Which countries in Europe speak Polish?

Polish is the main language in Poland. Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Kazakhstan, Latvia, New Zealand, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, United Arab Emirates, Britain and the United States also have some Polish-speaking populations. The Polish-speaking population in the United States exceeds 654.38 million +0 million.

abstract

Nearly 50 million people speak Polish. Latin and Czech were popular in Poland in the early days, and it was not until14th century that the written language was formally produced. The standard language was formed in16th century, and there are different opinions on its basic dialects.

There are five dialects: Great Polish (Poznan as the central city), Little Polish (Krakow as the central city), Silesia (Katowice as the representative city), Mazovshe (Warsaw as the central city) and Kashubu (Gdansk as the representative city), among which Kashubu is regarded as an independent language by many scholars.

Polish uses 32 letters, including 9 vowels, 23 consonants and some letters with additional symbols. The phonetic symbol * * * has 44 phonemes, including 8 vowels and 36 consonants. The stress is on the penultimate syllable. The number of words Riggs is one more vocative than Russian. Verbs still retain past antecedents in literary vocabulary. Syntactic composition is not much different from Russian.

history

The development of Polish can be divided into four periods. 10 ~14th century. The historical documents of this period are all written in Latin, and only the names and places are in Polish. 14 ~ 65438+the first half of the 7th century. /kloc-in the 0/4th century, a large number of Polish documents appeared, including the Holy Cross Sutra, the Nezno Sutra, and the Ode to Our Lady. Literary language rose in16th century, and the first Polish grammar book was published in 1568.

From the second half of17th century to the end of18th century. It is generally believed that this is the decline of Polish, which is mixed with Latin, Italian and French, especially in literary language.

/kloc-end of 0/8. 19th century is an era when Poles strive to purify and enrich their national languages. Writers such as A. Mitzkiewicz (1798 ~1855) and H. Xiankovich (1846 ~1916) have made great contributions to the formation of modern Polish literary language.

Polish is deeply influenced by foreign languages, such as early Latin, Czech, French, German, Italian, ancient Belarusian and Russian. In recent years, it has been strongly impacted by English, especially American English. In Upper Silesia, the dominant position of Polish was influenced by German.

Since 1945, due to education and population migration (after World War II, this period has affected many countries, but Poland is an extreme example), although some areas still insist on using standard Polish, this is not enough to cover up the fact that Polish has been gradually assimilated.

In the east and north, Poles who merged into Russia from Polish territory are constantly moving in, and the older people among these immigrants often have the characteristics of the eastern region in their accents.

Extended data

Polish belongs to the inflectional language family. As far as the characteristics of cohesive language are concerned, word order is generally not emphasized. From the "Wikipedia Book Polish Course".

The basic word order of Polish is SVO (subject+verb+subject), but if the meaning of the whole sentence is obvious, you can also omit a word or a verb without subject and subject. The following sentences have the same meaning (Annie has a cat "Ania has a cat"):

Ania ma kota。

Ania kota ma。

Kota ma Ania。

My name is Arnie Kota.

Kota Ania ma。

Ma kota Ania。

However, only the first sentence in these sentences is the original pronunciation of Polish, and other sentences have been changed with phonetic emphasis to meet the needs of application.

If the meaning in the article is clear, we can omit the subject, the recipient and even the verb.

Ma kota (and a cat)-If you know who is talking, use "Ma kota" instead of the whole sentence "Ania ma kota".

Ma (yes)-answer "Czy Ania ma kota?" Does Annie have a cat? ) just use "horse".

Annie (Annie's "name")-Answer "kota Maccotta?" Who has a cat? ) Just use "Ania" and "Kto(кто)" means "who".

Kota (Cat)-Yu answered "Comania?" What does Ania have? ) use "Kota".

Annie ma(Annie has)- Answer "Który z naszych przyjació? Marco hit? " Which of our friends has a cat? When using).

Here, "czy(ли)" is an interrogative modal particle, which will turn a sentence into a question. The syntactic structure of Polish interrogative sentences is "Czy…… ................................................................................................................................................................... "Just as the French question begins with" Est-ce que…… ... "?" ; Or "... ли ...?" Used in Russian interrogative sentences. The sentence structure is the same.

In Polish syntax, there is a tendency that sentences can often omit the subject instead of the receiver. Of course, except for omitting the subject, you may not know the usage of omitting the subject. If the sentence is "Kto Marco hits?" Who has a cat? ), the answer is only "Annie", and the answer can be without verbs, such as "Ania ma." Or "Ania ma kota".

Especially the pronouns "ja" (I) and "ty" (you), the plural usages of "my" (we) and "wy" (you) are mostly omitted in the sentence.

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