Details of indo-European mixed blood

The racial and ethnic composition of residents in modern Latin America is extremely complex, which is mainly manifested in two aspects: first, the ethnic composition of residents is complex, except for the three major races formed in history for a long time, there are a large number of mixed-race children, and the situation and degree of mixed-race children are different; Second, the ethnic composition of the residents is complex. In addition to retaining the original indigenous peoples on the American continent, there are a large number of whites and blacks from all over the world.

Basic introduction Chinese name: Indo-European mixed-race characteristics: complex meaning of ethnic composition: nature of children of people of different races: concept of mixed-race, proportion, concept of race and ethnic representation; Although they are inextricably linked, they all contain their own unique meanings. Race should belong to the category of biology, while nationality is to distinguish and recognize human beings from the perspective of sociology. People have lived in a certain area for a long time, and in order to adapt to the local natural environment, they have gradually formed a physical form with certain genetic characteristics (skin color, body shape, nose shape, lip shape, face shape, hair, tooth shape, blood type, etc.). Modern anthropologists divide the world population into three major races: Mongolians, Europeans, black-Australians, and sometimes blacks and Australians. The offspring of people of different races who marry or live together are hybrids. Nation is the product of social and historical development, and it is a stable * * * body with * * the same language, * * the same region, * * the same economic life and * * the same cultural and psychological quality. Generally speaking, as long as the above-mentioned elements of a nation are possessed, no matter whether the members of the same organism belong to the same race or not, it is possible to gradually form a new nation in order to meet the needs of social and historical development. We call it the new country produced by this reorganization. The modern inhabitants of Latin America are mainly composed of three parts: emerging nations, Indian nations and immigrants. There are about 600 Indian tribes in 22 countries and regions in America, with a total population of about 40 million, accounting for 12% of the total population of Latin America of 447 million (1990). They are mainly distributed in Mexico, Peru, Guatemala, Bolivia, Ecuador and other countries, among which Mexico and Peru have the largest number of Indians, accounting for about. Indians belong to different types of Mongolians, and their national characteristics are similar to those of Mongolians, such as black hair, high cheekbones, small eyes, flat forehead and short and thick figure. All ethnic groups in India have their own indigenous languages, among which Aztec, Mayan, Quechua and Guarani are the most widely used. The Quechua people (about130,000) are the main Indian peoples with a population of more than one million, and they are distributed in Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and other countries. Aymara (about 6.5438+0.7 million), distributed in Bolivia and Peru; Aztecs (about 1.3 million), distributed in Mexico; The Quiche people (about 6.5438+0 million) are mainly distributed in Guatemala. The second component of modern residents in Latin America is immigration, which mainly refers to immigrants who have recently moved to Latin America since the outbreak of the War of Independence in the early 9th century, excluding all kinds of immigrants who have been integrated into various emerging ethnic groups. It is estimated that from 180 1 to 1950, the total number of European immigrants to Latin America reached120,000, mainly from Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Britain and France, and also from South American countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Chile. Since the second half of the19th century, thousands of Americans, Indians, Japanese, Koreans, etc. Kidnapped by western countries in the form of contract workers to China. According to statistics, from 1840 Opium War to the end of 1960s, there were 165000 overseas Chinese in Latin America, mainly distributed in Mexico, Panama, Cuba, Peru and other countries. The Japanese are mainly concentrated in Brazil, India and Indonesia, mainly in Suriname and Gaia. The third group of modern residents in Latin America is also the most important ethnic group in Latin America, that is, the emerging ethnic group in Latin America. They are basically the main ethnic groups in this country. Among them, there are 14 emerging ethnic groups with Indo-European mixed-race as the main ethnic component, all of which are distributed in Latin American countries. There are 10 emerging ethnic groups mainly distributed in the West Indies, and 5 emerging ethnic groups mainly distributed in Cuba, Costa Rica, Argentina and Uruguay. There are also four new ethnic groups with complex ethnic composition, namely Belize, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago and Suriname. The languages of emerging peoples in America belong to two major Indo-European languages-Germanic and Roman, among which 65,438+08 people speak Spanish and 65,438+04 people speak English. Only Brazilians speak Portuguese, Haitians speak French and Surinamese speak Dutch. Proportion From the perspective of 33 independent countries in Latin America, the population proportion of emerging ethnic groups in their resident composition and their roles and influences in the social life of various countries are not exactly the same. Generally speaking, it can be divided into the following different situations: countries with emerging ethnic groups as the main ethnic groups account for the majority of independent countries in Latin America. The emerging nationalities in these countries not only have absolute advantages in population, but also play a leading role in national politics, economy, social culture and so on. Emerging ethnic groups and Indians are the main ethnic groups in the country. There are four such countries: Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador and Guatemala. The original inhabitants of Guatemala belong to Maya-Quiche Indians. When the Spanish arrived, the Kiche, Katzir, Ma Mei and others all established relatively strong independent kingdoms. Although these small Indian kingdoms were completely destroyed by the Spanish, these Indian peoples survived tenaciously. Some of them have mixed with Spanish whites, become Indo-European hybrids, or become assimilated Indians, known locally as Latinos. Indo-European hybrids, Latinos and some native whites have gradually formed a new nation-the Guatemalan nation; However, many Indians still maintain their own language, culture, ethnic areas and living customs. In this way, Guatemala has become a country composed of two major ethnic groups, namely, the emerging Guatemalan ethnic group and the Indian ethnic group, such as the Quiche ethnic group, the Kachin ethnic group and the Ma Mei ethnic group, each accounting for half of the national population. Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador and other Andean plateau areas are the hometown of Quechua, Aymara and other Indians. The Quechua people and the Aymara people are still the two major Indian peoples in South America, especially the Quechua people, with 6.5438+0.32 million people, and the Aymara people with 6.5438+0.8 million people. Most of them live in the Andean Plateau and become a major ethnic group in the Andean countries. 53% Quechua people live in Peru and 67% Aymara people live in Bolivia. Therefore, in Peru, the neo-Peruvians only account for 50% of the total population, Quechua Indians account for 42.7%, Aymara and other Indians account for 5.9%, and there are 0.3% overseas Chinese. In Bolivia, emerging ethnic groups only account for 42.3% of the national population, Quechua people account for 23%, Aymara people account for 2 1.4%, and Indians account for more than half of the national population. The population of emerging ethnic groups in Ecuador is less than 50% of the national population, while the population of Quechua ethnic groups is 4 1.7 million, accounting for 49.9% of the total population. The multi-ethnic countries with complex ethnic composition mainly include Guyana, Suriname, Belize and Trinidad and Tobago. Residents like Gaiana, including Indians, African blacks, Indians, China, Portuguese and other Europeans, are called "six-nation countries". In Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago, apart from some emerging ethnic groups composed of blacks and mulattoes, there are also a considerable proportion of Indians, Indonesians and mixed-race Indians. Suriname has 10% forest blacks and 3.4% Caribbean Indians. Belize is the country with the smallest population but the most complex ethnic composition in Central America.