In history, Shandong people (and some Hebei people) went north to make the journey to Guandong. When was it? Does it have anything to do with politics at that time? thank you

-Release time: August 22, 24 6: 56:

Going to the Kanto

Kanto refers to Jilin, Liaoning and Heilongjiang provinces. Because the three northeastern provinces are located in the east of Shanhaiguan, it is called.

Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, and Shaanxi are the most refugees who have broken through the customs, and Shandong is the most.

The "trespassing" in Kanto shows that it is an act of transgression and violation of the ban. In fact, in modern times, after the tenth year of Xianfeng (186), going to Kanto to make a living was not only illegal, but also legal. The word "Braving the Kanto" was widely used in modern times because it had existed for a long time and had been established. "Crossing the Kanto" has a long history.

As far back as the Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there were Han refugees who went out to look for work, and they were free to come and go, so there was no need to "break in". At the beginning of the Qing dynasty, there was no problem of "breaking in" for refugees to go through customs. On the contrary, they were encouraged by the Qing government. Kanto was sparsely populated, and with the influence of the founding war, people fled to their death, and "people are afraid of going through the customs like tigers." As many as 9, Manchu people entered the customs with the army when Fu Lin entered the customs and built its capital in Beijing. As a result, the customs outside the customs were "deserted, ruined and ruined, and there were thousands of miles of fertile fields, and there were no people in the land", which was desolate. Guandong is a "land of prosperity". In order to strengthen its roots and consolidate its foundation, the Qing court repeatedly issued imperial edicts, ordering local officials to "attract refugees" and open up wasteland. In the tenth year of Shunzhi (1653), Liaoyang Prefecture was set up (under the jurisdiction of Liaoyang and Haicheng counties), and the Regulations on Recruiting People for Reclamation in Liaodong was promulgated, announcing the opening of Liaodong and rewarding officials and people for soliciting and responding. The "Regulations" stipulate that "those who recruit people to cultivate up to 1 people will be given the title of magistrate of a county and the title of military garrison; More than 6, the text awarded the state with the state, and the military awarded a thousand generals; More than 5, the text is awarded to the county, and the military is awarded to the total; Those who recruit a large number of people will be given an additional level for every 1 people. Every recruit gives a bucket of monthly grain, one for each field, six liters of seeds and twenty cows for every hundred people. " Under the "encouragement" of this preferential policy, there are many people who are "poor and arrogant in Yanlu", but the scale is limited and it is still a trickle. Despite this, the Qing court was quite uneasy. Fifteen years after the promulgation of the Regulations on Recruiting People for Reclamation in Liaodong, that is, in the seventh year of Kangxi (1668), the gate of Shanhaiguan was closed and the Regulations were invalidated. The Qing court banned the three northeastern provinces, of course, for many reasons. For example, Kanto was the origin of ginseng, and the livelihood of the people was based on it. There were thousands of refugees who went into the mountains to steal mining, and they were repeatedly banned, so they had to close it. In addition, there is a paddock in the northeast for the royal family to hunt, but the ground of the paddock is vast, so it is impossible to ban "vagrants, in the name of land reclamation, illegally cross the forbidden area and hunt and hide animals privately" and simply ban it. In addition, the Qing court was concerned about the livelihood of the people, fearing that the refugees would be like a gathering of hedgehogs and rob the people of their jobs, "which would inevitably lead to a shrinking livelihood." Although these reasons are sufficient, in my opinion, the deep reason of "closing the door (Shanhaiguan)" is to preserve the inherent culture of Manchu. The imperial edict clearly stated: "I, Manchuria and others, have to live in the Han Dynasty, but the soldiers in Laiwula, Ningguta and other places will not change their habits to Manchuria." If we advocate literature and art today, our children who are slightly enlightened will be devoted to reading and not paying attention to military equipment. ..... Inform Wula, Ningguta and others of my decree, and learn from General Heilongjiang. * * * encourage each other, but do not have any doubts about keeping Manchu habits. ": "Shengjing Jilin is the place where the dynasty prospers, and if you listen to the mixed places of refugees, it is closely related to Manchu customs"; "Jilin is the fundamental place for our country, and ... the refugees sneaked away ... at the beginning, they worked as helpers, and then they gradually farmed acres to the banners; Since there are many kinds of tenants, the flag bearer is salty and comfortable, and he doesn't know the masterpiece, which will inevitably lead to a shrinking livelihood, and he will become accustomed to the Chinese custom, and he will no longer know the art of riding and shooting, and it will be difficult to fight back. Similar to the imperial edict, it has been promulgated frequently. In the Qing court's view, Manchu's martial arts can't be lost, and Manchu's customs and habits can't be mixed. If Manchu is not "accustomed to Chinese customs" and assimilated by the Central Plains culture, it has to close its "self". In the minds of Manchu aristocrats, "Manchu-Chinese views" are very deep, and I'm afraid no one questioned them. Or it can be said that "closed door" is the "rational" behavior under the dominant consciousness of "Man-Han view". In addition to the inherent exclusiveness of culture, the emergence of "Man-Han View" is mainly due to the haze of war. A series of atrocities, such as "Yangzhou Ten Days", "Jiading Massacre" and "leaving hair without head, leaving hair without head", have caused deep ethnic contradictions, and Han people have repeatedly resisted and "anti-Qing and regaining sight" is endless, which makes "Man-Han View" even more difficult. In the fifth year of Qianlong (17th), the imperial edict ordered the refugees to live in Fengtianfu, try to send them away, ... set a time limit of ten years, and make them return home one after another. In the fifteenth year of Qianlong (175), the time limit for refugees to return to China has expired, and then strict orders are issued. Of course, the Qing court also knew that "closed door" alone was not enough to resist the invasion of "Han customs", and refugees could travel across the sea to Liaodong and enter the hinterland of Kanto via Mongolia. In view of this, Kangxi spent decades setting up "wicker borders", and "those who cross privately will be given heavy punishment."

despite the painstaking efforts of the Qing court, it was not possible to ban it. On the contrary, there is a growing trend of refugees from the north entering the customs. In the fifty-first year of Kangxi (1712), the imperial edict said that there were more than 1, refugees from Shandong alone. It is estimated that in the forty-first year of Qianlong (1776), there were 1.8 million farmers in North China (including those who had changed their status as refugees and settled in Kanto). Therefore, "although the Qing king forbade Chinese to enter their hometown of Emperor Zhou, although they managed to keep their own flag bearer from leaving Manchuria, they finally could not stop the so-called" spreading and expanding vigorously "of China's reclamation culture by H. G. Wells. The Manchu people's actions to protect their ancestral home for racial relations are just a funny account of the winner's failure. 」