Du Fu witnessed the breaking of the prosperous dream. What works did he create for this?

Du Fu is a dazzling monument in China culture, with brilliant poetic attainments and artistic ideas, but unlike Li Bai, Du Fu did not get much recognition before his death. Even throughout the Tang Dynasty, not many people praised Du Fu's poems except Yuan Zhen, Han Yu and Zhang Ji. Does Du Fu really belong to that halo-shrouded Tang Dynasty? Today, the splendor of Tang poetry has been distorted or misunderstood as the travel notes of pastoral landscapes, and the soul of ancient poetry has been dismantled and shattered by contemporary people.

Although traveling around the world was the ethos of the Tang Dynasty, relying on the relatively perfect post system, it was a trend for literati to travel or go out beyond the Great Wall at that time. When Du Fu was young, apart from traveling for a period of time, the key words that really belonged to him were wandering, even drifting! From the infatuation in the prosperous Tang Dynasty to the frustration in Anshi troubled times, the cruel society gave the poet a strong medicine to force him to wake up, but the helpless reality taught Du Fu how to be a great poet.

From mourning in Guanzhong to living in Bashu for more than ten years, Du Fu left more than 600 poems in these seven or eight years, almost half of his total (Du Fu's poems have been circulated 1400). Du Fu's misfortune has brought the most magnificent monument of China's classical poetry, and the huge contrast really makes people have mixed feelings. As the saying goes, the heart has its own taste.

In the Tang Dynasty, from the famous minister Du Ruhui, a large number of officials came out of the Jing Zhao Du family. Du Fu's family moved to Xiangyang very early, taking Du Yu, a famous minister in the Western Jin Dynasty, as their ancestor. From Du Fu's grandfather Du Shenyan, they thought they were from Xiangyang. However, Du was actually born when Du was the magistrate of Gongxian County. If the birthplace is concerned, Du Fu is also from Gongxian County. However, the Tang Dynasty generally respected the ancestral home of counties, so it was generally considered Xiangyang.

Du, Li Qiao, Cui Rong and Su Weidao are collectively called "four friends of the article", Li Qiao and Su Weidao are prime ministers, Cui Rong is a close minister of the emperor, and Emperor Zhongzong participated in reading when he was a prince. He wrote many letters to Wu Zetian and Zhongzong. However, Du's official position was very ordinary, and he finally became a straight bachelor in Xiuwenguan. Because she was in the lower class for many years, Wu Zetian was exiled to Fengzhou (now Yue) by Zhongzong in order to get ahead (in fact, Zhang Yizhi also wrote poems with a good level, and there were several poems in the whole Tang Dynasty). Among the "four friends", Du often thinks that his achievements are the highest, and his poems are full of qi stagnation, which was obviously inherited by Du Fu later.

Du Fu traveled extensively when he was young, including getting to know Li Bai and Gao Shi. There should have been a lot of creations at that time, but he was satisfied with leaving less. Du Fu is obviously not a natural poet. In the golden age of master kaiyuan, he was basically the downstream of the master. In addition, Du Fu was regarded as an "official fan" in the first half of his life, bearing Du Fu's family honor. He was intelligent and talented since childhood, deeply influenced by fame and fortune, and longed to "ascend the throne of Yao and Shun". He was once rebellious, eager to make friends everywhere and cling to each other, and later succeeded in becoming an official. This is a way to immerse yourself in the customs of the Six Dynasties, which still existed in the Tang Dynasty. Even if Du Fu's background is not bad, he can be said to have a large number of talents in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Talents like Meng Haoran have also lived in seclusion for many years. "Being handsome and sinking into their posts" has always been the norm, and everything is not so smooth. Du Fu didn't take the exam until the 24th year of Kaiyuan (AD 736), and he came last. Continue to travel around until Tianbao Sanzai (744) met the poet Li Bai in Luoyang.

There is no need to be taboo. Li Bai is talented, but he is also a typical example of actively managing his reputation. He dredged the emperor's sisters Princess Jin Xian and Princess Yu Zhen through Taoist Wu Yun, and spread his fame to Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Most of Li Bai's circle of friends are Taoist believers, and he finally got the appreciation of the emperor. It doesn't mean anything to be able to really get close to the emperor, but to respect him as a "Taoist friend". Because Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty in the late Kaiyuan period had neglected government affairs and was obsessed with monasticism, otherwise Li Bai might not have a chance to really get close to the emperor.

Li has been in power for more than ten years, but Li Bai returned to Chang 'an frustrated. It is said that Li's daughter Li worships Li Bai very much, and their relationship is ambiguous. Li Bai's poems are full of dignity. As we all know, there is a famous saying, "Oh, how can I solemnly bow and scrape to a powerful person", but it is difficult to easily explain Li Bai's attitude towards powerful people. Li Bai's first wife was Xu Shi introduced by Meng Haoran, the granddaughter of Prime Minister Xu. Xu was not a bad person, but she often defended some illegal acts in the name of generosity. Li Bai and Xu Shi gave birth to a son, Boqin, who is said to have fallen. Xu died in the late kaiyuan period. Later, his wife Zongshi was the granddaughter of Zongchuke, the prime minister of Wuhou, and Zongchuke's character and reputation were not good. Li Bai and his daughter Li Kongkong have a complicated relationship. Therefore, it is difficult to draw a conclusion easily about Li Bai's attitude towards powerful people. Many literati in the Tang Dynasty took the initiative to run for fame, and future generations did not have to hide it for the ancients.

Influenced by Li Bai, frustrated Du Fu planned to build a temple. It was not until the seventh year of Tianbao (748) that Du Fu ended his roaming life, and returned to Chang 'an to respond to Tang Xuanzong's quest for wisdom. However, Li did not intend to recommend talents at all, and even told the emperor that "there are no survivors in the wild." Du Fu still won't give up. A few years later, he presented a gift in the hope of being appreciated, but Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty was not Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, and neither was Du Fu. As for writing poetry, Du Fu was recognized as first-class in almost the whole feudal era, saying that he and Li Bai were spokesmen of classical poetry, and few people believed that they opposed it. However, Du Fu is not good at writing articles. He is not as good as Li Bai, and even worse than Du Mu, who later inherited his name.

Du Fu's transformation began in Tianbao, and under the monopoly of Li and the special favor of the Yang family, the fatuity of Tang Xuanzong became more and more serious. Du Fu's sensitive artistic cells faithfully recorded the misfortune of the times. The great achievements of ancient poetry come from reality and are higher than reality, but today's ancient poetry is basically a trick of carving insects. Not many poets in the Tang Dynasty dared to tear open the veil of prosperity, but Du Fu was undoubtedly an epoch-making one!

For example, two poems are about roads, car shops and later river banks. Once you climb to the top of the mountain and peek, you will see dwarfs who appear in the sky with other mountains. There is no envy of praising the Eight Immortals in drinking. Du Fu, who was over forty years old, began to "give him vicissitudes of life", and the times honed this Confucian son who was devoted to being an official and seeking development into a "romantic mirror"

"But power can be as hot as a flame, burning people's fingers. Be careful of the Prime Minister and his frown!" He dared to write about Yang's sister and Yang's arrogance, which was just a small experiment. "Military Vehicle Shop" recorded the real experience: "Motorboards, Ma Xiaoxiao, each of you has a bow and quiver on your belt. My parents, my parents, my wife and children all ran to see them. When they marched, the dust covered the sky and they couldn't see xian yangqiao. They run after you, crying, dragging your sleeve, and their plaintive voice goes up to the clouds. Just like the camera screen, it presents a chaotic scene outside Chang 'an, the imperial city. Where is this bustling international metropolis? Du Fu went out of the city to ask passers-by, only to know that this was the "conscription" of the imperial court, forcing civilian workers to join the army. "We remember that others sent people to the north to guard the river at the age of fifteen, and sent people to the west to cultivate wasteland at the age of forty. Long in the middle, the hair is tied up with a headscarf, and when I come back, I am bald and guarding the border. Countless border guards shed blood and sacrificed to form seawater, and the concept of border defense in Huang Wu has not stopped. Do you know that in the mountainous areas of eastern China, in 200 areas and thousands of villages, nothing grows except weeds? Even if a strong woman plows the field with a hoe, nothing will grow on the crops in the field. Men in China can face the fiercest battles, but their officers treat them like chickens and dogs. "

What kind of works are poems? Emotion is often regarded as the first, but great poetic emotion must have the value of penetrating time and space. The death knell of Du Fu's era has sounded. Unlike Wang Wei, who lives in seclusion in the villa, escapes from reality and indulges in Buddhism to hide his feelings, Du Fu's feelings have always been so full! "Challenge tax, how can they pay? ? If you really know that boys are a bad thing, you might as well have a girl. Girls can also marry their nearest neighbors, and boys will die in battle. Don't you see, on the edge of Qinghai, the bones of soldiers killed since ancient times have not been buried. The new ghost is wailing there now, and the old one is loudest in the stormy dark sky. " Such a poem is simply a strong accusation against the so-called rule of the holy king! From Beijing to Fengxian, there are both fierce criticisms and bloody realistic descriptions, behind which is a great soul with great courage and compassion.

The Anshi Rebellion broke out, and the prosperous Tang Dynasty was turned upside down without any suspense. Du Fu began to wander for the rest of his life! A series of masterpieces from the late Tianbao period to the Anshi Rebellion are bound to make Du Fu enter the glorious history books.

Du Fu was trapped in Chang 'an, which was occupied by the rebels, but his position was very low. He was not forced to take office in Rainbow Wei. But Du Fu witnessed the tragedy in Chang 'an with his own eyes, and then took refuge in Su Zong, who succeeded Lingwu. Because he was involved in the disorderly army, Du Fu, like Li Bai, whom he admired, was loyal and never meant to be reused. It still seems quite crowded. Influenced by Confucianism, Du Fu was very grateful to the Emperor and worked very hard. Soon, Gui Fang, the prime minister, was dismissed by Tang Suzong. Du Fu thought that Gui Fang was very talented and should not be underestimated, so he wrote letters to Su Zong one after another to remonstrate. We offended Su Zong. Fortunately, someone told the emperor that Du Fu was a loyal minister who came all the way to defect in the chaos, and then he was put back home. Du Fu is very depressed. He bid farewell to Zheng Qian, a painter who had the same experience in Chang 'an. In his farewell poem, he lamented that Zheng Qian was jealous, accepted the appointment of An Lushan and was exiled to Taizhou. This is the new king of Datang Zhongxing who is waiting for the reversal of Gan Kun!

Zheng Qian was praised by the emperor as "the three wonders of poetry, calligraphy and painting" in Xuanzong era. Is there other meaning behind Zheng Qian's exile? For an old man over 70 years old, Du Fu wrote with deep affection: "Giving Zheng eighteen dollars to demote Taizhou households will hurt his old age and turn him into a thief. It's a sad sentence, which makes people cry: "Wan Li is sad, and as a thousand people point out, he should die of revival in a hundred years. I have walked a long way, but I was late for no reason. I will say goodbye to my husband forever, and Jiuzhongquan Road will be delivered. Sure enough, seven years later, Zheng Qian died in Taizhou, and they never met again.

Du Fu is full of expectations for becoming a king (later living in Li Chu), Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi. But the war was not as expected. At first, Tang Jun suffered repeated defeats and laid off a large number of employees. In order to expand his troops, Tang Jun began to recruit soldiers. After being demoted, Du Fu began to wander around and wrote all the sufferings and disasters of the people in his poems, which is the precious value of Du Fu's poems as a "history of poetry". Like the Northern Expedition and Three Officials and Three Farewells, they are all very profound documentary works, showing the embarrassment of the Tang Dynasty and the tragedy that affected ordinary people at that time!

In the year of writing "Three Officials and Three Farewells", Du Fu was 48 years old, and the Anshi Rebellion entered its fifth year. There was a famine in Guanzhong, and he was banished to Huazhou. His life is helpless. Du Fu, who has been an official fan for half his life, finally decided to give up his official position and choose to go to relatives and friends. First, he went to Qin Zhou (now Tianshui City, Gansu Province), where he had a nephew Du Zuo and some friends, leaving behind works such as Qinzhou Miscellaneous Poems. He left soon. Picking acorn chestnuts at the age of 20 and going to the valley on cold nights. There are no books in the Central Plains, hands and feet are frozen, and the body is dead. Alas, a song has been sad, and hate has fallen from the sky for me. ""long white wooden handle, I gave birth to a child. There's no snow in the Temple Mountain of Polygonatum, and the number of short clothes can't cover the shin. At this time, when Kong Zi came back, the men groaned and the women shouted. Alas, two songs began to play, and the neighborhood was disappointed for me. "This kind of self-deprecating work expresses the loneliness at that time. However, the days in the same valley are just a prelude to his bleak old age.

When I was in the same valley, I learned that my friend Gao Shi was appointed as Pengzhou Secretariat (now Pengzhou, which belongs to Chengdu, Sichuan) and my colleague Pei Mian was appointed as Chengdu Yin and Jiannan Xichuan Festival Ambassador (Pei Mian was once the Prime Minister). In order to improve his life, Du Fu decided to go to South Zhongshu to join his friends. As Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty fled to Sichuan, a large number of court officials and wealthy families in Chang 'an moved to Sichuan, forming an immigration tide. It was Tang Xuanzong and later Tang Xizong who entered Sichuan twice, which was the peak of the northern aristocratic families moving to Bashu in Sichuan history, and thus contributed to the unprecedented prosperity of Bashu culture in the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty for 300 years. In fact, apart from friends, Du Fu also has relatives in Bashu, such as uncle Cui Mingfu and cousin Wang Sima.