How are the nationalities in China divided?

First, how are the nationalities in China divided?

Ethnic identification from the early days of liberation to the end of 1979.

Theoretical basis of national identity: Nation refers to a stable isomorphism with * * the same language, * * the same region, * * the same economic life and * * the same cultural and psychological quality.

After the founding of New China, China has carried out three climaxes of ethnic work. The first one is the process of ethnic identity. According to the above theoretical basis, by the end of 1979, the state officially established that there were 55 ethnic minorities in China, and there were no new ones.

Nowadays, there are many sayings circulating in the society that there are ethnic groups beyond 55 in China. This statement is mainly due to the following circumstances:

1. The national concept and nationality are only weak. Among the ethnic minorities in China, due to the different living areas, the same nation is divided into many branches, and some people may regard branches as a nation. For example, we all know that Ashima belongs to Sani people, but few people know that Sani people belong to a branch of Yi people.

2。 In China, due to historical and natural reasons, the development of ethnic minorities is relatively backward. In this case, the state has formulated many relevant preferential policies, and some people may claim to be a certain ethnic group in history. But in this case, the state has clearly stipulated that there will be no more ethnic minorities in China. Theoretically, these people's living habits are very similar to those of the Han nationality, thus laying a theoretical foundation for the identification of ethnic minorities in the north. This may be the case that some people think that there are 57 ethnic minorities in China.

3. Some ethnic groups have lived in different areas for a long time due to geographical or historical reasons, and they think that there should be two ethnic groups in different areas. This statement exists now, but it is not valid from a scientific point of view.

4。 Due to the second situation, in the fifth census, more than 700,000 people in China belonged to unidentified ethnic groups. These people think that they do not belong to any existing ethnic group, but they do not have the four standards of ethnic independence, so they are treated as unidentified ethnic groups.

Ethnic identification from the early liberation to the end of Jinuo identification in 1979.

The evolution of ethnic groups is a long process. In the fifth national census in China, foreigners became citizens of China, but this is a very rare situation. As for the division of ethnic groups, the worldwide significance is that "indigenous people" cannot be solved by joining the international community.

Second, the origin of the Han nationality

From about 5000 BC, the Huaxia nationality, the main body of the Han nationality, originated in the Yellow River valley and began to develop gradually. It entered the Neolithic Age and went through the stages of matriarchal clan commune and paternal clan commune. In 2700 BC, there was a tribe named Ji in central Shaanxi, whose leader was Huangdi, and there was a tribe named Jiang in the south, whose leader was. Friction often occurs between the two sides. The battle of Han Quan finally broke out between the two tribes, and the Yellow Emperor defeated Yan Di. After that, the two tribes formed an alliance and captured the surrounding tribes, and the predecessor of Huaxia Kingdom was born.

Around 2000 BC, Qi established Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty 1766, Zhou Dynasty 1 122. Since the Zhou Dynasty, various ethnic groups and tribes in China have been continuously integrated, and their activities have gradually expanded from the Yellow River basin to the Huaihe River, Surabaya River, Yangtze River and Hanshui River basins. During this period, Huaxia nationality gradually formed and became the predecessor of modern Han nationality, which was different from many ethnic groups such as Yi, Man, Rong and Di, but at this time the distinction between Hua and Yi was not very strict.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Huaxia people further integrated with the surrounding ethnic groups, and countries such as Qin and Chu, which originally excluded the Huaxia people, were gradually accepted. During the Warring States Period, the vassal states of China fought against each other, and the Yi, Man, Rong and Di who entered the Central Plains gradually merged with the Huaxia nationality, forming a relatively stable nation. At this time, the activity area of Huaxia nationality also expanded to the middle and lower reaches of Liaohe River, Taohe River Basin, Sichuan Basin, Jiangnan area and other places.

Qin Shihuang unified China and established the Qin Dynasty, followed by the Han Dynasty, which ruled China for more than 400 years. During this period, the territory of China expanded unprecedentedly, with Huaxia nationality in the pre-Qin period as the core and subject, and other nationalities in the Han Dynasty were sinicized, forming the Han nationality. At this time, the distribution of Han population is still concentrated in the Yellow River and Huaihe River basins. From the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Han population gradually migrated to the Yangtze River, the Pearl River and the southeast of China. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the population of Han people in the south had surpassed that in the north, and Manchu banned Han people from going out to the northeast. In the late Qing Dynasty, in order to enrich the frontier and allow Han Chinese to enter the Northeast, a large number of Shandong Han Chinese were introduced during Zhang's rule in the Northeast. From the Ming Dynasty, the Han nationality began to immigrate to Southeast Asia sporadically, and from the19th century, the Han nationality immigrated to Europe, North America and other places.