Geographical environmental characteristics of Russia, the United States, Brazil, Australia, Japan, and India

Japan:

⑴ Physical geographical features

①The East Asian island country consists of four major islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and some small islands. It looks like a Open your bow, Tokyo is the intersection of arrows, and it seems to be shooting towards the Pacific Ocean

②A small, densely populated country with a population of over 100 million

③The coast is winding and the harbor is excellent - Kobe, Yokohama is the largest seaport, and Tokyo is the third largest port

④The territory is mountainous and the plains are small - the Kanto Plain is the largest

⑤The country of volcanoes and earthquakes - Mount Fuji is the highest and is the most active Volcano

⑥The monsoon is significant and oceanic: compared with the same latitude of the Asian continent, the winter is warmer and the summer is cooler. There are many plum rains, typhoon rains, and autumn rains; the northwest coast is snowy in winter.

⑦ It is poor in mineral resources and is the world’s largest importer of raw materials: oil (West Asia, Southeast Asia), coal (China, Australia), iron ore (Brazil, India, Australia), cotton (China, the United States)

However, there are many sulfur deposits, which is the result of volcanic activity

⑧The forest is rich in hydraulic power: the land area is small and mainly mountainous (Japan focuses on closing mountains for afforestation, with a forest coverage rate of 68%. (much larger than its proportion of the world's land area), with more precipitation → short and rapid rivers and abundant water energy resources.

⑵ Developed Economy

①The world's economic power ---"one of the three most developed economic poles in the world"

②Conditions for economic development

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Disadvantageous conditions: Territory (narrow) market, poor mineral resources

Favorable conditions: Abundant human resources, high level of science and technology, and the favorable conditions of the island country having many ports.

③Develop strengths and avoid weaknesses to develop the economy. Foreign trade is developed, but the economy is highly dependent on foreign countries.

Japan’s main foreign trade partner is the United States, followed by Asia and Western Europe.

④Industry is mainly distributed along the Pacific coast and the Seto Inland Sea coast---the five major industrial zones of Keihin, Hanshin, Nagoya, Kitakyushu, and Setouchi. (Because: the coastal terrain is plain, flat, and has many bays, which is suitable for building large ports. On the seaside, it is extremely convenient to transport raw materials in and transport products out, reducing land transportation, saving time, money, and low cost. Japanese mineral resources Most of them are shipped to Japan from the Pacific route, so most of the industries are built in the Pacific coast area - seaports close to the consumer market and foreign trade)

Main industrial sectors: steel, automobiles, shipbuilding, Electronics, chemicals, and textiles

⑤Industrial layout tends to be decentralized—expanding to the north and south ends of the country

⑥Agriculture and fishery

With more people and less land, Using small agricultural machinery, focusing on the development of biotechnology and water conservancy, the yield is high.

The main food crop is rice, which is basically self-sufficient and self-sufficient. It is grown in plain areas, but wheat, corn and other crops must be imported every year.

There are many kinds of mulberry trees, fruit trees and vegetables in the hilly areas. However, vegetables and fruits still need to be imported in large quantities. The medium-red Fuji apple is an excellent variety cultivated in Japan. Japan is an island country, and the surrounding waters are rich in various seafood.

The fishery industry is developed, and the fishing volume often ranks first in the world. There is the world-famous Hokkaido fishing ground (the intersection of the Thousand Island Cold Current and the Japanese Warm Current).

In addition to fishing in offshore fisheries, Japan also develops Coastal artificial breeding. The developed shipbuilding industry has enabled Japan to have a strong ocean-going fleet for fishing in the ocean. Japan's annual fishing volume ranks first in the world. Fish plays an important role in Japanese food.

⑶Main cities

The capital Tokyo is a megacity with more than 10 million

Science City - Tsukuba Space Center - Tanegashima Silicon Island - Kyushu Island

India

⑴ The world's ancient civilization

South Asia is the largest in area, second only to China in population, and may surpass China in the middle of this century

⑵ Agriculture

Agriculture accounts for more than half of the cultivated land area, making it the country with the largest cultivated land area in Asia

The climate is diverse and the terrain is different, which is conducive to the cultivation of a variety of crops

[Evaluation] Cultivated land The large area, sufficient heat, and fertile soil provide good basic conditions for agricultural development. However, since precipitation is concentrated in the rainy season, precipitation is scarce in the dry season, and precipitation varies greatly between years, causing frequent floods and droughts. Therefore, the development of water conservancy irrigation is particularly important for agricultural production.

The relationship between crop distribution and natural conditions (rice, wheat, cotton, jute, tea)

Rice: distributed in the northeastern and coastal areas of the peninsula where precipitation is high

Wheat, sugarcane: Ganges Plain, northwest India

Cotton: northwest Deccan Plateau

Jute: Ganges Delta, first in the world

Tea: The hillsides on both sides of the Brahmaputra River

⑶Industry develops rapidly and forms a complete system

Minerals: mainly coal, iron, manganese, etc., distributed in the Deccan Plateau Northeast - steel and machinery industry in Northeast India

Industry: before independence: only mining and textile industry

After independence: a considerable scale of industries with relatively developed light and heavy industries was formed. industrial system. Nuclear energy and aerospace are beginning to take shape, and the information industry is booming.

Traditional industries (cotton, woolen textiles, heavy industry) centered on Kolkata in the northeast and Mumbai in the west, and emerging industrial areas (electronics, software industry, atomic energy, aerospace) centered on Bangalore in the south

Cities: New Delhi: the capital, located in the northwest of India. Agra in the southeast has the famous building Taj Mahal - the railway transportation center

Kolkata: located at the mouth of the Ganges, the center of the hemp textile industry and an important seaport, the most populous city—— Jute Origin

Mumbai: Located in the largest seaport on the western coast and the cotton textile industry center - the cotton origin in the northwest Deccan Plateau

United States

⑴ Land composition: except There are 48 mainland states, 1 special zone, and 2 overseas states (Alaska and Hawaii)

⑵ Natural conditions characteristics

The mainland is all in the temperate zone (the south is subtropical) , Alaska is at high latitudes and belongs to the frigid and sub-arctic zones, and Hawaii is in the tropics (so tropical products need to be imported)

The mainland faces the sea on three sides, and there are many excellent seaports along the coast. It does not freeze in winter and sea shipping is convenient;

The plain area accounts for more than half of the country's area and 10% of the world's cultivated land

The Mississippi River (the fourth longest river in the world) and the Great Lakes provide convenience for irrigation, shipping and power generation

The river with the richest water energy resources in the United States: Columbia River (temperate maritime climate, west coast of the continent, abundant precipitation on the windward slope)

Natural resources such as minerals, forests, and grasslands are rich, but due to high consumption and waste there are still large amounts Imports, the country that imports the most oil in the world

⑶ Multi-ethnic countries and inter-racial inequality

Population 270 million, white people account for more than 80%, and people of color are mainly Blacks and Chinese live in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and New York. The population is distributed in the coastal plains and the Great Lakes region. The northeast is densely populated and the western plateau is sparsely populated. In recent decades, the population has migrated from the Northeast to the Southeast and the Western "Sun Belt"

⑷ Modernization and specialization of agriculture (combined with high school textbooks)

[Note] Analysis of U.S. Agriculture Characteristics of production:

① The level of agricultural modernization is high, (the entire process of agricultural production has been mechanized, electrified and chemicalized). It is the largest and most productive agricultural country in the world.

② Pay equal attention to planting and animal husbandry. (The main food crops include corn, wheat, rice, oats, etc., and the main cash crops include cotton (China, the United States, and Central Asia are the three largest cotton producers in the world), soybeans, sugar beets, tobacco, etc., and the animal husbandry industry is very developed. . )

③ is the world’s largest exporter of agricultural products. (The export volume of wheat, soybeans, corn, etc. ranks first in the world, but it imports tropical agricultural products)

④ Agricultural production has implemented regional specialization (cotton belt, corn belt, wheat belt, dairy belt, livestock and irrigated agriculture Belt, etc.)

*Regional specialization------refers to the social division of labor by region in agricultural production, that is, each region forms its own characteristics based on local natural conditions, socioeconomic conditions, market demand and historical status. A relatively concentrated specific agricultural sector that invests a large amount of commercial agricultural products in the exchange of agricultural products between regions.

*Benefits of regionally specialized production: a. Give full play to the region’s environmental and resource advantages. b. Make full use of advanced technology to improve production efficiency. Disadvantages: Exacerbating the imbalance of agricultural production.

⑸ Developed industries and major cities

With a high degree of modernization, it is the country that exports the largest number of industrial products and the largest output value. The country has the largest consumption and is the country that imports the most cars, steel, petroleum, and textiles in the world. It imports more than it exports. It has a lot of overseas investment and multinational companies are spread across all continents. Due to the rise of Western Europe and Japan, its status is declining.

Russia

⑴ The largest country in the world: spanning Eurasia, part of Europe is small but its political and economic center is here

⑵ relatively flat The terrain

is dominated by plains and plateaus. To the west of the Ural Mountains are the Eastern European plains, and to the east are the West Siberian Plain, Central Siberian Plateau, and East Siberian Mountains (bounded by the Yenisey River: western plains, eastern plateaus, and mountains)

⑶ Winter is long and cold , the climate varies greatly from place to place

The temperate continental climate is dominant, with polar climate in the north, Mediterranean climate in the southwest, and temperate monsoon climate in the east

⑷ Rivers and lakes

The Volga River is the longest in Europe, rich in water energy, and the most important inland waterway. The Ob, Yenisey, and Lena rivers are rich in water energy and have long freezing periods, which are not conducive to shipping and can cause severe flooding. Lake Baikal is the deepest in the world.

⑸ Rich resources: natural gas reserves rank first in the world, important oil producers in the world (Ural, Tyumen oil fields), Kursk iron mine, Kuzbass coal mine

[Note] Sino-Japanese competition over the direction of the Russian oil pipeline

⑹ Industries based on heavy industry

Industrial zones centered on Moscow and St. Petersburg, the Ural and Novosibirsk industrial zones, the industry consists of The European part is developing towards the Asian part

⑺ Agriculture: The Eastern European Plain and the Don River Basin are the main agricultural areas. The main agricultural products are wheat, sugar beet, potato, sunflower, and flax. It is changing from a food importer to an exporter. There is the world's largest coniferous forest belt.

⑻ Transportation: mainly railways (note: the difference between the European part and the Asian part)

The first Eurasian continental bridge (Trans-Siberian Railway): Moscow-Irkut Moscow (South Baikal) - Vladivostok

⑼ Capital and Cities

Moscow: Capital, the country’s largest city, political center and cultural center, and the country’s most important transportation Hub

St. Petersburg: seaport on the Baltic Sea coast, the second largest city in the country

Vladivostok (Vladivostok): major seaport on the Pacific coast

Moorman Sk: Freeze-free port on the Arctic Ocean coast (influenced by the North Atlantic warm current) Oymyakon: Cold Pole of the Northern Hemisphere

Brazil

Physical Geography

Area of ??South America The largest country is also a country with rapid economic development. It is the epitome of the melting pot of nations in the world. Brazil has been a Portuguese colony for 300 years. In the 16th century, when colonists landed in Brazil, they discovered that there was a precious tree from which red dye, which was rare in Europe, could be extracted. They called the tree "mahogany" and later evolved into the name of the country. Brazil covers an area of ??8,547,403 square kilometers, accounting for approximately 46% of the total area of ??South America. It is the fifth largest country in the world after Russia, Canada, China and the United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates: 15°45' south latitude, 47°57' west longitude, the time zone is UTC/GMT -3 hours (Western Third District), and the time difference with Beijing is 11 hours later than Beijing time in China. It is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The terrain of Brazil is mainly divided into two parts. One part is the Brazilian Plateau with an altitude of more than 500 meters, which is distributed in the south of Brazil. The other part is the plains with an altitude of less than 200 meters, mainly distributed in the Amazon River Basin in the north and the west. The terrain of the whole country is divided into Amazon Plain, Paraguay Basin, Brazilian Plateau and Guyana Plateau, of which the Amazon Plain accounts for about 1/3 of the country's area. There are three major river systems: Amazon, Paraná and S?o Francisco. The Amazon River has a total length of 6,751 kilometers, traversing northwest Brazil, with a basin area of ??3.9 million square kilometers; the Paraná River system includes the Parana River and the Paraguay River, flowing through the southwest, with many rapids and waterfalls, and rich hydropower resources The S?o Francisco River system is 2,900 kilometers long and flows through the arid northeast. It is the main source of irrigation water in the region. The coastline is more than 7,400 kilometers long, the territorial sea width is 12 nautical miles, and the exclusive economic zone outside the territorial waters is 188 nautical miles. Among them, the Amazon Plain is the largest plain in the world, the Amazon River is the river with the largest volume of water in the world, and the Brazilian Plateau is the largest plateau in the world. S?o Paulo is the largest city in the Southern Hemisphere. Most areas have a tropical climate, and some areas in the south have a subtropical climate. The average annual temperature in the Amazon plain is 25 to 28 degrees, and the average annual temperature in the southern region is 16 to 19 degrees.

Resource Geography

Proven iron ore reserves are 33.3 billion tons, accounting for 9.8% of the world's total reserves, ranking fifth in the world; output is 355 million tons, ranking second in the world ; Export volume also ranks among the top in the world. Pakistan is rich in reserves of 29 minerals, with nickel reserves accounting for 98% of the world's total reserves, and manganese, bauxite, lead, tin and other metal reserves accounting for more than 10% of the world's total reserves. The proven reserves of niobium ore are 4.559 million tons, which is enough for global use for 800 years based on current consumption. In addition, there are rich chromium ore, gold ore and asbestos ore. The proven reserves of coal mines are 10.1 billion tons, but the grade is very low. Since 2007, Brazil has successively discovered large oil and gas fields on its southeastern coast. Its oil reserves are expected to exceed 50 billion barrels, and it is expected to become one of the top ten oil countries in the world. The forest coverage rate reaches 57%. Timber reserves are 65.8 billion cubic meters. It is rich in water resources, with 18% of the world's fresh water, per capita fresh water holdings of 29,000 cubic meters, and water conservancy reserves of 143 million kilowatts per year.

Human Geography

The Atlantic coast is densely populated, while the inland areas are sparsely populated. (referred to as "narrow land and densely populated") Brazil's Nambicavala people

Brazil's national population is 186,957,906 (June 2, 2008), ranking fifth in the world. The southeastern region is the most populous region in Brazil. According to IBGE 2004 data, the population in this region is approximately 78 million, equivalent to 42% of the total population of Brazil. The region is home to Brazil's three most populous states (S?o Paulo, 70 million people, Minas Gerais, 19 million, and Rio de Janeiro, 15 million) and its two largest cities (Rio and S?o Paulo). A commercial zone with Sao Paulo and Rio as its backbones is formed at the junction of Sao Paulo and Rio. This area gathers about 23% of Brazil's population, making it the most densely populated area in the country.

Australia

Australia’s terrain is very distinctive. There are rugged rocky areas, vast deserts and lush flat-topped mountains in the west and center. There are continuous plateaus in the east. Mount Kosciuszko, the highest peak in the country, is 2230 meters above sea level. Near the sea, there are narrow beaches with gentle slopes. To the west, it gradually becomes a plain. The coastal area is full of wide sandy beaches and lush green vegetation, and the terrain there is diverse: to the west of Sydney, there are the cliffs of the Blue Mountains, to the north of Brisbane, the tall, graceful and eroded volcanic neck of the Glasshouse Range. , while the south coast west of Adelaide is a flat wilderness. The Murray River and the Darling River are Australia's two longest rivers.

These two river systems form the Murray-Darling Basin, which covers an area of ??more than 1 million square kilometers, equivalent to 14% of the total continental area. The longest river, the Melbourne River, is 3,490 miles long. Lake Eyre is a huge salt lake near the center of the continent, covering an area of ??more than 9,000 square kilometers, but it has been dry for a long time. Most of Australia's land, about 70%, belongs to arid or semi-arid zones, and most of the central areas are uninhabitable. Australia has 11 large deserts, which cover about 20% of the entire continent. Due to very little rainfall, more than a third of the continent is covered by desert. Australia is the flattest and driest continent in the world. The central depression and western plateau are deserts with a dry climate. Lake Eyre in the central part is the lowest point in Australia, with the lake level 15 meters below sea level. There are only 260,000 square kilometers of land that can be used for livestock raising and farming. The coastal zone, especially the southeastern coastal zone, is suitable for living and farming. The hills here are undulating, the water is abundant, and the land is fertile. Except for the south coast, the entire coastal zone forms a "green belt" surrounding the continent. It is this green belt that nurtures the country.