Changes of household registration policies in EU and USA

Welcome to read and study the papers on the transformation of household registration policies in the EU and the United States. I hope you hug them soon.

On June 18, the nerves of the whole world were highly focused on the Scottish referendum, a political event full of variables. Voters eligible to vote in the Scottish independence referendum include British citizens living in Scotland, European Union citizens and eligible Commonwealth citizens aged 65,438+06 and above, while Scots living outside Scotland are not eligible to vote. Let's not analyze the game of this event for the time being. How are we British citizens? 、? EU citizens? 、? Commonwealth citizen? The harmonious existence of these three kinds of household registration is considerable for the integration of EU household registration policies. On the other side of the ocean, three months ago, when the immigration reform in the U.S. Congress was at a standstill, state legislators in new york were considering passing the new york Hometown Act they proposed on June 16, which would provide civil rights for some non-citizen residents and undocumented immigrants in China.

Britain has cancelled it? Household registration system, settlement system? As a British household registration policy, it appeared in 1662, experienced nearly 300 years before and after, and was abolished in 1948. This household registration system appears in the background of urbanization, because a large number of poor people in cities have affected social stability and economic development. 14 and 15 during the disintegration of serfdom, enclosure movement? Let farmers have no land to grow, and the poor without economic resources can only go to the city to find jobs.

But at that time, the urban economy was not as developed as it is now, and it was impossible to accept so many farmers into the city. As a result, the number of homeless people in cities has greatly increased.

The increase of urban vagrants has caused many social problems. /kloc-in the nearly 200 years after the 0/5th century, there have been many social riots. Moreover, farmers' leaving the land led to a large reduction in grain production, insufficient cultivated land and a sharp increase in food prices. This vicious circle leads to more poor people. In order to solve this problem, the British government promulgated the famous? Settlement law? . This law links the right to live in different places, especially in big cities, with wealth. ? Migrant population whose annual rent is below 10? You can be sent back to your country of origin, where having a job is not a reason for obtaining the right to settle down. ? Settlement law? After the introduction, poor people can no longer settle in cities just because they find jobs.

After the industrial revolution and the two world wars? Settlement law? It hinders the free flow of workers in the labor market and prevents capitalists from recruiting suitable labor for production; At the same time, the bill increases the burden on the poor, consumes the resources of the state to maintain law enforcement and alleviate poverty, but makes poverty more stubborn. Was the Labour Party enacted in 1948? State aid law? The promulgation of this law has changed people's understanding of poverty alleviation from perceptual to rational; The degree of organization of government agencies is getting higher and higher, and the management is becoming more and more scientific. Now highly urbanized Britain has no actual household registration management, let alone an identity card system. British people who often go abroad will have a British passport, and on weekdays, British people will use their bank cards or car driver's licenses instead of identification.

According to the statistics of 20 13, the population of Germany is 85 million, and the only cities with a population over 1 10,000 are Berlin, Hamburg, Munich and Cologne. More than half of Germany's population is distributed in small and medium-sized cities with no more than 654.38+10,000 people, of which 26 million people live in small towns with a population of less than 20,000. After decades of development, Germany's urbanization has reached a high level, and the gap between urban and rural residents' living standards has gradually narrowed, so Germany is a typical small urbanized country. German household registration depends on the legal basis, and different states have their own registration laws.

The Federal Government's Resident Identity Card Law stipulates that the household registration bureaus of cities and counties are responsible for household registration, such as household registration, house purchase permit, community security, marriage registration and death registration.

Scientific and reasonable is the characteristic of German household registration system. First of all, Germany has a perfect household registration system. The resident identity card law was developed on the basis of the household registration management law in the 1950s. After many revisions, the household registration laws and regulations have been improved. In addition, States can specify their own household registration policies without violating federal household registration regulations. Sanlian's household registration form shall be filed and kept by the residents and the government of the new and old places of residence. Its content is similar and easy to manage. Secondly, Germany's household registration management function is clear and simple. Household registration management belongs to the Ministry of the Interior, not to the police. The Ministry of the Interior is divided into federal, state and local agencies.

The internal affairs departments of the federal and state governments are responsible for assisting in legislation, household registration, household registration and issuing identity cards; The functions of local household registration agencies include issuing passports, issuing tax cards and answering inquiries from institutions or individuals in the community. Germany implements the policy of free migration of household registration, and declares household registration according to the place of residence. There is no distinction between urban and rural areas, and there is no distinction between non-agricultural registered permanent residence and agricultural registered permanent residence. Residents shall go through the formalities of moving in and out with real estate license or house lease certificate. Finally, the higher legal awareness of German citizens, the higher level of economic development in Germany, the balanced development among regions, the sound social welfare system and the good public opinion atmosphere all promote citizens to declare their household registration voluntarily.

New York State introduced a new household registration policy to attract talents. The United States is the only developed country in the world whose population is still growing at a high speed, which makes the national strength of the United States show a momentum of sustained development. The migration of American nationals is the characteristic of its population change, and it is also a reference for the formulation of household registration policy. Since 2000, the population growth in the southern part of the United States has accelerated because of the different tax rates in different States and the uneven consumption level. More and more Americans have moved from the east and west coasts to inland areas with lower housing prices and living expenses. According to the data of the US Census Bureau, many people in the northeast and midwest of the United States moved to the south, while many people in other areas moved to the northeast, midwest and south. Due to the immigration of domestic population and immigrants, the population of South China has increased by nearly 9% in five years. The population growth in the United States is not concentrated in coastal cities, but in the southern, southwestern and midwestern States. The area of population growth has shifted from big cities to small cities and marginal cities.

At present, the US federal government's household registration policy is mainly reflected in the following three aspects: First, accelerate the process of urbanization. In the early and mature process of urbanization in the United States, more than 85% of the population has lived in cities. In this development process, it has experienced centripetal urbanization stage and decentralization stage. Second, promote the suburbanization of population. In the 1960s and 1970s, the United States entered the post-industrial society. Due to the improvement of material living standards, the improvement of traffic conditions and the increase of retirees, as well as the deterioration of urban living environment caused by factors such as rising land prices, pollution and crime, a large number of people moved from urban areas to suburban areas, showing the characteristics of anti-urbanization. In the 1990s, the momentum of suburbanization became stronger, which had a far-reaching impact on the overall population distribution pattern in the United States. Third, coordinate the migration of large, medium and small cities and realize the uniform distribution of urban population. In the 1970s, when anti-urbanization reached its peak, small and medium-sized cities in the United States developed very prosperously, while most big cities were in a state of stagnation and atrophy. The center of gravity of urban population scale structure is inclined to small and medium-sized cities.