Introducing the Hakka Cultural City expository composition

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The Hakka ethnic group is an important part of the local residents in Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Taiwan and other provinces in China. As one of the Han immigrant groups who migrated south in ancient Chinese history, it has the widest distribution range in the world. , one of the Han ethnic groups with the most far-reaching influence.

The term "Hakka" originated from the Siyi area of ??Guangdong. It was a name given by the Siyi ethnic group at that time (Qing Dynasty) to the ethnic groups who migrated from the eastern Guangdong area (also known as the Huichao people).

In the old days, the elders in the southern Hakka area called themselves Fuguang people, Lingdong people, Xunzhou people, Jiaying people, Tingzhou people, Shaozhou people, Qianzhou people, or directly The name of the local county.

The word "Hakka" later became widely known due to Luo Xianglin's Hakka theory, and gradually became the name of an ethnic group. Many people began to accept it happily and call themselves Hakka, [10-11] However, there are still many A few areas do not know this title.

The earliest person to study and record Hakka issues was Xu Xuzeng, a peaceful man in Huizhou Prefecture in the Qing Dynasty. His "Fenghu Notes" was written in the 20th year of Yihai in Jiaqing of the Qing Dynasty (1815). The first person to systematically discuss Hakka issues. It is particularly noteworthy that Xu Xu defined and discussed Hakka in "Fenghu Miscellaneous Notes".

Xu Xu once advocated that the Hakkas migrated southward from the Song and Yuan Dynasties; he elaborated on the origin relationship between the Hakkas and the Han people in the Central Plains, and made a foundational description of the Hakkas' loyalty, diligence and frugality, heirlooms of poetry and calligraphy, farming, reading and martial arts, etc. , it is not complicated to say, but it is very programmatic.

The Hakka group is an important group that has lived in the south for more than 2,000 years since the Qin Dynasty. It is the main ethnic group in Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi and other provinces.

Taking Guangdong as an example, the Hakka ethnic group was formed later than other Han ethnic groups in Guangdong (late here refers to the later formation of the term Hakka ethnic group). In fact, the Hakka ethnic group Minxue is a local ethnic group that exists in Guangdong and has a history of thousands of years.

At the same time, the Hakka people came to Guangdong no later than other Han ethnic groups. The earliest residents in Meizhou, Heyuan, Huizhou and other places in Guangdong were Hakka ancestors who assimilated some of the original local indigenous people.

The integration of the indigenous peoples of Lingnan by several major ethnic groups in Lingnan has long existed, and the larger-scale integration began with the Qin Dynasty’s expedition to Lingnan. After three immigrations in the Jin Dynasty, the Tang and Song Dynasties, and the late Ming Dynasty*** (from the Central Plains region, including Chu, Wuyue, Fujian and other Lingbei regions), eventually forming relatively stable Han ethnic groups.

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The traditional view is that the origin of the Hakka people is in Heluo.

There are three reasons for "rooting in Heluo": ① Family tree records. Many Hakka genealogies record that their ancestors lived in Heluo.

②The legend of Mount Taishi.

③Hakka classical Chinese; it is a kind of Mandarin, very similar to Henan dialect in Zhongzhou.

Rooted in Heluo means that the bottom layer of Hakka dialect originates from Heluo, not necessarily that most Hakka people come from Heluo; in fact, Hakka people have many surnames, and each surname has its own specific origin. location.

The migration of the Hakka people includes the southward migration of the Hakka ancestors and the domestic and international migration of the Hakka people in China.

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Historical records show that the first time the Hakka people moved southward was during the era of Qin Shihuang.

After Qin Shihuang unified China in 221 BC, he sent 600,000 troops to "conquer Baiyue in the south" for political and military needs.

The Qin army moving south entered Jieling (i.e. Jieyang Mountain, 150 miles north of today's Jieyang County) from the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and reached the border of Xingning and Haifeng counties.

In 214 BC, Qin Shihuang sent another 500,000 soldiers to "garrison the Five Ridges in the south" (today's Guangdong and Guangxi regions).

These soldiers have been "guarding the five ridges and crossing the mountains" for a long time.

After the death of Qin, the two groups of Qin soldiers who went south stayed in the area and became the first batch of Hakkas.

The second large-scale southward migration occurred during the "Yongjia Rebellion" at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty and the "Five Husbands Rebellion" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

The third large-scale southward migration occurred during the Huangchao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty.

First, the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty brought huge disasters to the people and forced a large number of Central Plains residents to move south.

The fourth large-scale southward migration was the Song Dynasty's southern migration and the late Song Dynasty.

The fifth southward migration was in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

The sixth southward migration was during the Taiping Rebellion in the mid-19th century.

The migration of some Hakkas caused by the Guangxi West Road Incident and the Taiping Rebellion.

After the Guangxi West Road Incident, most of the local Hakkas moved southward to the Gao, Lei, Qin and Lian prefectures with government funding, especially Xinyi in Gaozhou and Xuwen in Leizhou. Hainan Island Ya County and Ding'an and other places.

In order to avoid the war at that time, some Hakkas migrated to South Asia. Some were lured into indentured labor and taken to Malaysia, the United States, Panama, Brazil and other places.

[14] After the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom with Hakkas as the main body, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty wanted to massacre all the men, women, and children surnamed Hong and other men, women, and children who participated in the uprising. Therefore, many Hakkas People may change their names or flee to other places.

A large number of Hakkas fled to Hong Kong, Macau, Shantou, Xiamen and Haikou. Like indentured Chinese workers, they were forced to do hard labor in Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, North and South America and other places.

During this period, people mainly moved from central and eastern Guangdong to the west and south, Hainan, Southeast Asia and other parts of the world.

In addition to the above six large-scale southward migrations, there were also people in the Central Plains who fled to the south due to droughts and floods. There were also people who were officials, demoted, businessmen, and study tours of the past dynasties and settled in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi. , but not all immigrants who migrated south became Hakka.

The Hakka are a very bloody ethnic group among the Han people.

[24] Starting from the late Southern Song Dynasty, Hakkas appeared on the stage of history (such as Cai Mengji). From the late Song Dynasty when the kings fought against the Yuan Dynasty, the late Ming Dynasty against the Qing Dynasty, and then to the late Qing Dynasty when they fought against Japan and France, they all had a certain influence. Hakka people are loyal and never look back.

Hakkas have risen six times in modern times, and a large number of outstanding people have promoted the process of Chinese history.

These "six rises" refer to: the first, the Taiping Rebellion, which was regarded as the "Hakka revolution"; the second, the "1898 Reform Movement" in which the Hakkas were one of the backbones "Movement"; the third was the "Revolution of 1911" in which Hakkas were the main body; the fourth was the Agrarian Revolution that occurred in Hakka territories; the fifth was China's Anti-Japanese War, which was the eastern battlefield of the world's anti-fascist war. The sixth time was the founding of the People's Republic of China. There were a large number of Hakka leaders and generals among the founding Yuan Rong.

As an ethnic group among the Han nationality, Hakka occupies an important position in the process of modern Chinese history [25] and gradually emerged during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Reform Movement of 1898, the Revolution of 1911, the Agrarian Revolution and the Anti-Japanese War. Even the Reform Movement of 1898, which most people think has little to do with the Hakkas, had Hakkas in charge. Not only did Liu Guangdi, who was walking in Zhangjing among the Six Gentlemen who shed blood at Caishikou, be Hakkas, but the only province that responded to the reform that day , that is, the Hunan New Deal, was entirely dominated by Hakkas. Its leaders were Chen Baozhen and Huang Zunxian, which laid a solid foundation for the emergence of a large number of revolutionaries in Hunan in the future.

Huang Zunxian has a different relationship with Liang Qichao, the coach of the Reform Movement of 1898.

Chen Baozhen was sentenced to death, and Huang Zunxian was almost killed.

Before the Reform Movement of 1898, the pioneer of the Westernization Movement was Ding Richang, a representative of the Hakka Westernization Movement.

During the Anti-Japanese War, six of the top ten commanders-in-chief of the *** war zones were Hakkas (Zhang Fakui, Xue Yue, etc.), and *** the two major armies (Eighth Route Army and New Fourth Army) were all Hakkas. The commander-in-chief of the Eighth Route Army is Zhu De, the chief of staff is ***, the director of the Hong Kong office is Liao Chengzhi, the commander of the New Fourth Army is Ye Ting, and the reconstructed chief of staff of the New Fourth Army is Lai Chuanzhu.

Planting industry

Agriculture is mainly based on growing grain and oil crops, followed by cash crops. Rice production is mainly rice, with upland rice as well.

We also actively introduce sweet potatoes, corn, wheat and other excellent crops.

The tea cultivation industry in southern Jiangxi began in the Tang Dynasty and became more prosperous in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Mining and Metallurgy

Western Fujian is the main producing area of ??mining and metallurgy in the Hakka region. It was exploited in the Song Dynasty and became increasingly prosperous in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

The Makeng Iron Mine is the largest iron mine in East China; the Zijinshan Copper Mine is the second largest copper mine in China; and the Donggongxia Kaolin Mine is one of the four high-quality kaolin mines in China.

Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, is known as the "Tungsten Capital of the World" and the "Kingdom of Rare Earths".

Handicraft industry

Tingzhou in western Fujian has become a famous paper-producing area in China in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. The jade button paper produced in the Sibao area is the most famous calligraphy and painting printing paper in China. Sibao, together with Beijing, Hankou and Huwan, is known as the four major bases for ancient book engraving in China.

Commerce

Ganzhou and Tingzhou became the largest commercial ports in the Hakka area in the Ming Dynasty, and Xingning City in eastern Guangdong in the early Qing Dynasty.

The Hakka people traveled across the ocean from China to make a living and spread all over Hong Kong, Taiwan and Southeast Asia, producing a large number of successful Hakka businessmen.

Zhang Bishi of Changyu Group and Tiger Balm King Hu Wenhu are the representatives of early merchants; "Chemical King" Tian Jiabing, "Tie King" ***, "Southeast Asia Steel King" He Qiaosheng, "Sweater King" Wu Huiquan, the "King", and Yu Guochun, the "King of Domestic Products" are the leading merchants of the contemporary era.

As a ethnic group from the Central Plains, the Hakka people’s costumes are generally not much different from those of the Central Plains.

Hakka clothing is simple and practical, spacious and simple.

The patterns on the clothing are simple, exquisite and profound in meaning. This is also the result of the exchange and integration between the Hakka people who moved south and the original ethnic minorities.

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One of the Hakka accessories that must be mentioned is the Hakka straw hat. In the Hakka area, Hakka girls (Hakka women) wear a unique and unique straw hat. It is made of thin slices of rice and wheat straw.

[66] The Hakka blue shirt is different from Hakka women's clothing and is men's clothing.

Hakka Food

Hakka cuisine is represented by Dongjiang cuisine.

The drinks and food of the Hakka people are much the same or basically the same as the Hakka cuisine in other Han areas. Due to the unique geographical conditions, historical background, etc. of the development of this ethnic group, its food culture is also unique. , the taste is more "fat, salty, and cooked". The traditional Hakka signature dishes include: salt-baked chicken, stuffed tofu, braised pork with pickled vegetables, and pork belly chicken.

[67] Hakka Niangjiu, Hakka Leicha, Hakka Leicha culture, Hakka snacks, Hakka food, Hakka rice wine, Hakka Poon Choi, Hakka glutinous rice balls, etc. are all manifestations of Hakka food.

Hakka folk houses are divided into several major genres: Hakka folk houses in southern Jiangxi, Hakka folk houses in western Fujian, Hakka folk houses in eastern Guangdong, and Hakka folk houses in northern Guangdong.

Hakka enclosed houses and "siheyuan" in Beijing, "cave dwellings" in Shaanxi, and Guangxi

Hakka houses in various places

Hakka houses in various places (29 photos)

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The "balustrade style" in Yunnan and the "one seal" in Yunnan are collectively known as the five most rustic traditional residential building forms in China. They are called one of the five characteristics of Chinese residential architecture by Chinese and foreign architectural circles.

[77-78] According to the investigation of historians, this kind of residential building is very similar to the style of the aristocratic courtyard house in the Central Plains, which has its historical origin.

The ancestors of the Hakkas were originally from the Central Plains. Due to wars, famines and other reasons, they moved southward and settled in the mountainous areas at the junction of Jiangxi, Guangdong and Fujian.

After the Hakka ancestors moved south and settled in Lingnan, they not only spread the advanced farming technology of the Central Plains, but also maintained the original traditional style of building houses.

Hakka enclosed houses can be roughly divided into: square and round earth buildings in western Fujian, oral and Chinese-shaped earthen enclosures in southern Jiangxi, square buildings and watchtowers in northern Guangdong (such as Huxinba in Wengyuan high wall), large gated buildings in northern Guangdong (the Mantang Hakka gated building in Aizi Town, Shixing, and the Baguawei with the surname Zhang in Simaoling, Jiangwei Town, Wengyuan are the most representative), and the gated dragon house in Meizhou, eastern Guangdong (such as Dihua Residence, Renhou Wen Gong Temple, Ronglu Di, He Ziyuan’s former residence Guangyu Lu, Zhang Bishi’s former residence Guanglu Di, etc.), Weilong House with watchtowers (such as Xingning Zangshiwei), Yuanwei, Banyue Tower (Crescent Moon Tower) , octagonal buildings (such as Dao Yun Building in Dabu), polygonal enclosed houses and square and round earth buildings (such as Dabu Calyx Building), castle-style enclosed buildings (such as Crane Lake New House, Longtian Shiju) and walled villages in Huiyang and Shenzhen in central Guangdong , Hong Kong's walled villages (such as Tsang's House in the New Territories) and more than 10 types.

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Ganzhou is the first stop for the Hakka ancestors to migrate south from the Central Plains. It is the birthplace of the Hakka ethnic line and one of the main settlement areas of the Hakka. The Hakka population in the city accounts for More than 95%, known as the "cradle of Hakka" in the world.

There are still more than 600 magical Hakka enclosed houses, known as the "Ancient Rome of the East". The best-preserved and most representative ones are Longnan Guanxi Xinwei, Yanyiwei and An In the far distance of Dongshengwei, you can walk into the ancient castle after entering the enclosed house.

There is a large-scale Hakka Cultural City here, which is a holy place for Hakka descendants to trace their roots and worship their ancestors; there is also the long-dusted ancient Hakka village - Bailu Village.

Yongding Hakka Tulou is known as "a wonder in the history of world architecture" and is included in the World Cultural Heritage List.