Academic Classification of Hakka Language

In mainland China, Hakka dialects are classified according to the Atlas of Chinese Language compiled by China Academy of Social Sciences and australian academy of the humanities, among which Taiwan Province Hakka dialects are generally divided into Cantonese and Taiwanese films. According to the classification of the mainland, Hakka dialect can be roughly divided into two types, namely, the northern part (the phonology of Lingbei Hakka dialect) and the southern part (the phonology of Lingnan Hakka dialect). There are many differences in Hakka dialects in northern China, which are subdivided into Ninglong dialect, Yugui dialect, Tonggu dialect and Tingzhou dialect. Southern films are generally divided into eight parts: Guangdong-Taiwan films, Guangdong-Central films, Chaozhou-Zhangzhou films and Guangdong-North films.

Previously (as shown on the right), Juck Zhang films were not named, while Yue Zhong films were subdivided into Yue Zhong films and Huizhou films. It's still eight dollars after readjustment. The southern region mainly includes Hakkas from Guangdong, Guangxi, southeastern Fujian and Taiwan Province Province, and Hakkas from Hong Kong, Macao and overseas also belong to the southern region. There are great differences in vocabulary between northern films and northern films. There are many local words with high internal consistency and relatively complete intonation. Generally speaking, the south is older than the north. Cantonese and Taiwanese films are the representatives of mainstream Hakka dialects, mainly distributed in Meizhou, Heyuan and some counties in eastern Huizhou. Most Hakka dialects in Taiwan Province Province also belong to Cantonese and Taiwanese films. In addition, Hakka dialect (Yayu, Xinmin dialect, etc. ) Western Guangdong, southwestern Guangxi and Hainan also belong to this area, which can be called "Ya dialect films". Most of the Hakkas in Sichuan and Chongqing moved from eastern Guangdong, which is not much different from that in Taiwan Province, Guangdong. With the passage of time, Hakka dialects in these places are more and more influenced by Sichuan dialect.

Second, Yue Zhong movies.

Central Guangdong is mainly distributed in Heyuan and parts of Huizhou, including Dongjiang dialect or Shuiyuanyin.

A series of dialects in central Guangdong involving the middle and upper reaches of Dongjiang River basin, a tributary of the Pearl River, are mainly distributed in Heyuan and Huizhou.

Some mainstream Hakka people call Dongjiang dialect "snake dialect" (or "She dialect"), which is slightly derogatory.

Huizhou dialect (Huicheng dialect), in particular, was originally divided into "Huizhou films". In fact, Huizhou dialect is closely related to the water source sound.

Third, Juck Zhang pills.

Juck Zhang films are mainly distributed in Hakka areas bordering Minnan dialect (including Chaozhou dialect), such as Zhangzhou, Chaoshan and Hailufeng. Among them, Chaoshan small piece includes Hakka in Fengshun, Jiedong and Jiexi, belonging to "Mid-Levels Hakka". Its characteristics are: vocabulary is influenced by Chaozhou dialect, with a slight tongue rolling sound different from Mandarin, and the flat tone is close to Mandarin. Chaoshan Xiaobao film is represented by Fengshun Tangkeng dialect; In Thailand, many people in China speak this Hakka dialect. In addition, the sea-land sketch refers to Hailufeng Hakka dialect represented by Liuhe dialect and Taiwan Province sea-land dialect.

Fourthly, movies in northern Guangdong.

Northern Guangdong is mainly distributed in Shaoguan. The northern part mainly includes Hakka people in Jiangxi and western Fujian. Influenced by Gan dialect, Putonghua and northern Fujian dialect, the vocabulary in northern China is quite different from that in the south. The completeness of entering rhyme endings varies from place to place. According to the characteristics of the northern film, it is divided into Ninglong film, Yugui film, Tonggu film and Tingbei film.

Five, Tingzhou tablets

In the original division, the Hakka dialect of the former Tingzhou Prefecture was generally classified as "Tingzhou Film". However, the accents of Shanghang, Wuping and Yongding in the south are close to Meixian dialect and Huiyang dialect, so they can be classified as "Cantonese-Taiwanese films". Tingbei area is mainly distributed in the northern part of the former Tingzhou area, including Changting, Liancheng, Ninghua, Liuqing and Mingxi.

Six, Ninglong tablets

Ning in Ninglong film refers to Ningdu County, Jiangxi Province; Dragon refers to longnan county in Jiangxi; Ninglong tablets are distributed from Ningdu to Longnan, including Ningdu, Xingguo, Shicheng, Ruijin, Huichang, Anyuan, Longnan, Dingnan, Quannan and Xunwu. The film mainly has Ning's accent and Sannan accent.

Seven, Yugui tablets

Yu Gui means Yudu County, Jiangxi Province; Guangxi refers to Guidong County, Hunan Province; Yugui tablets are distributed from Du Yu to Guidong, including Du Yu, Ganxian, Shangyou, Dayu, Rucheng and Guidong. The film is mainly an old guest accent.

Eight, bronze drum parts

Tonggu tablets are mainly distributed in Tonggu County and xiushui county in northwest Jiangxi and Liuyang City in Hunan.

Note: Hong Kong New Territories Hakka dialect is a small part of the new Cantonese-Taiwanese Hakka dialect, which is highly close to the Hakka dialects in Shenzhen, Huiyang and Huidong, Guangdong, and can communicate with other mainstream Hakka dialects. From about AD 1960, a large number of people from Hakka areas in Guangdong moved to Hong Kong, bringing with them the local Hakka dialect in Guangdong. Hakka dialect of most immigrants and Hakka dialect of New Territories can communicate with each other. Overseas Hakka dialects are mainly Cantonese and Taiwanese films, but there are also a few Chaozhou and Zhangzhou films. In the18th century, the Hakka people in Meixian established the Lanfang Kingdom and the Kingdom of the Chinese nation in the southwest of kalimantan island, so the Kundian Hakka dialect in Indonesia today is almost different from the Hakka dialect in mainland China. There are many Indonesian and local dialects in Kundian Hakka dialect, which can be classified into one category independently, and can be regarded as one of the overseas Hakka films.

Linguists generally regard Meixian dialect as a typical representative of Hakka dialect, and Hakka programs of China Radio International are usually broadcast by it. In Taiwan Province Province, Sixian dialect (namely Sixian dialect) is a typical representative, followed by public transport Hakka broadcasting. But there is no recognized standard accent. People lack recognition of the standard pronunciation of Meixian dialect. Most Hakka people who use non-Meixian accent can't speak Meixian dialect, and even have some communication obstacles when communicating with people who speak Meixian dialect, but the difference is not big.

If Meixian dialect is taken as a reference, Hakka dialects have similar accents and different accents. Generally speaking, 75% of Hakka dialects, including Meixian dialect, Huiyang dialect and Sixian dialect, can be * * * (that is, almost). These 75% Hakka dialects are also called mainstream Hakka dialects. Simply put, the mainstream Hakka dialect refers to the accent of Guangdong and Taiwan films and other branches of Hakka dialect developed from Guangdong and Taiwan films (such as Tonggu Hakka dialect, Ninglongnan film, Tingzhou South film, Sichuan Cantonese, Yuexi-Guinan dialect, etc.). ). However, the northern accent of Gutingzhou (formerly northern Tingzhou film), the old Hakka dialect of Gannan (Yugui film) and the water source sound of Dongjiang are not included in the "mainstream Hakka dialect" because they are quite different from those of Guangdong and Taiwan films (but these Hakka dialects usually have the language rules of mainstream Hakka dialect).

Hakka dialect in some places is not called "Hakka dialect" or "Hakka dialect".

For example, Hakka dialect in western Guangdong-southern Guangxi is generally called Ya dialect and Xinmin dialect, and it is also called "Yao Gehua" in some places in Guangxi. Although the water source sound in Dongjiang area is called "local dialect" (Hakka dialect is also a local dialect in Meizhou, Heyuan, Huizhou, Shenzhen and Shaoguan), it also belongs to Hakka dialect from the mainstream point of view of academic circles; There are people called "Tukan people" in Sichuan and Chongqing, and so are Hakka dialects in Hunan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Shaanxi and Zhejiang.

Some of these Hakka dialects have been ignored by scholars because they are surrounded by other languages, and there are few related investigations. Some of them are controversial because of the handling of the transition area, but the mainstream view is that they belong to Hakkas.