How was the Qin Dynasty established?

From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, in the first ten years, the king of Qin conquered and destroyed Korea, Wei, Chu, Yan, Zhao and Qi successively, ending the separatist situation in the Warring States period. Since then, for the first time in the history of China, a unified and autocratic feudal dynasty, the Qin Dynasty, has been established.

During the Yin, Zhou, Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period, the supreme ruler was generally called "Wang". After the king of Qin ruled the six countries, he thought that "the name is not changed, and it can't be said that it will be passed on to later generations" and ordered the emperor to discuss it. Wang Wan, the Prime Minister, Feng Jie, the Imperial Physician, and Li Si, Ting Wei, thought that the King of Qin was a virtuous Huang San who made contributions to the Five Emperors. Respect him as "Tai Huang", life as "imperial edict", and the son of heaven calls himself "I". The king of Qin went to Thailand to get the "emperor" and called him "emperor" with the ancient throne number. Other issues were discussed. He also abolished the obituary law and called himself "the first emperor". "There are many descendants, and the second and third generations will last forever." Although the Emperor of the Qin Dynasty died in the second year, the title of "Emperor" was still used by feudal dynasties.

In order to strengthen centralization, the Qin Dynasty established a set of strict ruling institutions and feudal bureaucracy from the central to the local. Below the emperor, the central government set up the prime minister (in charge of state affairs), the imperial envoys (assisting the prime minister, in charge of supervision and law enforcement) and Qiu (in charge of state military affairs), which are collectively called the three fairs. There are (in charge of ancestral temple etiquette), Lang (in charge of the emperor's attendants and guards), Ting Wei (in charge of justice), Su Neishi (in charge of finance and economy), Dianke (in charge of foreign affairs and ethnic affairs), Zong Zheng (in charge of royal affairs), Wei Wei (in charge of court guards), Taifu (in charge of the emperor's chariots and horses administration) and Shaofu (in charge of mountains, seas, lakes and rivers). In addition, there are doctors who will be in charge of the palace, doctors who will be in charge of ancient and modern times for consultants, and generals who will be in charge of conquest. The above-mentioned bureaucrats are appointed and removed by the emperor and are not hereditary.

Wang Wan, the Prime Minister, said, "The princes are newly broken, and Yan Qi is far away. If you don't want to be king, please fill in. " He demanded the restoration of the enfeoffment system. Qin Shihuang discussed this matter with his ministers, and they all agreed. Only Ting Wei and Li Si disagreed. Cao Cao said, "The same surname as the son of Wu, but different. They attacked each other like enemies, and the princes even punished each other. Zhou can ban them. Today, your majesty's gods are unified at sea, and they are all counties. Heroes from all factions are rewarded with public taxes, which is very easy to control. There is no difference in the world, so the art of harmony is also. It is not convenient to establish princes. " The first emperor adopted Li Si's suggestion and divided the whole country into literature and history, Beidi, Longxi, Shang Jun, Jiuyuan, Sanchuan, Dangjun, Yingchuan, Nanyang, Handan, Shanggu, Julu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Hedong, Shangdang, Taiyuan, Dai Jun, Yanmen, Yun Yun, Liaodong, Liaoxi and Dong Jun. Since then, with the development of the frontier and the adjustment of county administration, 40 counties have been established in central Fujian, Nanhai, Guilin, Xiang Jun and * * *. Sheriff (in charge of a county's government affairs): Commandant (in charge of assisting the sheriff and military affairs) and supervisor (in charge of supervision and directly under the imperial doctor). There is a county under the county, which is in charge of the government affairs of a county. There are township and pavilion administrative organizations below the county level. "There are miles big pavilion, pavilion. In ten pavilions and one township, there are three old people and rank in the township ("Continued Han Guan Baizhi" Volume 5: "Rank, the county government, rank a hundred stones, palm a fellow villager. Quote "Han Shu Guan" cloud: "Five thousand rural households have ranks." ), miser, swim. Three old people are enlightened, husbands are responsible for hearing lawsuits and collecting taxes, and thieves are forbidden to steal. "

In order to consolidate the newly established Qin Dynasty, Qin Shihuang also adopted a series of measures to unify the system. Before the Qin Dynasty unified China, money was extremely complicated, with different shapes, sizes, weights and units of calculation. In order to develop the feudal economy, Qin Shihuang ordered unification on the basis of the original Qin system. Currency: The coins in the Warring States period have different forms, including cloth money from Sanjin, knife money from Yan Qi, copper shell money from Chu and round money from Qin and Zhou Dynasties. At that time, gold was a common medium of exchange for all countries. Qin Shihuang changed gold as the currency, taking Yi as the unit, weighing twenty-two Liang (once said twenty-four Liang); Take a copper coin with a square hole as the next coin, which is as heavy as its text. Abolish the currency of the six countries prevailing outside Qin Dynasty. Weights and measures: based on Qin's "balance stone ruler", the whole country is unified. Degrees are in inches, feet and feet, and decimal system is adopted; The quantity is based on month (tone), combination (reading ge), liter, bucket and barrel (welcome), and the decimal system is basically adopted (except for two combinations); Weighing is based on baht, beam, gold, jun and stone. Twenty-four baht is one liang, sixteen liang is one jin, thirty jin is one jun, and four jun is one stone.

At the same time, Qin Shihuang accepted the suggestion of Prime Minister Li Si, ordered to sort out the characters originally used in various countries, "so that they would not be used together with Qin Wen", and stipulated that the original seal script of Qin State was the standard text of official documents and decrees. In order to promote a unified calligraphy style, Qin Shihuang ordered Li Si, Zhao Gao and Hu to compile standard text templates with Xiao Zhuan and Bo Xue respectively. In the future, because of the numerous official documents of the government, Cheng Miao preserved and revised them according to the popular fonts at that time, and sorted out a simpler new book style-official script, which was popularized throughout the country as daily writing. Even so, for ordinary writers, Da Zhuan and Xiao Zhuan are still common characters.

Qin Shihuang also unified the legal system according to Qin Law and formulated a relatively complete feudal code-Qin Law. According to 1975 and 65438+ February, there are about 30 kinds of bamboo slips unearthed in Shuihu District, Yunmeng County, Hubei Province, including the field method, the garden-stabilizing method and the Ministry of Finance method. ), management method, official collection method, including politics. In addition, after the reunification of the Qin Dynasty, it also ordered the unification of the national railroads, stipulating that the gauge should be six feet wide; The unified field is set at 240 square steps per mu.

During the Warring States period, due to the long-term war, various vassal states built many fortress gates in various places. After Qin Shihuang unified China, he immediately ordered the removal of all obstacles that hindered traffic. In the twenty-seventh year of Qin Shihuang (the first 220 years), Chidao centered on the capital Xianyang was built. "East poor and the Antarctic Qi, Yan, Wu and Chu are all above the rivers and lakes, and the seaside scenery is complete. The road is fifty paces wide and the trees are three feet high. The outside is thick, and the golden vertebra is hidden (built to make it high), and the tree is loose. " In order to strengthen the connection between Guanzhong and Hetao area, Qin Shihuang ordered Meng Tian to build a straight road from Yunyang (now northwest of Chunhua, Shaanxi) to Jiuyuan (now northwest of Baotou, Inner Mongolia) in thirty-five years (2 12), and it was initially completed in thirty-seven years (2 10). The above "Chi Dao" and "Straight Dao", together with the "Wuchi Road" (plank road, five feet wide) built in the southwest frontier after the reunification of China, and the new road built between Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangdong and Guangxi today, constitute the national highway network with Xianyang as the center.

In order to prevent the resurgence of feudal nobles' separatist forces, Qin Shihuang carried out many large-scale immigrants after unifying the country. In the twenty-sixth year of the first emperor (the first 22 years1), he "migrated to the world with 120,000 households" in Xianyang. At the same time, "the soldiers in the world (the ancients used copper as a weapon) gathered in Xianyang, thinking that they weighed thousands of stones with twelve (the history books only quoted the old story of Sanfu:" Each weighed 240,000 Jin. " )

Qin Shihuang not only established a set of autocratic and centralized ruling institutions and systems, but also adopted the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements in the Warring States Period to find a basis for the rule of the Qin Dynasty. According to the theory of five virtues, in the end, every dynasty ruled in the order of five virtues, such as earth, wood, gold, fire and water, and so on. Qin Shihuang thought he had water virtue, and the water color was black, so the dresses and flags of Qin State were all black. The corresponding number of Shuide is six, so the number is six (negative), for example, six feet is a step and six horses are the driving force. The railing is six feet wide, the operator is six feet long and the crown is six inches high. The calendar begins in October and so on.

In the twelfth year of Qin Shihuang, in order to publicize the emperor's prestige, expand his political influence and consolidate the newly established Qin Dynasty, Qin Shihuang made five large-scale tours around the world, mainly to the old places of six countries, including Central China, East China and North China. Sacrifice famous mountains and rivers along the way, and carve stones to praise Qin's morality. These and his above actions have a certain positive effect on consolidating the unity of Qin state.