Tang Taizong became one of the most famous emperors in the history of our country with his brilliant political achievements. Please give any two columns to explain

1. The social order is unprecedentedly stable. The social order of the Zhenguan Dynasty was unbelievably good. There were only twenty-nine prisoners sentenced to death in the country. In 632, the number of death row inmates increased to 290. At the end of the year, Li Shimin allowed them to go home to take care of funeral matters, and they would die if they came back next autumn (in ancient times, they were executed in autumn). In September of the following year, all 290 prisoners were returned and no one escaped. At that time, China's politics were well-established, officials performed their duties, people lived and worked in peace and contentment, injustices were rare, and there was not much resentment in the hearts of the Chinese people. People who are well-fed and well-fed will not take desperate risks to survive; people with a peaceful mind are less likely to go to extremes, so the probability of committing crimes is very small. Historical records record: During the Zhenguan period, "most of the officials were sincere and cautious. They controlled the families of princes and concubines, and the powerful and cunning people were all afraid of power and did not dare to invade and bully small people. Businessmen traveled wildly, there were no thieves, and the jails were often empty. , horses and cattle are spread out in the wild, and the outside is open. There is a lot of money, and rice is worth three or four coins. Traveling from the capital to Lingbiao, from Shandong to Canghai, there is no food. When entering the villages in Shandong, travelers pass by. The Tang Empire was the most civilized and powerful country in the world at that time, and its capital, Chang'an, was a cosmopolitan city. It's the same as New York in the United States today. At that time, the Tang Empire was the "Sunshine Zone" in the eyes of people with lofty ideals from all over the world, and talented people from all over the world risked their lives to go to the Tang Empire. After the empire became highly prosperous and civilized, their country was almost like an uncivilized "primitive forest" in their minds, so they did not want to return to their country and tried every means to stay. China's highly developed culture made people from all over the world come to China. Most are proud to be Chinese (this is reminiscent of the green card in the United States today). Not only the capital Chang'an, but also "expatriates" from abroad have settled there across the country, especially in emerging commercial cities. Guangzhou alone has more than 100 Western expats. There are more than 200,000 people. The Zhenguan Dynasty is one of the few open dynasties in Chinese history. There are no strict restrictions on the entry of foreigners and the exit of Chinese people. That is, there is no worry about Chinese people forgetting their roots when they go out, and there is no worry about foreigners coming in. This alone shows that the Zhenguan Dynasty is highly confident and firmly believes that its country is the most civilized and prosperous land in the world. It does not worry about being overwhelmed by foreign culture. Neither discrimination nor flattery, neither blind xenophobia nor "appropriation", a great national spirit and a kingly demeanor that is neither humble nor arrogant. Foreigners in China enjoy the same civil rights as Chinese people at home. Not only can they get rich, but they can also serve in politics. Many expatriates from the Arab Empire and Japan hold official positions in China, and some also serve as senior officials at the ministerial level. In addition to accepting a large number of foreign immigrants, the Tang Empire also accepted a large number of foreign immigrants. Groups of foreign students come to China to study advanced culture. There are seven groups of government-sponsored students from Japan, and each group has several hundred private students. After Cheng returned to China, he carried out the first modernization movement in Japan - the "Dahua Reform", which is also the Sinicization movement. From the rules and regulations to the clothing and customs, everything was imitated by the Zhenguan Dynasty at that time, leaving the country in a primitive tribal state. The Japanese nation leaped forward for a thousand years, and the Japanese Empire carried out its second modernization movement, fully accepting Western culture, leaping forward again for hundreds of years, and stepping on its former teachers. At his feet, two tragic massacres were caused in the teacher's "courtyard". The Japanese nation is not clever, it is just good at learning. This nation that is a little slower than others has one of its greatest advantages - it is backward but not stubborn. . When foreign civilization invades, it always humbly accepts a culture that is more advanced than its own nation, accepts the advanced achievements of human civilization in the fastest and most convenient way, and quickly leaps into the ranks of advanced nations. It is not terrible for a nation to be backward, but stubbornness is the most terrible thing! 3. The only dynasty without corruption. The germ of corruption in China's officialdom is so pervasive that the vast majority of Chinese people believe that corruption is an incurable disease of human society. Corruption is unavoidable wherever there are "officials". When international students returning from countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States state to their relatives and friends that corruption has been basically eliminated in these countries, few people do not think that they are talking nonsense. In fact, corruption is not a common phenomenon in human society. There are many highly civilized countries on the planet that have basically eliminated corruption. Not only modern powers such as the United States and Britain, but even Singapore, which is mainly composed of Chinese people, has basically eliminated corruption. The basic elimination of corruption mentioned here does not mean that corruption has been completely eliminated, but that corruption is a very rare phenomenon in the entire officialdom, and the amount of corruption is not large (the amount of corruption in a year generally does not exceed this A person's salary for one year), and the duration will not be very long (there are very few who have committed crimes for more than three consecutive years). They will be exposed quickly and be punished mercilessly. The Clinton incident is the biggest scandal in American politics, but a Chinese said: A village chief in our country is many times more romantic than Clinton. The president of the United States is really too useless... The Zhenguan Dynasty is the only one in Chinese history without corruption. Dynasty, this may be Li Shimin's most commendable political achievement.

In China under the rule of Li Shimin, the emperor took the lead in setting an example, officials were dedicated to the public good, and officials and subordinates performed their duties. Abuse of power, corruption and malfeasance dropped to the lowest point in history. What is particularly valuable is that Li Shimin did not use cruel punishments to prosecute corruption. He mainly set an example and formulated a political system as scientific as possible to prevent corruption. In the face of a shrewd and self-disciplined ruler, officials have little motive for corruption, and it is not easy for corrupt officials to find a hiding place. Zhu Yuanzhang of the Ming Dynasty had the most severe penalties for corruption. Corrupt officials were all punished by being skinned. However, the number of corrupt officials in the Ming Dynasty was still rare in history. It can be seen that the prevention of corruption mainly depends on a set of scientifically revised political systems. Relying on subsequent crackdowns can only achieve temporary results and cannot fundamentally eradicate the social soil on which corruption breeds. 4. An initial attempt at a decentralized system. The main feature of China's feudal system is the high concentration of power, with local governments obeying the central government, and the central government following the emperor's lead. This highly centralized political system has greatly restricted citizens’ creativity, initiative and flexibility, and can easily lead to tyranny. The central government organization of China's feudal society implemented the "three provinces and six ministries system", but the division of powers among the three provinces of the Zhenguan Dynasty initially reflected the characteristics of modern politics - the principle of decentralization. The Zhongshu Province issues orders, the Menxia Province examines the orders, and the Shangshu Province executes the orders. To form a political decree, the prime ministers first held a meeting in the Political Affairs Hall located in the Zhongshu Province. After forming a resolution, it was submitted to the emperor for approval, and then the Zhongshu Province issued an edict in the name of the emperor. Before the edict is issued, it must be sent to the province for review. If the province deems it inappropriate, it can refuse to "countersign" it. If the edict lacks a countersignature, it cannot be promulgated according to law. Only the edicts "counter-signed" by the Menxia Province became official national laws and were handed over to the Shangshu Province for execution. This method of political operation is very similar to the "separation of powers" system in modern democratic countries. The separation of powers theory that emerged in the West in the 17th century was already applied to China's political system more than a thousand years ago by Li Shimin, further explaining The level of civilization of the Zhenguan Dynasty was so high. The most commendable thing is that Li Shimin stipulated that his edict must be "countersigned" by the province under his command before it can take effect, thus effectively preventing him from making imprudent decisions that would damage his reputation on a whim or in a bad mood. There have been 853 emperors in Chinese history, and only Li Shimin has such outstanding wisdom and broadmindedness (the founding president of the United States, Washington, is a bit like his student). 5. Highly developed commerce. The economic characteristics of China's feudal dynasty were "emphasis on agriculture and suppression of business." The proportion of business in the national economy was quite low, and the status of businessmen was therefore several levels lower than that of farmers. This is also the main reason why China's feudal economy has never been able to develop substantially. The Zhenguan Dynasty was the only feudal dynasty that did not discriminate against business. Not only did it not discriminate, it also provided many convenient conditions for business development. This further reflects Li Shimin's foresight. Under the initiative of Li Shimin's government, the commercial economy of the Zhenguan Dynasty made rapid and substantial progress, and new commercial cities sprung up like mushrooms after a rain. At that time, more than half of the world's famous commercial cities were concentrated in China. In addition to Jiaozhou, Guangzhou, Mingzhou and Fuzhou on the coast, there are also inland Hongzhou (Nanchang, Jiangxi), Yangzhou, Yizhou (Chengdu) and Shazhou (Dunhuang, Gansu) and Liangzhou (Wuwei, Gansu) in the northwest. The capital Chang'an and the accompanying capital Luoyang are cosmopolitan cities. The "Silk Road" of universal civilization is the link between the material civilization of the East and the West, but this commercial channel only reached its highest use value during the Tang Empire. The territory of the Tang Empire was unprecedentedly vast, and four important military towns (the Four Towns of Anxi) were established in the Western Regions. The western border reached directly to the Stone Kingdom in Central Asia (now part of Kazakhstan), providing a stable social order and effective business travel between the East and the West. As a result, business travel along the Silk Road continued, and a wide variety of bulk goods were transported between the East and the West, making the Silk Road a golden corridor for the entire world.