Summarize the historical influence (politics, economy, culture, etc.). ) population moved to the south of the Yellow River basin during the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties.

The second national cultural fusion in the history of China, which took place in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, mainly occurred in the Central Plains of the Yellow River Basin. The overlap, rise and war of local governments of ethnic minorities in these areas led to social unrest and economic and cultural stagnation. In the south and southeast coastal areas of the Yangtze River, it is the Han regime of Eastern Jin, Song, Qi, Liang and Chen. Although it is also a period of frequent regime changes, it is a period of relative prosperity in which Chinese culture comes down in one continuous line, society is peaceful and peaceful, and the economy develops steadily.

First, the Jin dynasty moved south, and the Han culture developed to the south of the Yangtze River.

In the first year of Yongjia, Emperor Huaidi of Jin Dynasty (307), Si Marui, the king of Langya, was appointed as General Anton, the commander-in-chief of Yangzhou and Jiangnan, and the town was built in Jianye (renamed Jiankang when Yu was in office). Since then, many people have taken refuge in the Central Plains. In the fourth year of Jianye (3 16), Di Chin Chen was captured and the Western Jin Dynasty perished. The following year, Si Marui established the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the south of the Yangtze River, which opened up the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the southern Han regimes such as Song, Qi, Liang and Chen, and some of them settled in the south of the Yangtze River for nearly 300 years.

The southward migration of the Jin Dynasty promoted the migration of the Han culture in the Central Plains to the south of the Yangtze River, promoted the economic prosperity and cultural prosperity of the southern and southeast coastal societies, and made the social, political, economic and cultural status of the south rise rapidly, surpassing or even replacing the traditional status of the Central Plains in the north. It also laid the foundation for the southward migration of the economic center of China feudal society and the formation of economic culture in the north and south regions since the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

1\ Migration of Han Culture in Jiangnan

Usually, Si Marui is called Emperor Jiankang, and the Jin family is called the Eastern Jin Dynasty after moving south. After the establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the northern aristocratic families in the Yellow River valley and the gentry in the Central Plains moved south one after another. According to "Zi Tongzhi Jin Jian Ji Jiu", "Luo Jing capsized, and Zhongzhou women avoided chaos on the left side of the river." This generally reflects that at that time, a large number of Chinese ladies in the northern part of the Central Plains of the Yellow River Basin, Huainan, Jiangbei and other places had been moving across the river to the south of the Yangtze River in order to avoid the scuffle between the local governments of sixteen countries.

At that time, the Han people moved south from the northern part of the Central Plains in the Yellow River Basin, which can be roughly divided into the following directions:

(1) The Han nationality in Shandong, Hebei and eastern Henan mainly migrated to the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, southern Anhui and Jiangxi.

(2) Most of the Han people in Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi and western Henan migrated to the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River and Hubei, Sichuan and Hanzhong in the Hanshui River basin.

(3) Some of the Han people continued to move southward with the change of political situation, reaching the mountainous areas where Lingnan borders Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong provinces today. These southward migration groups are the early pioneers among the Hakkas of the Han nationality. They later lived in the mountainous areas at the junction of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong, and always retained the cultural traditions of the Central Plains.

2. The rapid development of Han culture in Jiangnan.

In order to adapt to the southward migration of a large number of Han people and Han culture, the southern Han regime in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the south of the Yangtze River specially set up overseas Chinese counties to resettle immigrants from all over the country. The so-called overseas Chinese counties refer to people who have moved from a county and are still managed in the name of their original resettlement counties. Although these Han Chinese who moved from the north to the south of the Yangtze River were all expatriates at first, most of them were "naturalized" because they lived in the south of the Yangtze River for a long time.

The number of Han people who migrated to the south is very large. According to the county records of Song Dynasty: South Xuzhou, South Yanzhou, South Yuzhou, etc. There are 6.5438+0.8 million households in Qiaozhou with a population of 960,000. During the Liu and Song Dynasties, the registered population was 5.4 million, so the expatriates who moved from the north to the south accounted for about one sixth of the population.

The southward migration of Jinshi and the migration of a large number of Han Chinese to the south of the Yangtze River naturally led to the rapid introduction of advanced production technology and traditional etiquette culture into the south of the Yangtze River and the southeast coast of the northern part of the Central Plains in the Yellow River Basin. This objectively promoted the social, economic and cultural development of China, from the traditional Central Plains of the Yellow River Basin to the historical situation that the Central Plains of the Yellow River Basin kept pace with the south and southeast coasts of the Yangtze River Basin.

Therefore, the southward migration of Jinshi and the development of Han culture to the south of the Yangtze River show us not only the social, economic and cultural prosperity after the Sui and Tang Dynasties, but also the social history of China since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, which was developed on the basis of the southeast coast of the Yangtze River basin and the Central Plains of the Yellow River basin. These two regions are far apart and complement each other. Second, the prosperity and development of Han culture in Jiangnan

Historically, the social politics, economy and culture of China before Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were mainly developed in the Central Plains of the Yellow River Basin. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, especially after the founding of Sun Wu, the social, political, economic and cultural development in the south of the Yangtze River and the southeast coast of the Yangtze River basin has also shown a rapid development trend.

1, Jiangnan's social economy is booming rapidly.

The Jin family moved south and a large number of northern Han people moved south, which further developed the unique natural conditions in the south and southeast coast of the Yangtze River basin. The superior geographical environment made Jiangnan and the southeast coast avoid the war in the northern Central Plains, and the society achieved relatively stable development. At that time, the capital Jiankang and the southeast coastal areas became economically developed areas. It is not only the Yangtze River Delta region where lakes intersect and the land is fertile, but also the land of plenty, and it is the ideological and cultural center centered on Wu Jun, Xing Wu and Huiji. Moreover, the social, economic and cultural development of Han Jing Plain centered on Jiangling, Zhang Yu area in Poyang Lake Basin and Fujian area in Minjiang River Basin is particularly rapid. Even in Jiaoguang area of Lingnan, Dianchi Lake and Erhai Lake area of Yunnan and other vast southern areas, social economy and culture have been further developed. As Song Shu said: "Jingcheng is rich in southern Chu, and the sun has all the benefits of Wu, fish and salt, and it is full in all directions, with more silk and cotton."

During the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, Yangzhou and Jingzhou had the largest population and the most developed agriculture. At the same time, many water conservancy projects have been built. There are many lakes and swamps in the south of the Yangtze River, which can be turned into fertile fields after drainage. Therefore, the Song, Qi and Liang dynasties successively built water conservancy projects and irrigated thousands of hectares of fields, reflecting and demonstrating the new development of agriculture in the south of the Yangtze River.

Handicraft technologies such as steelmaking, paper making, porcelain making and shipbuilding in the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties also improved rapidly. The convenient water transportation in Jiangnan water town has promoted the development of commerce and towns. At that time, the prosperity of commercial trade not only formed the capital Jiankang and Jingkou, Yin Shan, Shouyang, Xiangzhi, Jiangling, Chengdu, Guangzhou and other big cities, but also went to sea through Guangzhou Port to trade with Lin Yi, Minnan, Tianzhu, Lion Country and other overseas countries and regions 10.

Nearly 300 years of social security in Jiangnan and southeast coastal areas have made the south develop rapidly in economy and culture. Since Sui and Tang Dynasties, China's social economy has relied on the new historical situation in the south, laying the foundation for China's social development since Tang and Song Dynasties. The political center is mostly in the north and the economic center is mostly in the south.

It is the social and economic development in the south of the Yangtze River that enabled the Han gentry in the Southern Dynasties not only to enjoy the material benefits of society, but also to make some gentry make unprecedented contributions to culture. Later, in the middle Tang Dynasty, Han Yu said: "Today, the world is endowed, and Jiangnan ranks nineteenth." Also let us see the economic development of Jiangnan and its important position in the social history of China.

2. The development of Han culture in Southern Dynasties.

At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, a large number of gentry in the Central Plains moved south. During the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, they enjoyed political privileges, maintained a stable economic position and lived a leisurely and even decadent life. However, they transferred the Han culture from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin, which not only retained the original tradition, but also developed new regional characteristics, which had a positive impact on the later Sui and Tang cultures.

Therefore, the historian Mr. Fan Wenlan once thought that "the cultural achievements of the prosperous Tang Dynasty were generally the higher development of the culture of the Southern Dynasties." Looking at the social culture of China at that time, the academic achievements of scholars in the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties were mainly about Confucianism, metaphysics, literature and history.

(1) Confucian classics. Different from the northern Central Plains scholars, they maintained the style of study of ancient Chinese classics in the Eastern Han Dynasty, while the Confucian classics explored by scholars in the Southern Dynasties developed the style of study in the Wei and Jin Dynasties.

Although "The Scholars Biography of Sui Shu" puts forward: "Southerners can simplify the complex and win their glory; Northerners are deeply saddened and have poor branches and leaves. " But in fact, it also means that the scholars in the south of the Southern Dynasties developed the style of study in Wei and Jin Dynasties, while the scholars in the north still maintained the style of study in the Eastern Han Dynasty. For example, judging from the classical annotations, Jiangnan scholars use Wang Bi's annotation in Zhouyi, the pseudo-hole annotation in Shangshu and Du Pre-annotation in Zuozhuan. Northern scholars use Zheng Xuan's annotation in Zhouyi, Shangshu and Zuozhuan.

Judging from the interpretation of Confucian classics, there is a great difference between north and south. The north is a style of study that sticks to the family law of the Eastern Han Dynasty, exegesis chapters and sentences, and does not give new meanings outside the family law. It is a style of study that stays in words; In the south, it is a style of study, from writing to books, adopting various opinions, expounding classics and righteousness, with rich experience and not sticking to family law. Therefore, the northern Confucian classics worship (metaphysics) and exclude Wang (Su); Southern Confucian classics used Zheng, Wang and metaphysics.

(2) Metaphysics. Metaphysics is actually a philosophical trend of thought that lecturers at that time imitated Buddhism and called disciples to give lectures, and explained Confucian classics with Taoism.

Advocating clear talk and analyzing Ming and Li became an important cause for some scholars in the Southern Dynasties. As early as Wei Zhengshi (240-249), he wrote On Virtue, and Wang Bi annotated Laozi and Yi, arguing that the famous religion came from nature and that the monarch should "govern by doing nothing". During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Xiang Xiu and Guo Xiang commented on Zhuangzi and put forward the proposition of "nothing can be born".

After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, metaphysics explored Buddhism more generally and deeply. They accept Buddhism in philosophy and use both metaphysics and Buddhism in literature. At this time, metaphysics and Buddhism obviously had a trend of integration, but they were far from Taoism.

(3) literature. Scholars in the Southern Dynasties pay attention to extravagance, which is reflected in the pursuit of dual, neat and harmonious formal beauty in melody. This is also a contribution to the development of China literature, because there would be no popular literature in the Tang Dynasty without the attention of scholars in the Southern Dynasties.

Since the peak of Jian 'an, the development of ancient five-character poems has reached a peak in Taikang and a new peak in the Southern Dynasties, and thus turned into a new stage of regular poetry. As a literary work, the Fu in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties is similar to the ancient five-character poems in describing and recording things. Parallel prose in Wei and Jin dynasties has a unique style, which is characterized by complete syntax, evacuation, level-handedness, self-criticism, small Cambodian prose and pursuable realm.

During the Southern Dynasties, there appeared the seeds of new literary styles, such as Shi Shuo Xin Yu, Wen Xuan, Shi Hua, Wen Xin Diao Long and Yu Tai Xin Shi, and several major works appeared during the Liang Dynasty.

(4) history. Historiography of the Southern Dynasties was one of the undertakings followed by many scholars at that time. Because there was no official training at that time, the historical works of the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties were very prosperous.

History books written by many individuals in the Southern Dynasties. For example, Fan Shoutu in Song Dynasty wrote Han Shu ninety times based on the eastern view of Han Ji. Liang Liuzhao added eight 30 volumes from Sima Biao's Continued Han Shu in the Western Jin Dynasty to the model book, and combined Ye Fan's biography and Sima Biao's records into one, and compiled the later Han Shu, which is a good history comparable to Ban Gu's Han Shu.

In the Song Dynasty, Pei Songzhi collected 140 kinds of history books, and made detailed annotations for The History of the Three Kingdoms, which set a new example for annotations. Annotations themselves are rich historical materials.

Shen Yue wrote Biography of Ji 100 Volume Song Shu, Xiao Zixian wrote Biography of Ji 60 Volume Shu Qi, and Yao Cha wrote Liang Shu and Chen Shu. After his death, Yao Silian continued until Emperor Taizong finished. However, the most difficult thing to write history is to write records. Ye Fan and Yao Silian don't keep records, while Shen Yue and Xiao Zixian are ambitious but don't keep records of food and loans. Therefore, although there are many historians in the Southern Dynasties, none of them is as solid as going to work.

Thirdly, the integration of Han culture and minority culture in the Southern Dynasties.

The Han culture in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties was mainly composed of barbarian, slang, modern and ancient ethnic minorities in Jiangnan, Southeast and Lingnan.

1, the southern minorities in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties

During the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, the ethnic minorities who blended with the Han people and Han culture in the south were mainly barbarians, slang, migrant workers and monks.

(1) Beautiful. Manchu was originally a general term for the ethnic minorities in southern China in history. The ape-men referred to in the Southern Dynasties are mainly distributed in Xiangxi, eastern Sichuan, southwestern Hubei and southern Henan, such as Changsha ape-man, Wuling ape-man, dancing water ape-man, Mianshui ape-man, Bayi ape-man and Ba ape-man. Since the Sixteen Kingdoms, some barbarians have taken advantage of the chaos in the Central Plains, and their activities and distribution areas have moved northward. Therefore, there are Yuzhou Man, Yongzhou Man and Semi-barbarian Man, who live in the border areas of Shaanxi, Henan and Hubei today.

According to the Biography of the Southern Qi Dynasty, there were many barbarians at that time: "Xianyi Valley, the boundary of five States, such as Bujing, Ting, Yong, Ying and Si." Among them, like the barbarians in Yuzhou, Nanyuzhou and Jiangzhou, some of them gradually merged into Han people in contact with Chinese culture. Others claim to be descendants of Pan Hu, Changsha Man and Wuling Man, and will become Miao, Yao and other ethnic minorities in the long-term development in the future; However, after calling themselves Lin Jun, Nanjun people and semi-Yi people in Ba County are closely related to Tujia people now.

(2) Liao. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, some ethnic minorities distributed in present-day Lingnan, Guangxi and Southwest Guizhou were collectively called Liao. Old history often called them "Liao" during the Sixteen Countries Period of Eastern Jin Dynasty, and some of their personnel went north into western Sichuan and southwestern Sichuan. For example, Yizhou has more than 654.38 million employees, and later some of them gradually entered the present southwestern Shaanxi and western Hubei. Today's Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Hubei and other provinces, then there are now people's distribution footprints. Sometimes, for the Han people who live in the nearby mountains, it is also generally called Liu.

The population of the two dynasties increased sharply in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Because there are many branches of the family now, some of them, such as "people who live in the summer have reduced their rents and taxes, and those who live in the mountains are still not counted as establishment households." Therefore, under the governance of the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties at that time, some employees have now become households.

Nowadays, people are mainly engaged in agriculture and planting rice. They weave "fine cloth with fresh and clean colors." Live in Ganlan Building, pile bricks, cast bronze drums, play the trumpet and play lusheng. The customs are hunting dogs, headhunting, drinking noses, and vertical coffin burial.

(3) Slang. Li was also a reference to some ethnic minorities in Lingnan from the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to Sui and Tang Dynasties. According to historical records such as the Biography of Nan Man in the Song Dynasty, "Shan Ye in Guangzhou is miscellaneous and varied." On this basis, some scholars believe that slang and Liao are the same nation.

In fact, the word "Liao Li" only reflected the close relationship between the two ethnic groups in Lingnan area at that time. They live together and blend with each other, so they are very similar in culture and customs.

The social organization of slang is based on caves. They are mainly engaged in farming and can use bamboo spears, bamboo bows and poisonous arrows to hunt. They are good at casting bronze drums, and the leader who owns them is Du Lao. The custom of life is to wear full-body clothes, make a bun and drink nasal water. At present, Li, Zhuang and other ethnic minorities in southern China belong to Zhuang and Dong language families, which should be related to slang in history.

(4) hey. Xi refers to the ethnic minorities in Yunnan and parts of western Guizhou during the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties. Since the Jin Dynasty, most of the ethnic minorities here were under the rule of cuan clan in Jianning (now Qujing), so they were called Cuan. Later, it was divided into "East Cuan Wu Man" and "West Cuan Bai Man". This reflects and explains that, in fact, Si originally included Wu Man and Bai Man, or that Si mainly refers to Wu Man and Bai Man. According to the "Record of Yunnan (Apocalypse)", "Those who call themselves human are named after them." According to cuan clan's "Dragon Face Monument", which still exists in Lvliang, Yunnan, it was originally Han people in Anyi, Hedong. Shu Han is one of the four surnames in Nanzhong. In the fifth year of Xiankang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (333), flint and Meng Shi died together after fighting. Cuan clan became the most powerful surname in the south, and merged with the Gelao nationality with high social, economic and cultural level, thus "dominating eastern Yunnan" and ruling and governing Jianning minority, so the minority here was called Xian. Xi' an people live in areas where there are "many accounts and many treasures." During the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, it was under the jurisdiction of Ningzhou, which was established by the Central Plains Dynasty. However, under the rule of cuan clan, not only the social, economic and cultural development was stable, but also the Han culture was introduced rapidly. Existing scholars believe that "Dongwu Manchu" and "Xibai Manchu" actually refer to Wu Manchu and Bai Manchu, that is, the main ethnic groups that later established Nanzhao and Dali. It should be related to some Yi and Bai people in Yunnan now.

2. The blending of Han culture and minority culture.

Most of the ethnic minorities in the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties were under the feudal rule of the Han nationality, especially barbarians, Liao people and slang people, which were widely distributed, which was of great significance to the social stability and economic plunder of human and material resources in the Southern Dynasties. Therefore, the Southern Dynasties regime tried its best to win over ethnic minorities and adopted a policy of compiling ethnic groups to collect people from ethnic minorities living together with the Han nationality. The Han nationality and Han culture were naturally accepted by these ethnic minorities.

(1) Han culture in minority areas

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, social unrest and frequent wars, many Han people moved to southern minority areas such as barbarians, Liao, slang and Sri Lanka. For example, a large number of Han people in Shixing County (now the south of Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province) entered the slang area because "it is good to stop slang." After Liang Dynasty, the economy of Lingnan Guangzhou developed rapidly, and many Han people in the Yangtze River valley went to Guangzhou to seek development. According to the records of the Song Dynasty, under the leadership of Liu Song, there were more than 49,700 families in Guangzhou. 160 years later, the records of Sui Dynasty reached about 185800, and the growth rate of household registration was nearly three times, among which there were a considerable number of Han Chinese immigrants besides the natural growth of local slang people. The unrest in the sixteen countries of the Central Plains and the migration of a large number of Han cultures to Lingnan constitute an important source of Hakka people in Guangdong today.

The light tax levied on ethnic minorities in the Southern Dynasties is also an important reason to attract Han people to enter ethnic minority areas. As "Biography of barbarians in Song Dynasty" said: "Those who obey barbarians will lose several times. The rest don't mix. However, the hard labor of the Song people, the poor are no longer worthy of life, and more people have fled into the barbarians. " Some Han people in the Central Plains also entered the Yi areas in South China because of tax evasion, forming the Yi-Han trilogy, which became the dependent trilogy of Yi leaders.

(2) Ethnic minorities entering the Han cultural area.

While the Han people entered the ethnic minority areas, many ethnic minorities in the Southern Dynasties also went out of the valley and moved to the Han culture areas of the Han people. "Book of Song Dynasty" and "Book of Emperor Wendi" recorded: "Yongzhou Wuling herded Alvin Wong, trying to spoil him and moved 14,000 people to the capital." In the late Yuanjia period, Shen Qingzhi crusaded against barbarians and captured more than 200,000 people, most of whom moved to Jianchengkang, thinking that they were business households. And moved more than 10,000 people who conquered Huyang to Guangling.

Liao people who live in Lingnan, Guangxi and Guizhou have moved into the Han cultural area. For example, in the fourth year of Jin Taikang (283), there were more than 2,000 subordinates; In addition, more than 654.38 million people moved to Bashu. "From Hanzhong to Qionglai, between Sichuan and caves, there is everything." In this movement, people are often plundered to the Han cultural area, or sold as slaves, just like "Gao Liang was born" mentioned in Biography of Wang Heshang and The Scholars. Others were recruited to the mainland. For example, Xu Wensheng, the secretariat of Ningzhou, was ordered to be transferred to Jingzhou and brought to the mainland from Ningzhou minority areas at the rate of "recruiting tens of thousands of people".

It can be seen that during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Han culture in the Southern Dynasties closely and frequently blended with the southern minorities. Groups of Han people and Chinese culture moved to ethnic minority areas, and a large number of ethnic minorities moved to Han people and Chinese culture areas. The mixed ethnic groups formed by the mutual migration of ethnic groups and national cultures will undoubtedly help to eliminate the differences between Han nationality, Chinese culture and ethnic minorities, enhance their respective personalities and finally promote mutual integration. Although, such ethnic integration has the color of compulsory ethnic oppression and ethnic discrimination in feudal society, it is mainly manifested in the integration of Han culture by ethnic minorities and the continuous development and growth of Han culture in history. However, it is this ethnic integration that has contributed to the formation and growth of Han culture in history, to the cohesion and development of the Chinese nation with Han culture as the main body in ancient China, and to the historical development of a unified multi-ethnic China.