Kneel for knowledge points in Unit 1, Compulsory 2 of High School Geography.

Compulsory Part II (Senior One) Chapter I Population Change 1 Population Change 1 Population change in a region includes natural population growth and population mechanical growth (population migration). Among them, the decisive factor affecting population change is natural growth, while the influence of mechanical growth on population decreases with the increase of scope. 2. In terms of time, the change of world population is different in different historical periods, and it is increasing in general trend. After World War II, it entered a period of rapid growth, and the growth rate slowed down after 1970s. From a spatial point of view, it is concentrated in developed countries in Europe, North America and Oceania, with low natural population growth rate, Japan and Russia; Germany, France, Hungary and other countries even experienced negative population growth; However, the natural population growth rate of developing countries concentrated in Asia, Africa and Latin America is relatively high. Therefore, different countries and regions adopt different population policies. 3. The world population growth pattern consists of three indicators: birth rate, death rate and natural growth rate, which can be divided into three types: primitive, traditional and modern. 4. Curve ① indicates the birth rate and curve ② indicates the death rate. The population growth model represented by A is primitive, the population growth model represented by B is traditional, and the population growth model represented by C is modern. Fill in the relevant characteristics of various population growth models in the table. 5. The main factor affecting the change of population pattern is social productivity. In the process of population pattern change, the mortality rate is the first to decline. 6. Overall, the global growth model is in the transition stage from traditional to modern. On the one hand, a few developing countries, such as developed countries and China, have entered the modern mode, while most developing countries are still in the transitional stage from tradition to modernity. 2 Spatial change of population 1. Population migration can be divided into international population migration and domestic population migration according to whether it crosses national boundaries or not. 2. The overall characteristics of international population migration are mainly groups and large-scale immigrants. (1)/kloc-before the 9th century, it mainly migrated to newly discovered continents, such as Europe to America and Oceania, which developed the new continent, spread industrial civilization and changed the spatial distribution of ethnic groups. ② The main characteristics of population migration after World War II are the decrease of settled immigrants and the increase of short-term floating population. The migration direction is mainly from developing countries to developed countries and large global energy bases. The main migration area is Latin America, and the main migration areas are Europe, North America, West Asia and North Africa. 3. China's population migration can be divided into two stages: ① Before 1980s, in order to develop the frontier, it was mainly policy migration. (2) After 1980s, the main feature is that the scale and frequency of population migration have increased, and the migration direction is mainly from rural areas to cities and from inland to coastal areas. 4. The main significance of China's population migration: ① regulating the spatial distribution of population; (2) regulating the surplus and shortage of talents; ③ Strengthen national integration and cultural exchange; ④ Promote economic development and narrow the regional economic gap. 5. Factors affecting population migration include natural factors, socio-economic factors, personal motives and needs. Generally speaking, the most important factor is often the economic factor. 3 reasonable population capacity 1, ① environmental population capacity: it is the most important indicator of environmental carrying capacity, indicating the maximum population that a region can support; ② Reasonable population capacity refers to the maximum population that a region can support on the premise of sustainable development. Neither of them is sure. 2. The main factors that affect the environmental population capacity are resources, the level of science and technology, and the level of living and cultural consumption, among which the most important factor is resources, which is directly proportional to the environmental population capacity and inversely proportional to the level of living and cultural consumption. 3. The key to maintain a reasonable population capacity is to improve the quality of life and maintain the sustainable development of ecology, economy and society; For different countries and regions, the key measures to maintain a reasonable population capacity are different. Developing countries should try their best to control the population within a reasonable scale, while developed countries should establish a fair order and ensure the equal rights of most people to pursue the quality of life. Chapter II: City and Urbanization 1 Urban Internal Spatial Structure 1. Urban morphology can be divided into mass (Chongqing), block (Beijing, Chengdu, Hefei, Washington), radial (Yan 'an), belt (Lanzhou, Luoyang, Xining, Yichang) and so on. 2. The factors that affect the urban form are natural conditions (topography, rivers, etc.). ) and socio-economic conditions (transportation, economy, culture, history, etc. ). For example, the urban forms in plain areas are mostly blocky, while those in mountainous and hilly areas are mostly lumpy. 3. The most common functional areas in cities are mainly residential areas, commercial areas and industrial areas. There is no obvious boundary between functional areas; Each functional area may have other land use patterns; Cities of different sizes and types have different functional areas. 4. Residential area: the most extensive land use mode in the city, and the middle and high-rise residential areas develop backward. 5, business circle: need convenient transportation and a large number of consumers; Distribution is based on market optimization or traffic optimization; Mostly located in the city center, on both sides of traffic trunk lines or on street corners; Most of them are dots or strips. 6. Industrial zone: high degree of specialization and strong cooperation; Constantly moving to the outer edge; Distributed in areas with convenient transportation (near roads, railways, rivers, etc.). ) 7. The most important factors affecting the urban internal spatial structure are economic factors, such as the level of land rent (mainly depending on the convenience of transportation and the distance from the city center) and the ability of various land use modes to pay rent. 8. A stands for industry, B stands for residence and C stands for commerce. The fastest change from the city center to the outer edge is business. ①-③, ② Suitable for developing residential areas, ③ Suitable for developing industrial areas and ① Suitable for developing commercial areas. 9. Representative urban regional structures include concentric circle model, sector model and multi-core model. 10, the rationality of urban planning must give consideration to ecological, economic and social benefits. For example: to have convenient traffic conditions; Coordinate the relationship between each other and reduce pollution; Set necessary protective belts; Necessary satellite city construction and so on. 2 The service function of different levels of cities is 1. The higher the city level, the more types of services, the higher the service level and the larger the service scope. The scope of urban services is usually not fixed and there is no clear boundary. General urban services include the city itself, surrounding small towns and vast rural areas; The service scope of provincial capital cities covers surrounding counties and even the whole province; The service scope of Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other cities can be extended to the whole country. 2. The scale and grade of a city are related to its geographical location, and it is located in an area with abundant resources and convenient transportation, which is conducive to the improvement of the grade of a city. 3. Principles of rational urban layout: ① There are fewer high-grade cities and more low-grade cities; ② Low-level cities are distributed around high-level cities; ③ High-level cities are far apart, while low-level cities are close; (4) The service scope of different cities is nested at different levels (the service scope of high-grade cities includes the service scope of low-grade cities). (3) Urbanization is a process of 1, population gathering in cities and towns, urban expansion and rural-urban transformation. The main indicators of its level include the proportion of urban population, the number of urban population, the scale and area of urban land use, etc. The most important one is the proportion of urban population. 2. The main reasons for promoting urbanization are: rural areas (thrust): overpopulation (land pressure), frequent and serious natural disasters, low income and shortage of social services; City (Larry): There are many employment opportunities, high social welfare guarantee, complete cultural facilities and convenient transportation. 3. In developed countries, urbanization started early, with a high level of urbanization (a large proportion of urban population) and a slow development speed. It has entered the late stage of urbanization, and many anti-urbanization phenomena have appeared, resulting in many satellite cities. 4. The urbanization in developing countries started late, the urbanization level is low (the proportion of urban population is small), the development speed is fast, and it has entered the middle stage of urbanization, and the phenomenon of suburban urbanization often appears, which leads to the continuous expansion of urban scale and area. 5. Urbanization affects the geographical environment in many ways, that is, it can improve the environment, such as leveling the land, building water conservancy facilities and greening the environment. , but also can destroy the environment, causing environmental pollution problems (air pollution, water pollution, solid waste pollution, noise pollution, light pollution, electromagnetic radiation pollution, etc. ) and ecological damage problems (such as loss of biodiversity). In addition, it can also produce bad traffic and living conditions, outstanding unemployment and employment problems, and social problems. 6. The main countermeasures to solve the problem of urbanization (building an eco-city) are: ① developing energy-saving buildings and green transportation to reduce environmental pollution. (2) Keep the harmony between the city and the natural environment and establish a virtuous circle. 8? 3 a. The development of urbanization should be compatible with economic and social development and coordinated with environmental protection? 8? 3 b. control the scale of big cities, decentralize the functions of big cities, build new urban areas and build satellite cities? 8? 3. Reasonably plan the city and handle the relationship between the functional areas of the city? 8? 3 d. improve greening? 8? 3 e. other measures: carry out reasonable traffic transformation and housing transformation, strengthen social order management, and rationally adjust industrial structure.