prosperous period of Kanggan in Qing Dynasty. Throughout the Hongwu period, the people were rich and the country was strong, and the national treasury was flooded. When it was built, farming was reclaimed, and there was no Laiwu. People are eager for their own careers and a lot of arable land, so they pay enough attention to each other.

At the same time, it also lifted the bondage system of industry and commerce to craftsmen in Yuan Dynasty, and lifted the humble position of tenant farmers in Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties and the fate that life and death were dominated by their owners. For the first time, industrial and commercial craftsmen and tenant farmers in China were legally recognized as equal human rights, and they were no longer slaves who were trampled upon by others.

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, through Zhu Yuanzhang's efforts, social production gradually recovered and developed, and national strength increased rapidly. Because its title is "Hongwu", it is called the rule of Hongwu in history.

Baidu Encyclopedia-The Rule of Zhenguan

Baidu Encyclopedia-Kanggan Shi Sheng