The history of human exploration of Mars

The history of human exploration of Mars

The chronicle of human exploration of Mars has always been one of the most concerned celestial bodies in ancient times. When people went further and further on the road of space exploration, they began to explore Mars. The debate about whether there is life on Mars has never stopped. Now more probes will appear on Mars.

The history of human exploration of Mars 1 has always been one of the most concerned celestial bodies in ancient times. Because it is a bright red star in the sky, it has been regarded as a representative of disaster since ancient times. It was not until the19th century that astronomers first saw the vague appearance of Mars through telescopes, and even German astronomers drew the first map of Mars (below). At this time, it began to spread that there were artificial canals on Mars, although it was hard to imagine that people in the19th century found traces of rivers on Mars.

Mariner 4, launched by NASA in 1960s, became the first probe to enter the orbit of Mars, and sent back 22 photos of Mars, allowing people to see the real surface of Mars. However, the desolate and bumpy landform of Mars completely broke the illusion of "Mars civilization", but it also confirmed that there were traces of rivers and lakes on the surface of Mars, which further aroused the desire of human beings to solve the mystery of Mars.

Then in 197 1 year, NASA launched Mariner 9, becoming the first probe to orbit Mars. This probe sent back 7329 photos of Mars in the orbit of Mars. These unclear black-and-white images show the riverbed and huge craters on the surface of Mars, among which Mariner 9 discovered the most striking Mariner Canyon on Mars and took photos of Phobos and Phobos for the first time.

Viking 1 and Viking 2, launched by NASA in 1975, have successfully entered the scheduled orbit of Mars. Scientists try to carry a lander on the probe that can land on the surface of Mars, which also provides a lot of technical data for the subsequent landing of the rover. Among them, Viking 1 captured the "face of Mars" that shocked the world.

At the same time, the lander launched by Viking 1 successfully landed on the surface of Mars, allowing people to see the first color image of the ground of Mars. It was also the summer of Mars, and the lander also photographed the sun shining on the red soil at sunset on Mars. According to the analysis of soil samples, it is found that there are a lot of limonite in the soil of Mars, which is formed by water in an oxidizing environment, which is also the reason for the soil redness, and it is also confirmed that Mars was a watery place in ancient times.

In order to better map the global landscape of Mars, NASA launched the MGS orbiting satellite in 1996. This Mars orbiting satellite carries a MOC camera, which can take clearer images at high altitude and show the details of riverbeds and some craters more clearly. Mars Global Explorer also found traces of liquid water on the surface of Mars, which was not lost until 2006 due to solar panel failure.

In order to find traces of life on the surface of Mars, NASA launched the first mobile rover in 1997, which is also the first probe for human beings to move freely on other planets. Although this rover weighing 10.5 kg only took three months to travel 100 meters, its landing mode and detector structure have continued until now.

In 2003, the European Space Agency also launched the Mars Orbiting Satellite Mars Express and Lander Beagle 2. The Mars Express successfully entered the orbit and has been running until now, while the Beagle 2 lander lost contact directly after launch. The specific reason is still inconclusive. However, the normal operation of the Mars Express has taken a lot of photos of Mars and found an ice lake with huge water content in the polar regions of Mars.

On the premise of the success of sojourner, NASA launched two identical rovers Spirit and Opportunity in 2004. Many photos show that there are many traces of river erosion on Mars, and the goal of the rover is to find water in the soil layer of the crater. The two rovers running for 90 days were at 20 1 1 and 20 18 respectively.

In order to make up for the weak digging ability of the rover, NASA specially designed the stationary Phoenix with the same shape as the later Insight. This rover carries a powerful digging detector, which can only detect soil samples at the landing site. Phoenix dug up the ice in the soil at the landing site, but Insight was blocked many times after landing, resulting in very slow work, but it still detected the vibration of geological activities inside Mars.

The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) launched by NASA in 2005 carried a high-resolution camera. Because the shooting effect can be accurate to 0.3 meters, most of the high-altitude images of Mars we see now come from this orbiter, which can clearly reflect various landforms on Mars and detect the increase of methane and oxygen in the Martian atmosphere in summer. According to the analysis of these information scientists, there are still creatures under the surface of Mars.

At present, the only rover that can move on Mars is Curiosity. This high-tech rover has been running normally since it landed on 20 12. Although it has seriously exceeded the upper limit of design operation, the main equipment on Curiosity is basically operating normally except for the wear of wheels and the decrease of battery power. Its body weight of 900 kg is also the heaviest object that humans can launch remotely. Of course, curiosity

2020 will be the best time to explore Mars. In addition to the delay of the probe jointly developed by ESA and Russia, the Hope probe in the United Arab Emirates has been successfully launched, while China's Tianwen-1 and NASA's Tenacity are also preparing for the final launch. In the future, Mars exploration will enter a new era, and many probes will exist, which will provide more data for manned landing on Mars in the future.

Since human beings explored Mars in the last century, the debate about whether there is life on Mars has never stopped. Now more probes will appear on Mars. Can we find traces of life or intellectual civilization on Mars?

History of human exploration of Mars II. Humans are getting farther and farther on the road of space exploration. In the past, people regarded exploring the moon as a key task, especially during the hegemony between the United States and the Soviet Union. Both countries are competing for who can reach the moon first. After the moon landing, people focused on Mars. Mars is a planet close to the earth. With the exploration of Mars, people gradually found that this planet actually has high research value.

Why do humans dare not bring Martian soil to the earth after exploring Mars many times? Here comes the answer.

China sent the Zhu Rong probe to Mars in May this year, and now it is July. The Zhu Rong probe has been around for some time, during which it has sent back a lot of information about Mars. The first country to land on Mars was the United States, which sent a probe to Mars a long time ago.

The United States brought back some lunar soil when it landed on the moon for the first time, but it didn't bring back Martian soil after exploring Mars for so long. Why?

Faced with this problem, many people initially thought that the Martian soil was unsafe. Scientists are worried that there are other microorganisms hidden in the soil, which will bring serious consequences if brought back to the earth.

But that's not true. Man has made a lot of efforts in exploring Mars. For scientists, they really want to study the soil structure on Mars. The reason why the rover didn't bring back Martian soil is that the technology is immature.

Mars and Venus are two planets close to the earth. In the process of exploring Venus, human beings found that the environment of this planet was too bad, so they later focused on Mars.

Although humans can now send probes to Mars, it is still difficult to bring things back from Mars. Humans launch probes to observe Mars not only to understand the situation of Mars, but also to look forward to finding life on Mars.

However, after a long period of exploration, no signs of life were found. Humans analyzed the environment on the surface of Mars and concluded that this planet does not have the conditions for the birth of life at present.

Although traces of suspected liquid water have been found on Mars, these liquid waters are likely to be stored inside Mars, and the atmosphere on this planet is so thin that it is impossible to breed life like that on Earth under such harsh conditions.

However, there are still many scientists pinning their hopes on microorganisms. After all, all kinds of microorganisms first appeared in the early days of the earth. To explore whether there are microorganisms on Mars, observing the soil on Mars is a key factor.

So don't say that scientists are afraid to bring back Martian soil. Scientists all over the world are very much looking forward to the day when human technology can be brought back to the Martian soil.

Although this idea can't be realized at present, our country has put the task of sampling Mars on the agenda, and our country's Zhu Rong rover is still exploring Mars.

This is only the first task completed by Tian Wen 1. It is expected that China will complete the sampling of Mars in 2030, when it will be able to bring back the soil from Mars.

People are so eager to explore Mars that they not only want to know the above situation, but also want to know whether Mars can become the second planet where human beings live. Although it seems that Mars is not suitable for human settlement at all, there will be new breakthroughs in human science and technology in the future. At that time, it may be possible to transform Mars and successfully realize human migration.