Customs and habits of Han nationality

Han nationality is the largest ancient nation in the world. It has a long history and developed culture, and respects the old and loves the young.

Customs and habits of Han nationality

Cultural belief

Han people have traditionally believed in Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and have much respect for Taoism and Buddhism on the social basis of Confucian culture! Unfortunately, however, under the impact of western culture in modern times, people's utilitarian thoughts have gradually occupied the mainstream form, while China's traditional culture and religion have gradually declined, and people have produced many beliefs in western religions such as Christianity and Catholicism. Han nationality, known as Chinese in Southeast Asia, also known as China or Tang people, is the main ethnic group in China and the most populous ethnic group in the world. At present, the population of Han nationality is about 65.438+03 billion, accounting for 654.38+09% of the world's total population, which is distributed all over the world. The Han nationality is distributed in Southeast Asia and North America, in addition to the four places on both sides of the Taiwan Straits.

History of Han nationality formation

From about 5000 BC, the Huaxia nationality, the main body of the Han nationality, originated in the Yellow River valley and began to develop gradually. It entered the Neolithic Age and went through the stages of matriarchal clan commune and paternal clan commune. In 2700 BC, there was a tribe named Ji in central Shaanxi, with the leader of Huangdi and the leader of a tribe named Jiang in the south. The two sides often clashed. The battle of Han Quan finally broke out between the two tribes, and the Yellow Emperor defeated Yan Di. After that, the two tribes formed an alliance and captured the surrounding tribes, and the predecessor of Huaxia Kingdom was born. According to the legend recorded in the pre-Qin literature, the ancestors of the Han nationality were in the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, and the ancient ancestors of the Han nationality generally set off from Longshan in the west and the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in the east to Mount Tai. Yangshao culture and Longshan culture are two Neolithic cultures mainly distributed in this area, which are generally considered as the cultural remains of Han ancestors. Ancient legends also describe that Han ancestors experienced a long era of primitive commune system. Before the Yellow Emperor, there was a matriarchal clan tribe that "Anemarrhena denied his father" (see matriarchal clan system); The legend about the Yellow Emperor marks the change from matriarchal clan tribe to paternal clan tribe (see paternal clan system) and enters the stage of tribal alliance. Legend has it that Yao, Shun and Yu, who successively served as leaders of the big tribal alliance after the Yellow Emperor in the 2nd/Kloc-0th century BC, were considered descendants of the Yellow Emperor. The era of primitive commune system in the Central Plains has come to the end of history, and class society has appeared on the land in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. After the 20th century BC, Xia (about 2 1 century BC ~ 65438+6th century BC), Shang (about 65438+6th century BC ~1century BC) and Western Zhou (about 165438+ 65438 BC) Then it developed to the vast areas of Huaihe River, Surabaya, Yangtze River and Hanshui River. There were clan names in the Western Zhou Dynasty, which were called Huaxia, Xia or Huaxia, to distinguish them from barbarians, Yi, Rong and Di. But at this time, the distinction between China and foreigners is not very strict. During the Spring and Autumn Period (770 ~ 476 BC), China people's concept of nobility and inferiority was already very strong. At that time, the standards, race and culture that distinguished China from barbarians were highly valued, and culture was especially the primary factor. Due to etiquette, customs, clothing and other factors, China people and foreigners can often switch places with each other. Qin and Chu are not only as famous as Qi, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, but also the two most powerful governors in China. The seven chivalrous men joined forces with Lian Heng to fight together, but the ethnic groups were the same, forming the trend of summer reunification; So Huaxia has become a stable ethnic group, and its distribution area has reached the middle and lower reaches of Liaohe River in Northeast China, Taohe River Basin in Northwest China, Bashu and central Guizhou in Southwest China, Hunan and wuyue in Southeast China. Qin Shihuang unified China and established the Qin Dynasty, followed by the Han Dynasty, which ruled China for more than 400 years. During this period, the territory of China expanded unprecedentedly. At this time, the distribution of Han population is still concentrated in the Yellow River and Huaihe River basins. Since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Han population has gradually migrated to the Yangtze River, the Pearl River and the southeast of China on a large scale. From the Western Jin Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, the Han population entered Central Asia and Yunnan. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the population of the Han nationality in the south had surpassed that in the north, and Manchu prohibited the Han nationality from going out to the northeast. In the late Qing Dynasty, in order to enrich the frontier, Han people were allowed to enter the northeast of China. During Zhang's rule in Northeast China, a large number of Shandong Han people were introduced. From the Ming Dynasty, the Han nationality began to immigrate to Southeast Asia sporadically, and from the19th century, the Han nationality immigrated to Europe, North America and other places.

Lang.

The language of the Han nationality is Chinese, which is written in Chinese characters. Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family. According to the classification methods commonly used in academic circles, it can be divided into seven dialects: Northern Dialect (Mandarin), Wu Dialect, Xiang Dialect, Gan Dialect, Hakka Dialect, Min Dialect and Cantonese (see Chinese Dialect Entry for many different classification methods). In recent years, many scholars believe that Guangxi Pinghua and Shanxi Jin dialect should be juxtaposed with the other seven dialects. In different areas where Han people live, the provisions of standard Chinese are different. Chinese mainland, Taiwan Province Province and Singapore are regarded as standard Putonghua (languages developed on the basis of Beijing dialect in Putonghua areas are called Putonghua, Mandarin and Mandarin respectively due to different locations), and Hong Kong is regarded as standard Cantonese (Cantonese). Chinese characters are written in traditional Chinese characters and simplified Chinese characters respectively. In addition, some scholars divide Fujian dialect into Minnan dialect and northern Fujian dialect. These dialects have their own distribution areas, and the interior of each dialect can be subdivided, thus forming a complex language state of Chinese dialects, and the north and the south are not connected with each other. Nevertheless, due to the high unity of Chinese characters, it has a strong cohesive effect on the Han nationality, so it seems no exaggeration to say that there would be no Han nationality without Chinese characters.

economic development

The Han nationality has always been famous for its diligence, frugality and creativity. The economy is dominated by agriculture, which is also engaged in household sideline. This natural economy of "men plowing and women weaving" has always occupied an absolute advantage in ancient China. Agriculture is the main material basis of ancient civilization in China. Historically, agricultural production was developed, especially irrigation and intensive cultivation. Many water conservancy projects have been built in past dynasties, some of which have benefited to this day. For example, in the middle of 3rd century BC, Dujiangyan, built by Li Bing, the prefect of Shuqin County, not only made Chengdu Plain a famous granary in ancient China, but also enjoyed the reputation of "Land of Abundance", which still benefited Chengdu Plain a lot. Dujiangyan can be regarded as a typical representative of ancient water conservancy irrigation projects. In terms of farming techniques, the Han people and their ancestors have been paying attention to farming time, soil improvement, farmland rotation, fertilization, soil and water conservation, seed selection, cultivating new varieties and improving farm tools since ancient times, while constantly absorbing new varieties of crops from various ethnic groups in China, and even learning farming techniques from abroad. Therefore, it not only created a high yield in ancient times, but also a rich variety of crops, which is rare in the world. Handicraft industry also has a fairly high level of development. On the basis of highly developed agriculture and handicraft production, ancient science and technology such as astronomy, mathematics, agronomy, medicine, smelting, architecture, etc. All shine brilliantly in the history of world civilization. The invention of papermaking and printing, the use of gunpowder in battle, the use of compass in navigation, and the techniques of sericulture, silk weaving, porcelain making and tea making have made outstanding contributions to the development of world culture and science and technology. Commerce also developed to a certain extent in ancient times. In addition to the farming ethnic areas represented by the Han nationality, there are a large number of nomadic, hunting and fishing ethnic groups in China. The exchange of animal husbandry, hunting products and other local products between the two ethnic groups for agricultural and handicraft products not only meets the needs of life, but also promotes the production and development of people of all ethnic groups. The "tea-horse exchange" formed since the Tang and Song Dynasties is the main form of economic complementarity and exchange between the Han nationality and its brothers. The development of commerce, in turn, is conducive to the development of agriculture and handicrafts. By the middle and late Ming Dynasty (1368 ~ 1644), the seeds of capitalism had developed, especially handicraft workshops and businesses in some towns in the south of the Yangtze River. /kloc-from the second half of the 9th century to the 1930s, China's modern industry also developed to a certain extent, mainly concentrated in coastal areas of large and medium-sized cities with developed transportation and areas inhabited by Han people.

Building type

Due to the vast distribution area of Han nationality, its traditional folk houses have different styles due to different regions. Most of the traditional houses of the Han nationality living in the North China Plain are brick-and-wood bungalows, and most of the courtyards are quadrangles, represented by Beijing quadrangles. The traditional houses of the Han nationality living in the northeast are basically similar to those in North China, but the difference lies in the walls and roofs. The houses here are generally thick, mainly to keep warm. Han people living in northern Shaanxi dig caves to build houses according to the characteristics of thick soil layer and low groundwater level in the Loess Plateau. Caves are not only warm in winter and cool in summer, but also do not occupy cultivated land. The traditional houses of the Han nationality living in the south are mainly wooden structures, which pay attention to the eaves and pavilions and the structure of law. Due to the different customs and natural conditions in southern China, the layout of residential buildings is also different. For example, buildings in hilly areas are built on mountains, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang water towns pay attention to the front street and the back river. The earth buildings in Fujian are big and beautiful, while the pavilions in Suzhou are small and beautiful. Regardless of the Han nationality in the south or the north, the traditional folk houses are characterized by sitting north facing south and paying attention to indoor lighting; Wood beam bearing, brick, stone, soil wall; Focusing on the main hall, he is good at carving beams and painting buildings, decorating roofs and cornices.

Culture and art

The Han nationality created splendid culture and art in ancient times with distinctive features. No matter in politics, military, philosophy, economy, history, natural science, literature, art and other fields, there are many far-reaching representatives and works. The Western Zhou Dynasty formed a perfect cultural achievement, that is, the culture of rites and music. The etiquette of the Zhou Dynasty is very complicated. According to "Zhou Li", there are five rites: Ji Li, Fierce Li, Wu Li, Bin Li and Etiquette. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, music was attached great importance, and there were special officials to manage it, and there were also music officials in the inscription. Da Wu and Zhou Dynasty Music and Dance were written by Zhou Wuwang Shang Ke. The education system in the Zhou Dynasty is relatively perfect, with six arts: ritual, music, shooting, imperial, skill and skill. The earliest classics in China are Zhouyi, Shangshu, Shijing, Zhou Li, Jing Yue (lost) and Shu. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there was a lively situation in which a hundred schools of thought contended, and the achievements of various ideological and academic schools also reflected the ancient Greek civilization. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (reigned before 14 1 ~ 87), the policy of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" was implemented, so Confucianism represented by Confucius and Mencius became the ruling ideology, ruling the ancient ideology and culture of the Han nationality for nearly 2000 years. At the same time, it also affected other ethnic minorities in China and even neighboring countries to varying degrees. In terms of ancient military theory, as early as the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the famous military work Sun Tzu's Art of War was published. The 182 art of war compiled in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, especially the Seven Books of the Martial Classics, has been a must-read for martial arts since the Song Dynasty, concentrating the essence of ancient military works. Paying attention to history is also a prominent feature of Chinese cultural history. Since Sima Qian wrote Historical Records, biographical history books have been published in all dynasties, and the famous twenty-four histories have been formed in Qing Dynasty. The chronological style is represented by Chunqiu, Zuozhuan and Zitongzhi Bamboo Slips. Other official and folk works, such as history books, ancient history, miscellaneous history, local chronicles, historical theory, make China the country with the richest ancient historical documents in the world, most of which are written by Han scholars. In the natural sciences, achievements in astronomy and mathematics have attracted worldwide attention, such as Zhang Heng (78 ~ 139), Zu Chongzhi (429 ~ 500), Yi Hang (commonly known as 683 ~ 727) and Guo Shoujing (123 1 ~ 65438). Ancient agriculture often includes many ancient scientific and technological achievements. According to incomplete statistics, over the past 2000 years, there have been more than 370 kinds of agricultural books that have been lost to this day, among which The Book of Bi Sheng, The Skill of Yao in Qi Min, The Book of Wang Zhennong and The Complete Book of Agricultural Administration are representative works of ancient agriculture. In the development of China's ancient literature, the development of poetry occupies a prominent position, such as The Book of Songs, Songs of the South, Yuefu, Tang Poetry and Song Poetry, and many writers and works with high artistic achievements have emerged. Qu Yuan (about 340 ~ 278 BC), Li Bai (70 1 ~ 762), Du Fu (7 12 ~ 770), Liu Yong (about 987 ~ about 1053 BC) and Su Shi (/kloc-0). The name and works of Xin Qiji (1 140 ~ 1207) not only shine brilliantly in the history of China literature, but also are recognized as famous writers in the history of world literature. There were famous ancient prose in Qin and Han Dynasties. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, Han Yu (768 ~ 824) and Liu Zongyuan (773 ~ 8 19) advocated the restoration of the ancient prose movement in Qin and Han Dynasties. To Ouyang Xiu (1007 ~ 1072), Su Xun (1009 ~ 1066) and Ceng Gong (10/9 ~1066). Novel creation made great progress in Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The Journey to the West, The Water Margin and The Scholars. Short stories like Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio are well known. There are also many ethnic minority writers who have written in Chinese, resulting in many famous writers and masterpieces, among which Dream of Red Mansions is the most outstanding one. There are many other famous artists in painting, calligraphy, arts and crafts, music, dance, drama and folk art, and they have made amazing artistic achievements. In the development of these arts, especially the Han people are good at learning and absorbing the strengths of other nationalities, thus developing their own art and forming a unique style. It has a long history in the compilation of some books and masterpieces. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, there were Bei Tang Shuchao, Lei Ju, Tai Yu Pinglan and Yuan Gui. In particular, Yongle Dadian and Book Collection in Ming and Qing Dynasties are world-famous ancient encyclopedias, which not only show the brilliant achievements of China ancient culture with Chinese culture as the main body, but also show the spirit of cooperation and mutual learning between ancient Han scholars and minority scholars.

Han music

Han nationality has a musical tradition, and its music has a long history and unique creation. Before the Qin Dynasty, Han ancestors had created musical instruments and music, and invented musical rules. In the prosperous time of Han and Tang dynasties, Han music was good at singing and dancing; After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, opera music dominated. Nowadays, the world-recognized music rules, such as the five-degree law (which the Han people call the profit-loss dichotomy), the pure law and the average law, are all independently invented by the Han people, and their achievements, like the convergence of cars, have become the axis of world music theory.

eating habits

theme

The staple food of Han nationality is rice and wheat, supplemented by vegetables, meat and bean products. Tea and wine are traditional drinks of the Han nationality. The main way to eat rice is rice, as well as porridge, rice noodles, rice cakes, glutinous rice balls, zongzi, rice cakes and other foods. Wheat is eaten with steamed bread, noodles, flower rolls, steamed stuffed buns, jiaozi, wonton, fried dough sticks, spring rolls, fried cakes and pancakes. Han people pay attention to and are good at cooking. Han people in different regions have formed different local flavors through cooking methods such as frying, roasting, frying, boiling, steaming, roasting and cold salad. Chinese cuisine is generally divided into eight major cuisines: Sichuan, Guangdong, Fujian, Anhui, Shandong, Hunan, Zhejiang and Jiangsu.

tea

Wine and tea are two main drinks of Han nationality. China is a reprint of tea from/system _ file/minority/hanzu/fengsu.htm.