Who knows Quanzhou Minnan dialect? Come and have a look.

He's right, but swearing is swearing. How can it have anything to do with proverbs? I suggest you learn by yourself, or you will suffer sometimes! The following is the information:

Hokkien

Minnan dialect, also known as H! -ló-se (Taiwanese, Taiwanese, Heluo, etc. ) In Taiwan Province Province, it belongs to China Min dialect and is also the most influential Min dialect. It is distributed in southern Fujian, Taiwan Province Province, Chaoshan area in eastern Guangdong, Leizhou Peninsula, Hainan Island, Longyan and Zhangping areas in western Fujian, Fuding area in Ningde city in eastern Fujian, Cangnan, Pingyang and Dongtou areas in southern Zhejiang, and some countries and regions in Southeast Asia.

Distribution area

Minnan dialect is mainly distributed in Taiwan Province Province and Fujian Province, but also in Chinese mainland and other parts of Southeast Asia:

Jiangsu province: the southern mountainous area of Yixing county

Zhejiang province: mainly distributed in coastal areas;

Zhishitang District, Wenling County

Zhikanmen Town, Yuhuan County

Mudfish in Shimashima, Banping Island, Jiao Yuan and Tokyo Prefecture.

Guidao and Danan Township in the north of Ruian County.

Shuitou Town, Tengjiao Town in Lunan Island, Xiwan Township in the east coast and Moheng Town in Heping County.

Southeast corner of Taishun county

Southeast corner of wencheng county

Zhilingxi Town, Fanshan Town, Qiaodun Town, mazhan town, Zaoxi Town, Yanting Town, Guanmei Town, Southern Song Town and Xiaguan Town in Cangnan County.

Changxing County, Lin 'an County, Zhoushan Islands and other places.

Jiangxi province: the northeast area near Zhejiang.

Guangdong province: eastern coastal areas

Hainan province: Haikou dialect and Wenchang dialect are the representatives, which are distributed all over the island.

Guangxi province

Southeast Asia: Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and other places

Sub-dialogue

Basically, according to the region, it can be roughly divided into the following sub-dialects:

Zhangzhou dialect

quanzhou dialect

Xiamen dialect

Fujian Dialect in Southeast Asia

Min dialect in southern Zhejiang

Teochew dialect

Hainan people

Proximity between dialects

Fujian and Taiwan tablets

That is, the native Minnan language. Zhangzhou and Quanzhou are the birthplaces of various Minnan languages in linguistics, and all Minnan languages originated from Zhangzhou dialect and Quanzhou dialect. There are some differences between Zhang and Quan dialects, mainly in phonology, but there is a strict correspondence between them. Grammar and words are basically the same. Both the Xiamen dialect and the Taiwanese dialect, which have appeared since Ming and Qing Dynasties, are directly mixed from the dialects of counties (cities) in Zhang Quan, and they all embody the characteristics of "being both Zhang Quan and Zhang Quan". Based on this, Xiamen dialect and Taiwan dialect are also regarded as typical Minnan dialects by people at home and abroad. The Minnan language of Fujian-Taiwan films is relatively unified internally. The Minnan language in Southeast Asia also refers to the Minnan language in Fujian-Taiwan movies.

Zhen 'an tablets

During the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, a large number of Minnan people (mainly Longxi, Haicheng, Zhangpu, Anxi, Hui 'an, Tongan and other places) migrated to Cangnan County, Pingyang County, Yuhuan, Dongtou, Fuding and Xiapu in the northeast of Fujian. Southern Zhejiang and eastern Fujian are geographically connected, with similar accents. This area is collectively called "South Zhejiang". After being introduced into southern Zhejiang and eastern Fujian, Minnan dialect is different from Minnan dialect because of its own evolution and the influence of surrounding dialects (Ou dialect in southern Zhejiang and Fuzhou dialect in eastern Fujian). Cangnan people used to call this dialect "Southern Zhejiang Minnan Dialect". Compared with Fujian-Taiwan Minnan dialect, the main features of modern Minnan dialect in southern Zhejiang are the degradation and disappearance of entering rhyme and nasal rhyme, as well as the differences of words. But on the whole, Minnan dialect in southern Zhejiang basically retains other characteristics of the local Minnan dialect. Relatively speaking, Minnan dialect in southern Zhejiang is closer to Minnan dialect in Fujian and Taiwan than Chaoshan dialect.

Chaoshan tablets

There are many similarities between Chaoshan dialect in Fujian and Taiwan and Minnan dialect, but the differences between them are still obvious. Its grammar is the same as that of Fujian-Taiwan films, with a high degree of vocabulary correspondence, but there are obvious differences in pronunciation and intonation. Even so, although they all speak their own languages, they can still communicate without barriers, and basically Chaozhou and Fujian can quickly integrate into each other's language families. The areas where Chaoshan dialect blends with Fujian and Taiwan have both pronunciation characteristics, such as Zhao 'an, Fujian and Singapore. Chaoshan dialect is not only distributed in Chaoshan area of Guangdong province, but also widely distributed in many influx settlements in Southeast Asia.

The areas where Chaozhou dialect is used now mainly include Shantou City, Chaozhou City, Jieyang City and its counties, most areas of Shanwei City, and places where overseas hipsters live together. Chaozhou dialect is used in Chinatown in Bangkok, Thailand, Chinatown in Paris, France, most Chinese in Cambodia and some Chinese in Vietnam. There are about 30 million people who speak Chaozhou dialect as their mother tongue in the world. It is the sub-dialect of Minnan dialect in China, the dialect of Chaoshan people, and the oldest and most special dialect in China. Simple and elegant, with rich vocabulary and special grammar, it retains the ancient meanings of many ancient sounds and words, and its language is vivid and humorous. Therefore, it has attracted the attention of linguists at home and abroad. There are many people who study Chaozhou dialect, and there are also many monographs, dictionaries and dictionaries about Chaozhou dialect. The famous opera "Li Jing Ji" and "Love Story of Chen Sanwu Niang's Cross-Class" came from Chaozhou and was widely circulated in southern Fujian and Taiwan Province Province. Chaozhou Fucheng dialect shall prevail. Folk Chaozhou Opera is sung in standard Fucheng Chaozhou dialect. There are eight tones. When the two syllables are put together, no matter what the condition of the last word is, the first word is almost in the same tone, and the last word basically maintains its original tone, just like Minnan dialect, except for some features such as repeated endings.

Hainan tablets

Hainan dialect is said to be a kind of Min dialect formed by people from southern Fujian (Putian) who moved there and mixed with the local language.

Hainan dialect, represented by Wenchang dialect, is the most different from Minnan dialect in other areas, and it is basically impossible to communicate.

The Formation of Minnan Dialect

The formation of Minnan dialect is mainly due to three waves of immigration, and the reason for immigration is to levy foreigners and avoid chaos:

The first pendulum: the migration of Jin people to Fujian in the fourth century → the formation of Quanzhou dialect

During the Five Chaos Period (304-439), aliens invaded the Central Plains, and in the second year of Yongjia in the Western Jin Dynasty (308), the eight tribes of the Central Plains (Huang Lin, Chen Zheng, Zhan Qiu and He Hu) began to take refuge in Quanzhou, Fujian Province, and in1* * went to ancient Chinese (such as body, bride, injustice and Ding).

The second pendulum: the formation of Zhangzhou dialect when Zheng Chen and Chen Yuanguang's father settled in Zhangzhou in the 7th century.

In the second year of Tang Gaozong (669), there was a "savage commotion" between Quanzhou, Fujian and Chaozhou, Guangdong. The imperial court sent Zheng Chen and Chen Yuanguang from Gushi, Gwangju, Henan Province (that is, Gushi County, Xinyang City, Henan Province, near Anhui Province) south to quell the chaos. After the chaos, they stationed troops in Zhangzhou, followed by military forces. In other words, they brought medieval Chinese in the seventh century.

The third pendulum: In the 9th century, Wang Chao, Wang Shenluan and Wang (also from Gushi, Gwangju, Henan Province) ruled Zhangzhou → the formation of Zhangzhou dialect.

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the "Huang Chao Rebellion" occurred in China (878), and the court sent Wang Chao, Wang Shenluan and Wang San, brothers from Gushi County, Henan Province, south to put down the rebellion. After the rebellion, Wang Chao was appointed as the special envoy of our army in Fujian. That is, Pi Renge brought Chinese people from the Central Plains in the ninth century.

Most of these two groups of immigrants came from Gushi, Gwangju, Henan. In used Gushi dialect to teach Fujian people to read the four books and five classics, and later became Zhangzhou dialect, which is the main source of "pronunciation". Yi preserved the sound of reading in the Tang Dynasty.

Loanwords in Minnan (Taiwanese)

Compared with Mandarin, Taiwanese is characterized by loanwords in vocabulary. In chronological order, Taiwan Province loanwords mainly come from:

Medieval Vietnamese remnant words were borrowed by Heluo people when they just moved from Heluo area to southern Fujian, and they had contacts with local Vietnamese aborigines. These words are often not unique to Heluo, but are found in southern dialects, especially in southeast dialects and some minority languages. Such as [lut] (rapid decline), [lagia] (a kind of spider), [katsua] (cockroach) and so on.

Far-modern Heluo people in Southeast Asia live at the ocean exit of China, and their communication with the outside world is far ahead of other regions. Due to the strong colonial tradition of Heluo people, Heluo people have very close contacts with overseas countries, especially with Southeast Asia. Correspondingly, there are quite a few Southeast Asian loanwords in Heluo language. Such as temperature (soap), lead plate (zinc plate), coolie (worker), wrench (wrench) and so on.

Culturally, the Japanese and Heluo people have a lot in common, and the exchanges between the two places are very close. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Heluo people colonized Japan vigorously, and in modern times, Taiwan Province Province was colonized by Japan, and Fujian has long been Japan's sphere of influence. Therefore, both languages borrowed words from each other. Most Japanese loanwords in Taiwanese were abandoned in the "Japanization" movement after World War II, and there are not many left now, but some of them are still full of vitality, such as bento, medieval cars, Achaari, machuchi, wild balls, airplanes, turtles and so on. Many people think that these words are only used on the island of Taiwan Province Province, but in fact, with the integration of Heluo culture, these words have long been active among Heluo people everywhere.

Modern English loanwords English is the lingua franca of the world. There are many English loanwords in Taiwanese, such as outside, boycott, taxi and park car.

In addition to loanwords, there is also a quite special multilingual fusion word in Taiwanese vocabulary. More is mixed with Mandarin, Japanese and Hakka. Such as bad tooth hair, LKK, Ada, Atto, no food, etc.

It is worth mentioning that vocabulary borrowing is often mutual. There are a large number of Taiwanese loanwords in Japanese and Southeast Asian languages. In Mandarin, wow, Struggle, Toutian, LKK, Bad Head and Shell, Animal Husbandry, Atto, Occasionally, Susu, etc. also come from Taiwan Province, and even in English, there are teas from Xiamen. Many loanwords are borrowed many times, such as Wen Xue, where Taiwanese is borrowed from Indonesian and Indonesian is borrowed from French. Many loanwords, such as relatives (pouring wine) and holding hands, are said to have been borrowed from aboriginal languages because of their long use.

Tone of Minnan dialect

Traditionally, Taiwanese has eight tones (actually seven tones), namely:

Example word tone value tone type tone category

Lion 55 Yin Ping, Gao Pingtiao

Tiger 52 goes up and down.

Leopard 3 1 go low and cloudy.

Trionyx sinensis 3' promotes yin to enter low.

Monkey 35 picks up and adjusts the level.

Dog 52 in treble and bass

Like 33, low level and high yang.

The height of deer 4' promotes the entry of Yang.

Professor Lin, a senior Taiwanese expert, believes that the tones of Taiwanese have been merged and simplified into six tones, namely:

Comparison of Tone Types and Tones of Example Words

Lion 55 level tone speaks Mandarin: Wang.

Monkey 35 picks up, tunes up and speaks Mandarin in two tones: foreign.

Leopard 3 1 has three tones: sea (tone sandhi).

Tiger 52 has four tones in the same national language: waves.

The soft tone of Trionyx sinensis "3" promotes the yin tone to enter the same national language: ge (this word is different from ge).

Xiang 33' s low-level and yang-lowering tones do not have this tone.