What's the Jewish surname?

The most famous Jew is probably God himself. His name is not Jehovah, but almost countless people in China think he is Jehovah. God has no name. Although you can call it YHWH, it is a spiritual abbreviation (see the picture below: the four Hebrew letters are the past tense, present tense and future tense of Hebrew' existence' in turn, indicating eternity), but it is not the name of God at all. The Jews called him Adonai in prayer and wrote it as HaShem in scripture. Sometimes, Schegin can simply refer to God. As for why there is a Lord, it is the mistake of Christianity and later translators, and there are many similar mistakes. You can understand that many bastards don't understand how many mistakes they have made. For many people, the purpose of their life is to satisfy their various physical and spiritual desires, and there is no such thing as "exploring the truth".

To put it simply, Jews originally had no surname, only a first name. When you read the Bible, you won't read the name moses mendelssohn. Jewish names in the Bible are always associated with Hebrew, place names and various things, which has a lot to do with the study of names in the Bible. For example, you can read directly:

The eldest son is red, muddy and hairy, like a fur coat, so they named him Esau (Esau means hairy in Hebrew). So Esau's younger brother was born. He grabbed Esau's heel, so he named him Jacob (Jacob means to hold fast in Hebrew).

Of course, there is nothing wrong with the names in the Bible being Jewish at first, but now that we hear these names, we can't say they must be Jewish, because they have been accepted by non-Jews. For example, you hear Isaac. Although many Jews use this name (such as isaac singer), non-Jews also use it (such as isaac newton).

Before the Great Migration, the Hellenistic Jews began to Hellenize their names. For example, in Talmud Abbott, 1: 3, "antigone, a Soho, was taught by just Simeon. He often said,' Don't learn from slaves who serve their masters because they expect to be rewarded, but learn from slaves who serve their masters without expecting to be rewarded. May you fear God. Here, antigone, a Soho, was probably the first Jewish scholar to use a Greek name. After the diaspora, Jewish names gradually began to change. First of all, we can see many names in Talmud, but some of them have Aramaic characteristics, such as lava (Rabbah), such as Abaye.

In addition, it must be remembered that although you will see many names similar to A Ben B (or bar B in Aramaic form) in this period, this meaning actually does not mean that B is the surname, but that A is the name of this person and B is the name of his father, so we can say that B is the son of A. Note that this refers to someone's son.

You must also pay attention to the fact that many names will be directly suffixed by the place name. For example, we know that Laban Gamaliel Javne is actually a form in which Laban Gamaliel Of Javne omits of, which actually means Laban Gamaliel in Yawen. Javne is certainly a place name here, not an actual surname.

In addition, there are abbreviations related to this. For example, we know that Rashi is a great man, but Rashi is written as Rashi. In fact, this is not a pure name. Rush's name is Rabbi shlomo bin Itzhaki. Sometimes, we simply say that he is Rabbi shlomo Izhaki and omit Ben. Note that when the name is written in Hebrew, we can extract some letters. Therefore, we can call him Rashi. (Similarly, there is Rambam, which is short for Rabbi Moses Ben Maymon).

Jews used surnames after18th century. We can read similar books. For example, in "Cactus in the Desert-Sketch of Jews" written by Professor Xu, we read that Jews began to use surnames after the18th century. Although the appearance of surnames is also the need of social, economic and cultural development, they were strongly anti-Semitic at that time, so they did not deviate from the original meaning of Jews. /kloc-in the 0 th and 8 th centuries, the Austro-Hungarian Empire under the Habsburg dynasty ordered Jews to adopt fixed surnames, which quickly spread throughout Europe. This practice of forcibly changing the living habits of Jews for many years is aimed at limiting, attacking and forcibly assimilating Jews, so it is generally resisted by Jews. In order to force Jews to accept this law, European rulers did not hesitate to use knives and guns. However, it is not easy for millions of Jews to give themselves a surname in a short time, because it involves many social problems, so many absurd things have happened.

Administrative officials from all over Europe took this opportunity to blackmail Jews and make a fortune. If a Jew who goes to the administrative department for registration is willing to pay a large sum of money, the official in charge of registration will give him a fragrant flower or auspicious and festive word as his surname; If you can't afford a big price or no money to pay tribute, then find the ugliest word for his surname. Therefore, Jews have unpleasant surnames, such as AFFENKRAUT (Avankraut, meaning pencil necked), ESELKOPF (Ezelle's original science, meaning donkey's head) and so on.

Many Jews gathered in the synagogue and asked the rabbi to choose their surnames. Because there were too many people and the deadline was too tight, the rabbis turned to the Bible to decide which page to turn to, and the first word of which page was to ask the person's last name. Therefore, Jewish surnames are varied and everything is available.

However, in Hungary, the administrative authorities stipulate that all Hungarian Jews can only choose one as their surname from WEISS (white), SCHWARTZ (black), Gross (big) and KLEIN (small). So there are many people with the same surname. In fact, they are not related by blood.

In Germany, especially in Frankfurt, there are many Jews whose surnames are APFELBAUM (apple tree), Bloom (flower), EINHORN (unicorn), OCHS (Ohes), ROTHSCHILD (red shield spleen) and Stern. These words were originally the name of the emblem of the Jewish residence in Frankfurt. In the process of compulsory adoption of fixed surnames, more than 200 Jews in Frankfurt took their family emblem names as surnames.

In 1930s, the Nazi regime forced Jews to change their names and surnames again, which made the already chaotic Jewish names even more chaotic. But soon after the founding of Israel, Jews erased the shame left by history on their names.

The names of modern Jews are very simple, with surnames first and names last, which is very close to the naming methods commonly used in western countries. Here, I can add a few words: If you know the relationship between Yiddish and German, or if you know German, you will better understand the meaning of these surnames. Note, for example, berg means mountain, baum means tree, blum means flower, and stein means stone. When we understand that many surnames are suffixes of these words, we can know more meanings. For example, we can say that Greenberg means a green mountain, that is, a mountain covered with forests, so we can know that the origin of this surname must come from a mountainous area with dense forests, and einstein without writing on it is written as Einstein, which means a/an in German, and stein means stone, so we can know that Einstein means "a stone". For another example, we know that berg means mountain, and Steven Allan Spielberg, the director we are most familiar with, can know that Spielberg actually means game, and sometimes it can mean crazy talk, while berg means mountain, which we can literally understand as crazy mountain, but it should be more appropriate to say that it means "excessive indulgence". Another example is the familiar dustin hoffman. Hof means court or castle, hoffman means people in court, that is, courtiers. Sometimes it can mean "flatterer". We can also know that Kaufman is actually a variant of Kaufman, which means owner or businessman. The familiar Greenspan actually means copper rust, so we can know that the origin of this surname probably comes from a metallurgist or a jeweler. We also know that Rosenberg means Rose Mountain (because Rosen means Rose and Berg means Mountain). We may also know that the suffix "witz" of many names means "wisdom" in German, while Zweig means branch. For example, when we see Rosenczveig, we can immediately know its meaning. And the word "Tian" after many names means Tian. For example, we know that Rosenfeld means rose garden. Another example is the familiar Bob Dylan. Of course, Bob Dylan is a Jew through and through. His original name was Robert Allen zimmermann. We notice that Zimmermann means carpenter (Zimmer means wood in Highland German, while mann means man). We can also know that when many Russian Jews have mov after their names, we know that they are not Jews. For example, we can immediately know that Maximoff is the surname of a Russian Jew. When we see a person's name followed by -Sky, we know that it is also a surname from Russia or some eastern European countries. Of course, we also need to know that these names are not Jewish patents.

We can understand what the rabbi will name the child directly at the naming ceremony after the circumcision ceremony. Of course, we know that this name may be directly Hebrew. For a Hebrew name, this is very easy, because we can look it up in the Bible or directly look it up in the Talmud. For every Hebrew name, they have a special meaning. Of course, maybe the child will have a name in the form of an Italian preface. For example, we know that Herschel is a name, which comes directly from the deer in the Italian preface. We know that the deer can be called Hirsch in German. So you will understand the meaning of this name better. Of course, maybe the rabbi will give a name related to local customs. For example, if you are in new york, your name will be Fisher, maybe your last name will be * * Berg or * * Baum, and if you are from Poland, you may be called * * Vilt.

Of course, many times, the history of Jews determines that their names are usually changeable. For example, many Jews change their names after emigrating. Maybe you will know how Andy Grove changed his name to be more American, because when he was in Hungary, his name should be Grof, and there should be a long O sound here, but in the United States, his name will be Gruff, and Andy Grove hates others. We also know that when he was in Hungary, he changed his name to Malesevics to avoid Nazi persecution. For example, there is a great biologist arthur kornberg. His father's surname is Queller, and he is of Spanish descent. But when his grandfather avoided persecution, he changed his name and called himself kornberg. As for why it is this name, the reason is ridiculous. It turned out that his grandfather had used the name on the roster to evade military service. He threw a coin at random and it fell on KO. The kornberg family is quite famous now. Arthur kornberg and his son Rogge kornberg are both winners of the Nobel Prize in Biology. The father is 1959 and the son is in 2006. The picture below is a picture of their father and son. Readers can imagine that when Arthur's grandfather changed his name next to the military service list in the synagogue, he would never have thought that this stolen surname would become a resounding name in the field of biology.

That's all I have to say about Jewish names. For many people, some names are familiar to them, but they know nothing about them. For example, we all know Einstein, but of course you don't know that he is a "stone". You worship Spielberg, but you never know the meaning of his name. Of course, you don't need to know that Einstein is a stone to study the theory of relativity, and you don't need to know that the director turned out to be a piece of shit to watch Jaws. What we need to know is, for example, many Shanghainese used to name their children Zhao Asan, Aunt Wang and so on. Or we also know that the original name of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, was actually Zhu Chongba, while Liu Bang was actually called Liu Ji. These things all have * * * similarity. Behind these seemingly ridiculous and rustic names, great people stand out. You can also learn that no one is a born aristocrat and no one is a born scholar, but you can also know from these names that if you can keep forging ahead in humiliation, then you can.