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A New Mode of Urban Interaction —— A Study of Near-field Urban Integration

Wang Shijun Gao Qun Wang Dan

Under the market mechanism, the flow of production factors and the trend of economic globalization and regional collectivization have changed the traditional relationship of administrative coordination or pure competition between nearby cities, and replaced it with a new development model of "integration and prosperity". On the basis of previous empirical research, this paper theoretically discusses the background, theoretical connotation and state characteristics of urban non-integration, and points out that institutional innovation, complementary production factors, enterprise collectivization, unified market system construction, infrastructure and ecological environment construction are the dynamic mechanisms and nodes of urban integration in the near future, and puts forward "growth triangle", "flying geese", "multipolarity" and ".

Keywords: urban integration model

1 the proposal of "near-area urban integration" and its theoretical connotation

In recent years, the distance between cities has been shortened, and the rise of megalopolis has affected the regional economy, which is a new feature of China's regional and urban development. At present, there are 10,000 large cities in China, including Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan-Huabei, Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou-Huadong, South-Central Liaoning, Cheng Yuyuan-Sichuan, Shenzhen-Guangzhou-Guangdong, Xiaquan-Zhangzhou-Fujian, Qingji-Shandong, Changji-Jilin and Hadaqi-Heilongjiang. These metropolises are mainly composed of two or three neighboring metropolises.

-that is, the metropolitan area is a region with a high concentration of regional stock capital and production factors, and it is the growth point and pole of regional future development. However, with the rise of urban agglomerations, "excessive pursuit of local interests and neglect or even destruction of overall sustainable development" has also become a prominent problem in regional and urban development in China. Especially in the gathering areas of big cities, driven by local interests, the negative consequences of inter-city interaction are more serious. In today's increasingly regionalized and collectivized world economy, this unconformity between big cities not only seriously restricts the development of cities themselves, but also undermines the development of related regions. Therefore, it has become a very realistic and cutting-edge topic to explore the integration mechanism and mode of regional urban agglomerations and promote the formation of regional cooperative relations.

The word "integration" originated from the English word "or" in geology and has been widely used in sociology and economics. "Social integration" refers to the process of adjusting the contradictions, conflicts and entanglements of different factors in society and bringing them into a unified system. In this process, the separated and related units in society unite to form a balanced system by adapting to each other and following the same code of conduct. "Cultural integration" refers to a harmonious cultural system formed after different or contradictory cultural characteristics adapt to each other. "Economic integration" refers to the strategic adjustment and reorganization of industrial structure and economic organization structure in order to improve the degree of industrial intensification, expand the scale of operation and realize the effective allocation and integration of resources. "Near-regional urban integration" refers to the dynamic, controllable and sustainable development process between geographically adjacent cities under the three-dimensional framework of cooperation, competition and control. Harmony is the premise, the result, the beginning and the relative and temporary balance of harmony. The effect of "integration" and "integration" is "development", and development is the ultimate goal of integration. A city is a synthesis of nature, society, economy and culture, and urban integration involves many aspects such as society, economy and culture.

Cities in the cluster are different from each other, and the existence of differences is the internal basis of integration. Integration based on differences is the best way for urban interaction from disorder to order, from inorganic to organic, from imperfect to relatively perfect. Urban integration is based on complementarity and enjoyment, and on the existence of multiple subjects and heterogeneous factors. Integration does not inhibit the pluralistic state, but promotes the communication and contact between pluralistic subjects and various heterogeneous factors. Integration is a breakthrough to broaden the growing point and living space of the city and a breakthrough to the existing urban relationship pattern. The rational division of labor, interrelation and synergy among cities are manifested in the integration of point, axis and edge systems within a certain geographical scope in spatial form. Through integration, we can not only change the interaction between cities, but also change and shape the city itself. Integration is a necessary way to form an orderly structure and network, and a means to seek the inherent regularity between cities.

Of course, under the market economy system, every city pursues its own interests and wants to expand its sphere of influence. This is an obstacle to integration and the significance of integration and development. Because of this, it is very important to integrate macro-control, planning or planning coordination means into development. Whether it is a region or a city, to a large extent, integration is a kind of government behavior. Because of the exclusion, competition and friction between cities, it needs overall regulation and necessary constraints and restrictions. The concepts of "coordination" and "integration" can replace the word "integration" in many cases, but "integration" is more inclusive, flexible and dynamic than these two concepts. Integration includes but not limited to the mutual coordination of the integrated, but also includes running-in, adjustment, restriction and even restriction. Integration does not exclude competition. If the integration method is reasonable, cooperation and competition are both positive factors to form order. In the process of integration, we must deepen and broaden the general concept of competition. The etymology of the word "competition" means "* * * pursuing the same thing", which is more similar to the concept of cooperation than the narrow concept of conflict and confrontation. Reasonable competition can promote the development of specialization and innovation, but blind competition without control will hinder coordination, while excessive control will inhibit innovation, and the three will form a virtuous circle in integration.

2. The dynamic mechanism and "nodes" of near-field urban integration,

In economic activities, the mutual influence or dependence between cities is not temporary, but continuous, and their interaction is static, dynamic and repetitive. Every city will find itself in a similar "prisoner's dilemma", and the integrated development model will harm the overall interests of all parties. If there are communication channels, then for urban groups, cooperation intention is the best choice for all parties. In the infinite "game" process, all parties have the opportunity to influence the behavior of competitors. As long as all parties are concerned about the future interests, the consequences of non-integration are enough to persuade all parties to take effective measures.

In short, with a rational and pragmatic attitude towards integration, all parties in urban groups will achieve the best interests. The focus of attention of all parties should be their overall interests in the whole process, not their local interests at a certain stage.

As can be seen from the above analysis, the goal of integration is greater overall interests and respective interests. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to establish a target analysis, evaluation and feedback system and implement a management coordination system. Through the guidance and restriction of these two systems, the interaction between goals and node drivers will continue to deepen, thus deepening the integration process. In this large system, new nodes will join the integration process, and the goals are constantly updated. Integration goals and nodes are constantly changing elements, and the analysis and evaluation feedback system and the implementation management coordination system are also upgraded and optimized accordingly, including the trigger mechanism to ensure integration and the overall coordination mechanism. The integration between big cities in neighboring areas must establish such a mechanism to ensure orderly integration.

The essence of "knot node" here refers to the entry point of urban integration, which has both the significance of elements and the significance of spatial location. Because under the existing conditions, it is difficult to spontaneously form the integration of large cities in the vicinity, it is necessary to highlight the integration nodes under the comprehensive action of institutional, economic, social and cultural factors, that is, to explore the growth points of cooperation, exchange and development between cities and the "convergence points" of integration between cities. They can be promotion policies, industries and special areas that are produced through exchanges between cities and have further diffusion value and function. Nodding is not only beneficial to the city itself, but also improves the development level of urban groups, and its social and economic activities serve the whole urban group. Such as system innovation, complementary production factors, enterprise collectivization, establishing a unified market system, building * * * to enjoy infrastructure and ecological environment. Geographically, the edge of the city, the location of infrastructure shared by urban groups, etc. Already playing the role of integration node.

2. 1 system innovation

System determines the rules of social and economic activities, mainly including policies and systems. China's big cities still maintain social operation with traditional social systems such as unit ownership and employment system, and the social system lags behind economic development. Therefore, through the continuous improvement of policy systems such as division of functions, industrial layout, urban regulation and control management system, fiscal and taxation system, household registration system and social security system, we should persist in institutional innovation, establish economic operation mechanism and social organization mechanism with higher operation efficiency, break the situation of poor flow of factors among cities, and create a more powerful institutional environment to adapt to the new trend of economic development. In the economic transition period of China, the integration of economic relations between cities is necessary and the first problem to be solved.

2.2 Supplementary factors of production

In urban groups, due to the differences in resource enjoyment, cities are often complementary in production factors. Some cities have abundant primary factors of production for economic development, such as natural resources and primary labor resources, while some cities have advanced advantages of factors of production, such as capital, senior technicians, scientific and educational institutions and modern transportation and communication networks. By promoting the complementarity of factors of production between cities, we can speed up the rational flow and allocation of factors of production and make efficient use of them.

2.3 Enterprise collectivization

Since the reform and opening up, enterprises have gradually become independent market players and regional economic operators. Under the market economy system, enterprise groups can gradually develop into a bridge connecting cities. Enterprise groups can use equity, capital, technology and sales as ties to uniformly control and dominate the production and operation of enterprises, adopt various joint forms, effectively break through administrative barriers between cities, solve structural contradictions in the economic development of urban agglomerations, and promote the transfer of state-owned assets from inferior enterprises to superior enterprises through stock adjustment and asset reorganization, thus forming cross-city, multi-faceted and multi-level cooperation. Promote the rationalization of regional industrial structure and the mutual penetration of urban leading industries among cities, establish close ties between industries, build a more flexible industrial system, and realize the * * * development of cities and urban leading industries in interaction and complementarity. So as to achieve the goal of economic integration and development.

2.4 the establishment of a unified market system

We can establish a unified market system for the metropolitan groups near the region, coordinate the economic and social activities between cities through the role of market mechanism, and seek common development. Only when the market is mature, the market system is sound and the market rules are reasonable can the resources inside and outside the urban agglomeration be optimized. This market system should include various factors of production, the most important of which is the capital market and the talent market. Because a well-functioning capital market is of great significance for integrating the economies of big cities with different economic conditions, it is beneficial for urban agglomerations to use the capital market to raise development funds. There is no doubt about the importance of talents in the era of knowledge economy, and the free flow of talents is helpful to realize the efficiency and fairness of cities in the market.

2.5*** Freehand brushwork infrastructure and ecological environment construction

The construction of large-scale infrastructure plays a guiding role in the spatial pattern of cities. The layout and construction of infrastructure and the protection and construction of ecological environment involve a large area, not only the urban area or the city itself. Scientific and efficient infrastructure network construction and good ecological environment protection are very important for the sustained, healthy and rapid development of urban agglomerations. The * * * construction and * * * enjoyment of infrastructure and ecology make all cities share responsibilities and interests, get rid of the limitation of only starting from their own interests and avoid uncooperative ways that harm the overall interests of all parties.

3 the state characteristics of the unconformity between cities

3. 1 The urban economic functions are similar, the division of labor is unreasonable, and the industries are isomorphic.

Long-term administrative barriers hinder the horizontal connection between cities and the similarity of resource structure in the same area, which is the main reason for the similarity of industrial structure, product structure and technology structure between cities. There is a general lack of reasonable vertical and horizontal division of labor between cities, and repeated construction between cities competes for raw materials and markets, resulting in unclear division of labor between cities. In the construction of urban development zones, there is also a lack of macro-control of industrial layout, and the structures of various development zones are similar. These phenomena generally lead to the convergence of urban economic functions, unreasonable division of labor and isomorphism of industries, so the development of the whole urban agglomeration is basically in a disorderly state, and it is difficult to exert the overall effect.

3.2 market barriers and local protectionism exist in urban agglomerations.

In the early days of the establishment of the socialist market economic system, the market system was not perfect, the role of the market had not reached a reasonable level, and its basic role in the fields of production, operation and circulation was limited. In fact, there is a certain degree of market blockade and separatism between cities. Market segmentation increases the cost for domestic enterprises with fragile competitiveness to enter the market and brings huge economic losses. The rigid administrative regional management system artificially binds economic activities and administrative subordination, leading to economic fragmentation and local protectionism. As an independent administrative region, in order to maximize its own economic interests, cities often take administrative measures to implement local protection, directly intervene in the economy without considering the economic environment of the whole region, and compete for low prices in attracting foreign investment and introducing projects, which harms the overall interests of urban groups.

3.3 Regional ecological and environmental problems are serious.

Due to the agglomeration and rapid expansion of big cities in a certain geographical area, the interference of human activities on the ecological environment has been greatly strengthened, and the contradiction between man and land has become increasingly fierce. Moreover, the economic structures of major cities are mostly heavy, and environmental governance has not been paid due attention for a long time, which has seriously damaged the already fragile urban ecological environment, especially the cross-pollution and mutual diffusion between cities, which has led to increased environmental pollution and often led to a decline in the overall environmental quality of the region. For example, the industrial waste gas emission from the central and southern Liaoning urban agglomeration not only causes low-level air pollution, but also forms acid rain, endangering the Yangtze River Delta in northeast provinces. Known as the "water town in the south of the Yangtze River", the pollution of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal and Huaihe River and the eutrophication of Taihu Lake have endangered the drinking water of urban residents. The rivers in Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou have long been extinct, and the surface water sources are seriously polluted. Overexploitation of groundwater has also caused large-scale groundwater funnels and extremely serious land subsidence in the region.

3.4 Lack of unified regional development planning, urban planning is self-contained.

The urban planning of each city is mostly based on its own administrative region, which often ignores the overall development of the region and pursues its own system. Lack of proper integration between major cities. It is difficult to maintain and develop the characteristics and advantages of each city, and it is also difficult to form an overall regional economic network. Urban planning is mainly compartmentalized, and there is a lack of effective coordination mechanism to deal with the problems of construction and development between blocks, which makes many practical problems in regional development unresolved.

3.5 traffic network construction lacks overall planning.

The traffic and communication situation in big cities is more developed than that in small and medium-sized cities, but it is still difficult to meet the needs of urban economic development and urbanization because of the lack of overall planning of traffic network construction in various places. For example, although the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration has many modes of transportation, such as water transport, railway, highway, aviation and pipeline, and the density and volume of transportation network are the highest in similar areas in China, it still lags far behind the local economic development and urbanization level. The unified planning of inland river shipping is ignored in the construction of comprehensive transportation network, which not only fails to give full play to the advantages of water transport, but also makes it difficult for the overall transportation system to form a network. The construction of transportation facilities often does not fully consider the overall interests of urban agglomeration development. For another example, Hunan Huanghua International Airport is built in the northernmost part of Changsha, and it is more difficult for Zhuzhou Xiangtan citizens to enjoy this infrastructure.

3.6 The enterprise is small in scale and closed in organizational structure.

Large and medium-sized enterprises should give play to their scale advantages in urban agglomerations and organize industrial chains and product chains. However, most enterprises integrate the functions of scientific research, production, sales and social services, and the organizational structure of enterprises is highly closed, which reduces the economic ties between enterprises and local areas and the socialization level of production. At the same time, due to the restriction of departmental and local interests, enterprises have formed their own interest groups, and contact and cooperation are still limited to their own departments and regions.

These unconformities have become a prominent obstacle to the healthy development of metropolitan groups and must be solved.

4 the general model of urban integration and development

4. 1 "growth triangle" integrated development model

The Zhucheng cluster under the "growth triangle" model not only presents a "triangle" in structural form, but also forms a stable structure with one protagonist driving two sub-angles in economic development due to the differences in city size and strength. Typical "growth triangle" urban agglomeration integration modes include Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan, Quanzhou-Zhangzhou in Xiamen, Yichang-Xiangfan in Wuhan, Daqing in Harbin and Qihar. In the triangle structure, Changsha, Wuhan, Harbin, Xiamen and so on. Or provincial capital cities, or regional economic centers, both in political status and social and cultural development level, are far higher than the second corner cities. Therefore, in the process of integrated development of urban agglomerations, leading cities can make full use of the advantages of science and technology and human resources to develop emerging industries and tertiary industries, and actively transfer industries that are not suitable for development or industries with poor foundation to secondary corners. The focus of integration is to change the historical brand of urban function convergence, unclear division of labor among cities and "big and comprehensive" industrial development. Through functional renewal, we will establish the image of a leading city, focus on developing urban tourism, information industry, financial industry and high-tech industry, and form a higher-level industrial structure. A sub-corner city can consolidate the industrial strength of the "growth triangle" by developing specialized departments that dominate the whole country and even the world.

4.2 "flying geese" integrated development model

The structure of the "flying geese" integrated development model takes the core city as the "development pole" of the whole urban agglomeration, takes the railway, highway, sea transportation, river transportation and aviation as the transportation framework, and takes other big cities with different functions and scales as the "coordination poles", forming a high-level, integrated economic network and a new type of regional productivity relationship. The cultural inheritance of urban groups and the identification and integration of inter-city cultures are very conducive to the social and economic integration of urban groups, and the economic cooperation between cities also has a long history. The "development pole" is located in the position of "leading geese" in the integrated development of urban agglomerations, and is responsible for guiding the interactive operation of people flow, logistics, capital flow and information flow in the whole urban agglomeration. At the same time, as an innovation zone, through system innovation, management innovation, service innovation and concept innovation, it constantly introduces new technologies, new products and new ideas to other big cities, and forms a certain division of labor system and development gradient with other big cities, thus forming a typical urban agglomeration with a "flying geese" integrated development model in the process of integration, including the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration with Shanghai as the core, including Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Suzhou, Wuxi and Ningbo. These seven metropolitan areas belong to the Liaodong Peninsula metropolitan area with Shenyang as the core, including Shenyang, Dalian, Anshan, Fushun, Benxi and Liaoyang, and the Shandong Peninsula metropolitan area with Qingdao as the core, including Qingdao, Jinan, Zibo and Weifang.

4.3 "multipolar" comprehensive development model

The "multipolar" integrated development model is the most typical megalopolis in the Pearl River Delta formed by Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Macao, with strong attraction and balance among cities, which is a multipolar pattern. The cooperation between Hong Kong, Macao and Shenzhen-Guangzhou has a good foundation, but the model of "store in front and factory in back" is far from meeting the needs of economic development of urban agglomerations and must be integrated in all directions. Because there are a large number of Guangdong immigrants in Hong Kong and Macao, which are closely related to Shen Sui in culture, and the four major cities also have their own advantages, Hong Kong is an international financial center with a relatively mature market system and a large number of senior management and technical talents. Although Macao is small in size, it has gained quite successful experience in tourism and gambling services and is known as the "European Information Center". Guangzhou is the economic, political and cultural center of southern China. Although its strength is not as good as that of Hong Kong, its role as a political and cultural center and transportation hub is irreplaceable. It also has strong scientific research strength and professionals in basic research and high-tech research and development. Shenzhen is the third largest city of the group. Although the strength of basic scientific research is not strong, high-tech industries are relatively developed due to flexible mechanisms and preferential policies. Therefore, a coordination management mechanism can be established among Hong Kong, Macao, Shenzhen and Guangzhou to coordinate various issues such as infrastructure, environmental protection and industrial structure, especially the competitive relationship among major cities. Hong Kong and Macao give full play to their international advantages, with Guangzhou as the leading industry, science and technology, culture and education and domestic transportation, raise funds for the whole urban agglomeration, explore the international market, introduce foreign advanced technology and build an international information network, and give full play to Guangzhou's geographical and historical advantages as the political, economic and cultural center of South China. Shenzhen is committed to becoming a pioneer in developing high-tech industries.

4.4 "Dual-core" integrated development mode

In the "dual-core" integrated development model, with the progress of modern transportation and communication such as expressways, the spatial distance between cities is shortened, and the economic, social and cultural development levels of the two cities are similar and close. The problem is that the city has a strong sense of going it alone, but the desire for integration is very weak. However, faced with the same difficulties, such as lack of funds, lack of resources and backward infrastructure, the two cities cannot solve these problems alone. If integration can solve the same-sex problem, go deep into all levels and links, and give full play to the overall advantages, both cities will benefit from it. Therefore, conforming to the objective requirements of development and artificially promoting the process of integration will greatly accelerate the economic and social development of urban agglomerations. In the dual-core integrated development model, the integration between the center and the sub-center is actually the integration between regions, and the integration between the two cities can drive regional integration. As the development levels of the two cities are close, in this dual-core city pattern, the key lies in breaking fragmentation, promoting the complementarity of cities, especially the specific positioning and strategic choice of relatively weak cities at present, and correctly handling the new cooperative relationship with the complementary advantages of central cities in development. Through the extraordinary development of sub-central cities, a new pattern of "dual-core traction" has been formed.

Compared with other modes, the key to the "dual-core" integrated development lies in changing the development state of the two cities in their own way, so that the adjacent state becomes an advantage rather than a constraint. Adjust and reorganize the industrial layout as a whole, gradually establish the leading industrial clusters in the urban economic complex, and form multi-dimensional industrial transfer, conduction and interaction between the two cities. Typical urban agglomerations with "dual-core" integrated development model include Beijing-Tianjin, Chengdu-Chongqing, Changji and Shibao.

refer to

1 China Statistical Yearbook of National Bureau of Statistics [Beijing Statistics Publishing House,

2 key projects of the National Natural Science Foundation suggest that in the face of the new situation of urbanization in China at the turn of the century, we should pay attention to the coordinated development of the whole region [brief report of the National Natural Science Foundation of China,