Title of immigration management

Werner von Bloomberg 1878- 1946

Von Boucher von Bok, fedor 1885- 1945.

Walter von Blauchisch 188 1- 1948

Von Busch, Ernst 1895- 1945

Keitel, keitel, William 1882- 1946.

Von Kleist, ewald 188 1- 1954.

Von Kruger von Kruger, Gunter 1882- 1944

Georg von Kuechler

Von Lieber von Leeb, Ritter William 1876- 1956

Liszt list, Siegmund Wilhelm1880-1971

Erich von Meinster von Manstein 1887- 1973

Mo Deer model, Walter 189 1- 1945.

Paulus, friedrich paulus 1890- 1957

Walter von Reichenau.

Rommel Rommel, Owen 189 1- 1944

Von Lunsted, also translated by von Lunsted, GERD 1875- 1953.

Schneer, Schneer, Ferdinand 1892- 1973.

Baron von Wilkes, Maximilian 188 1- 1954.

Von Wurzlefen Wuertzler Ben, Owen 188 1- 1944.

Two Admiral of the fleet:

Karl doenitz Donitz

Erich raeder Lei Deer

Five air force marshals:

Hermann G?ring [Imperial Marshal]

Von gleim von Raismes, Ritter Robert

Kesselring, Albert, Kesselring

Erhad Mirc

Baron von Ritchie de Hoven von Richthofen, Volfram

Hugo Speller

1933 when Hitler came to power in Germany, the rank of marshal was the highest and most honorable goal that German soldiers dreamed of. During this period ten years ago, there was no active marshal in Germany. The noncommissioned officer of World War I started as a marshal in 1935, and was promoted to 25 marshals in the following ten years, including 19 field marshals and 5 air marshals. Twenty-three of them were promoted only after France surrendered in June 1940 (note 1).

German marshals can be said to be the essence of Nazi Germany. 1940, they are the most powerful figures in the world army. They have the ancient tradition of Prussian soldiers, and are respected and revered, giving people a sense of sacredness. These marshals, together with their generals who may be more capable than them, have achieved extremely brilliant achievements: Poland was captured in one month, Denmark was captured in a few hours, and Norway soon collapsed. Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, France, Yugoslavia and Greece are also doomed. In addition, the British expeditionary force was driven out of the European continent by the Germans; Libya, Ukraine, Belarus, Georgia and the Baltic Sea also fell for the second time. German troops approached Alexandria 60 miles away and looked at the dome of the Kremlin.

Marshal's tragic whereabouts

But in the end, everything became an illusion. By the end of the war, only two of the nineteen marshals were still in service. When a marshal was on the front line in Russia, he had a heart attack and died after a few days in a coma. A marshal (Marshal von Bauck) and his family were shot and killed by British fighter planes four days before the end of the war. Three marshals committed suicide: two of them participated in the overthrow of Hitler, one was ordered to commit suicide (Marshal Rommel) and one was afraid of suicide (Marshal von Kruger); The third place (Marshal Mo Deer) was besieged by defeat and had to surrender and commit suicide. Paulus has chosen to surrender. Another (Marshal von Wurzler Ben) was sentenced to death for his participation in the assassination of Hitler on July 20, 1944. Naked without dignity, hanged with piano wire. More than half of the other ten marshals have been dismissed, and most of them were forced to retire after being humiliated.

Then there is the trial of war criminals after the war. One Marshal (Marshal Jodl) was executed, four died in prison and several others were sentenced to three years to life imprisonment. Of all the bailiffs, only von Wedge has not been tried. He was released because he was seriously ill and awaiting trial in prison.

Will there be no seeds?

Hitler's marshals were all old men of World War I, of whom 12 had noble titles, and 17 graduated from the Staff School. Apart from these roughly similar backgrounds, there is nothing in common. Their origins are very different. Rommel's father and grandfather are school teachers, paulus's father is a cashier, keitel's family is a farmer, Kallner's father is a policeman, and Mo Deer's family is very poor.

Von Blaucci, Von Kleist, Von Reich Nau, Von Bauck and Von Lundster are all descendants of Prussian generals, and Von Munster's father and stepfather were also promoted to general officers. Liszt's father was a doctor, and von Wilkes was born into a noble family. Von Rip, Rommel and Mo Deer all had works before the war, and Rommel got considerable royalties [Note 2]. After the war, both von Meinster and keitel who died in prison wrote memoirs. Von Bloomberg also wrote an autobiography, but no one wanted to publish it because of his poor writing.

Among them, nine future marshals were infantry, six artillery, two cavalry, 1 engineer and 1 officer during World War I. None of these 19 people came from armored forces, because armored arms only appeared after the mid-1930s. However, four of these 19 people served as armored commanders in World War II. Among these marshals, von Lunstead is the oldest. He was born in 1875. When he was a second lieutenant, Kallner, the youngest future marshal, had just come from a lower-middle class community in Munich [1892]. Rommel was the youngest when he was promoted to marshal, only fifty years old; Von Lunstead was 66 years old when he was promoted to Marshal in April1. Von Bloomberg was the first German general to be promoted to marshal. Keitel never dreamed that it would be his turn. Rommel died the youngest, only 52 years old.

Marshal country

The personalities and political views of these generals are also quite different. Von Lunstead is basically a lazy man, Rommel is never tired, and Mo Deer is full of energy to an amazing extent. Von Wedges and von Ripp are devout believers, but Kallner and von Reich Nau kill people without blinking an eye. Some marshals, such as keitel, were extremely loyal to Hitler and believed in Nazi dogma; But there are also people like Rip who opposed the Nazis from the beginning. Von Wurzler actually planned to assassinate Hitler. Some marshals can be called Nazis, some are anti-Nazis, but most marshals are not members of the Nazi party (please note that this is different from anti-Nazis). Von Kleist advocates monarchy, while von Reichenau is a speculator. Some people's positions have changed 180 degrees. For example, keitel can change from a non-Nazi German bureaucrat to a loyal follower of Hitler. Rommel changed from a Nazi sympathizer to an anti-Nazi. Most other generals have political views between these two extremes.

If these marshals have different political views, then their differences in moral concepts are even greater. Von Blaucci had a Bible at his bedside, but after he divorced his ex-wife, he married a mistress. Von Kleist never changed his mind, and Rommel was afraid of his wife. Mo Deer helped the Nazi army "migrate" the Soviet people (especially Jews), but Kuchler absolutely refused to cooperate with the SS killing troops when he was in Poland and Russia, and tried his best to alleviate the suffering of the Russian people. Rommel has his own ideas. He defied Hitler's direct orders in North Africa and refused to execute Jewish prisoners of war and British commandos and hand them over to the Italian army. Von Kleist even disobeyed orders. He boldly called his senior officers and SS officials to his headquarters, admonished them and warned them not to run wild in his war zone.

Other bailiffs have worse moral values. Von Blaucci followed Hitler's advice and betrayed his brother for promotion. 1934, von Mü nster publicly declared that the anti-Semitic racial discrimination law was a cowardly act. However, 194 1 year ordered that "severe but just revenge" must be carried out against the inferior nation of Jews. On this issue, he is not the only German general whose words and deeds are inconsistent.

If the political views and moral concepts of these marshals cause many people to argue, there will be even greater differences in discussing their command ability. Most people (not all) think that von Meinster's military literacy is the best in the world; Rommel has been regarded as a tactical genius for decades, but in recent years, historians who specifically overturned his conviction began to attack his reputation. Von Bloomberg is an excellent adjutant, but he never had a chance to show the marshal's command ability on the battlefield, and so did von Witzler.

Marshal's ability is uneven.

One conclusion I got in this book is: on average, Marshal Hitler's ability is surprisingly average; They all decided that they were not military geniuses. Paulus was defeated and captured in Stalingrad, and he was obviously a mediocre man. Butch is also a useless person. 1944, his army was almost wiped out in Minsk.

Keitel, the commander-in-chief of the German Armed Forces, was even more useless, because he did nothing but answer Hitler's questions, which led to a series of military failures. Other marshals are hard to say. Von Bok's record is good or bad. Von Wedges's ability to command the legion was not bad, and it was also unsatisfactory in the Balkans in the late war. However, his achievements in the eastern battlefield pointed out that he did not have the ability to command a major army unit.

Liszt's ability to command infantry is extremely strong. There was a problem when he commanded armored martial arts in France in 40 years. But I always feel that everyone thinks too little of him. So did von Kleist, who was born in the Prussian cavalry. If Hitler had followed his advice, the Germans might have defeated Russia in 4 1 year. Von Kruger can be said to be a mediocre army commander, very selfish and used to framing others. For example, in order to shirk his responsibility, the German army lost outstanding generals such as guderian and Strauss.

On the eastern battlefield, Kucker was a very steady and capable defense expert, and so was Kallner on most occasions. But the latter is more cruel than the former. Kukerle treated German soldiers and Russian people equally and gave them the view of humanity. He just took it out on the Russian guerrillas. Kallner is a killer, even German officers and men below the rank of general will be dragged out and shot as long as they don't like it.

Mo Deer was promoted to Marshal in 1945, and it is difficult to judge his record. Mo Deer made outstanding achievements in the eastern battlefield, and he was an expert on fire fighting. However, on the western front, except for the Battle of Anheng (referring to the "Market-Garden Action" in which Bitrich beat up the British army), it can be said that it was a mess. But in that extremely unfavorable situation, even worse, there is no other way; However, in the defense of Ruhr, the Germans still had a chance in the final resistance. Mo Deer lost his fighting spirit in that battle. In the case of attempted suicide by drinking, the command is incompetent and the reputation is ruined for life. Of all the German generals, I think Mo Deer is the most representative. A careful study of his life and his battles can reveal the rise and fall of Germans in World War II. However, it is also valuable to study Liszt, Eberbach and Hoss.

Marshal Li Bo was useless in World War II. He is a national defense expert. In 1939 and 1940, he initially commanded the operations on the secondary battlefield. 194 1 year was transferred to the open plains of Soviet Russia to command mobile troops to fight, and the natural results were average. However, it is generally believed that if Hitler had not interfered with his command, he might have captured Leningrad in April1year, thus successfully ending the war in the northern battlefield. As for whether he can successfully resist the allied attacks on the battlefields of western and southern Europe in 1944 and 1945, or on the battlefields of Russia since 1943, no one can guess, but he believes that he will certainly achieve quite good results.

Von Lunstead, his sword is old.

If there is a German marshal who has been overestimated by some historians, it is von Lundster. Although his achievements in Poland in 1939 and in Soviet Russia in 194 1 were impressive, he was by no means a first-class commander. For 40 years, it was because he didn't understand mobile tactics that he suggested to Hitler to order the German armored forces to stop moving forward. Therefore, the British Expeditionary Force was able to retreat from Dunkirk calmly. However, after the war, von Lundster condemned Hitler's order to stop moving forward; Of course, Hitler should be mainly responsible for this military mistake. However, this is not his responsibility alone. In this war, Hitler mainly listened to the opinions of von Lunstead, but the outcome was greatly unfavorable.

It seems obvious that von Lund has not kept up with the times. Not only that, he also chose self-isolation and top-down rule. 1947, when the allied forces interrogated General Schaefenberg, the commander of the German armored forces on the former Western Front, they said, "Lun is the one who knows the least about armored tactics among the German generals. He was an infantryman of the previous generation; He and his staff will only talk on paper. They hate all the dust and noise related to tanks. As far as I know, Marshal von Lunstead has never been in a tank. He went on to say, "But don't get me wrong. I respect Marshal Lun very much, but his nod is old, and he has no share in World War II. 」

1March 1942 to1July 1944 and1September 1944 to1March 1945, von Lundster served as commander-in-chief of the German army on the western front twice. I think he neglected his duty. Always leave the planning and command of the battle to subordinates. For example, two important wars in Normandy and the bulge were commanded by Rommel and Mo Deer respectively; /kloc-the plan to attack France in 0/940 is the masterpiece of von Munster. At the beginning of the war, the Lun family was lucky to have many excellent subordinates. Including von Munster, guderian, von Kleist, Rommel, Hoss, Liszt and Rehard.

How many people can rise but not rise?

Finally, it should be pointed out that Hitler's marshal list is obviously missing a few people. Among them, the oldest is General blasco Witz, who served as the commander of the legion or group army in World War II, but was not promoted to marshal because he was not liked by Hitler. By the way, 1948 February, he committed suicide in Nuremberg prison. According to official reports, he fell headlong from the upstairs and died.

One of the most famous marshals who missed the promotion opportunity was General guderian, who was called the father of Blitzkrieg by some people. 4 1 year1February, Gatning was appointed commander of the Second Armored Corps, repaired by his old enemy Marshal Krueger (commander of the German Central Army, guderian's immediate superior) and dismissed by Hitler. 1943, Hitler ordered him to serve again, but guderian never served as a marshal. 1July 2, 9441Sunday to1March 28, 945 as the Acting Chief of Staff of the Army, which was the highest position he had ever held; However, when he arrived, the position almost lost all command and most of its prestige. In fact, his three predecessors were more likely to be promoted to marshal than he was [the first three army chiefs of staff were Burke, Howard and Chai Zile], because they were at least real chiefs of staff, but none of them were promoted to marshal. Guderian's ending is luckier than the three of them; Four weeks before Germany surrendered, he clashed with Hitler and left Berlin after he was dismissed. After the battle, guderian surrendered to American troops. Chai Zile was demoted, Burke committed suicide that night because of his participation in1attempted assassination of Hitler on July 20th, 944, and hoddle was put into a concentration camp in the Soviet Union. By the way, what happened to General krebs, who continued to be guderian's acting chief of staff? He committed suicide in Berlin on May 1, because he didn't want to fall into the hands of Russian troops.

Last four bailiffs were promoted.

1943 In February, after the fall of the Sixth German Army in Stalingrad, Hitler vowed never to be a marshal in wartime. Later, he changed his mind, but only four places were promoted. On 1944, Hitler was promoted to von Ritchie, Dehoven and Mo Deer; on April 5th, 945,/kloc-0 was promoted to Kallner, and on April 25th, five days before his suicide, he was promoted to the last von gleim. It is worth noting that among them, Von Ritchie de Hoven and Von gleim are air marshals, and these four people are either members of the Nazi Party or very inclined to it. Because Hitler didn't seal the marshal as before, after February 1943, some outstanding army commanders didn't get promoted to marshal; They include Henrik, Reinhart and Blake.

Note1:1On June 22nd, 940, France surrendered and Hitler was full of ambition. On July 19, he awarded 12 meritorious marshals.

Note 2: The title of the book is Infantry in Attack.

Note 3: Von Meinster's memoir is called Verlorene Siege (Lost Victory).

Note 4: During the trial, keitel began to write an autobiography in order to get rid of the charges. But it was only when I wrote about the Battle of Stalingrad that the court sentenced me to death. So he was born in the last ten days, and wrote about the period from1April 20th, 945 when Berlin was besieged to1May 2nd, 945 when he was captured by American troops. Therefore, his autobiography is incomplete, lacking the records of1May, 945 19, and1early 943. Although his autobiography is somewhat distorted, it is very readable; Unfortunately, he didn't have time to read the whole book. 1946 10/6, he was hanged in Nuremberg prison.

There is a reflection in keitel's book that is very pertinent. He said, "Why don't the generals who call me passive Nuo Nuo talk big and flatter me every chance they get?" Is it that hard? Absolutely not, because no one wants to take my place, because everyone knows that once he takes office, he will be like me. 」

From this perspective, the way to be an official is the same at home and abroad; Under strongman politics, there are only mediocre talents and lack of talents.

Note 5: von Bloomberg was Hitler's first marshal, and served as German defense minister from 1933 to 1938. He is responsible for the "partisanship" of the German army and the oath of loyalty to the leader (see below). Of course, he is also the host of expanding the German army. He was fired because his second wife was a prostitute. 1940 In May, when the Germans advanced to the English Channel, Hitler was overjoyed and remembered Brinell's contribution, so he ordered the marshal to be paid full salary. He testified at the Nuremberg trial: "Before March 38 and 39, German generals were not against Hitler; There is no reason to oppose him, because Hitler's rearmament is their purpose. " In March this year, at the age of 46, he died of cancer in the US military detention center.

German soldiers' oath of loyalty to Hitler: "I swear to God that I will unconditionally obey Hitler, the leader of the German Empire and its people and the commander-in-chief of the three armed forces;" As a brave soldier, I will sacrifice my life at any time to realize this oath. Therefore, in World War II, 2.96 million German soldiers lost their lives, and 1.40 million people disappeared or died in custody.

Note 6: After the war, Sherna was prosecuted by the Association of Returned Prisoners of War for killing soldiers at will during the war. 1957, a Munich court sentenced a driver to four and a half years' imprisonment for the crime of random homicide.

Most of the names in this article are modified according to domestic customs, and some of them are not clear to me. Please forgive me. As for the prefix Feng before the German name, as far as I know, it is his noble birth (not necessarily his own noble title). This name can also be abandoned. For example, chester william nimitz, a five-star general of the US Navy, whose family is a viscount of the Teutonic Knights, gave up the noble surname after immigrating to the United States. Otherwise, there will be a general von Nimitz in the allied camp, which is not lively! ), and their surnames are an organic whole and should not be used separately from surnames, so I marked them with Feng XX.