Key summary of the seventh grade geography volume II People's Education Edition

1. Geographical location of Asia: It is located in the eastern and northern hemispheres, bounded by Bering Strait and South America in the northeast, Urals Mountains, ural river, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, Black Sea and Turkish Strait with Europe, Suez Canal and Africa in the northwest, and Oceania across the sea in the south.

2. Asia is the largest continent in the world, with the largest area, the widest latitude and the farthest distance from east to west.

People divide Asia into East Asia, South Asia, West Asia, North Asia, Central Asia and Southeast Asia. China is located in East Asia, and the countries in East Asia are: China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea and Mongolia.

4. Layered color-coded topographic map: (the middle (dark brown-pink) is high in altitude, and the surrounding color gradually changes from light yellow to light green-the altitude gradually decreases)-Asian topographic features: the middle is high and the surrounding is low.

5. Find the following place names in the map and tell the expressions of these geographical things: Himalayas, Mount Everest (Little Black Triangle), Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (Dark Brown Region), West Siberian Plain (Green Region), Caspian Sea, Lake Bacher, Dead Sea (Closed Light Blue), Arabian Peninsula, Malay Archipelago, North China Plain, Indus Plain, Deccan Plateau and Pamir Plateau.

6. Distribution characteristics of rivers: It originates in the middle and flows radially around. The main rivers are: Yangtze River, Yellow River, Mekong River, Ganges River, Indus River, ob river River and Yenisei River.

7. Climatic characteristics of Asia: The climate types are complex and diverse, and the monsoon climate and continental climate are widely distributed. Methods The climatic characteristics of other continents were analyzed: the distribution law of climatic types and which climatic type is the most widely distributed. The characteristics of monsoon climate: high temperature in summer, low temperature in winter, and great seasonal variation of precipitation, concentrated in summer and autumn, with both rain and heat.

8. Ranked by population: Asia, Africa, Europe, South America, North America, Oceania; Ranked by natural population growth rate: Africa, South America, Asia, Oceania, North America and Europe.

10, a country's industrial structure is an important indicator to measure a country's economic development. The higher the per capita GNP, the more developed the economy, the larger the tertiary industry, the lower the per capita GNP, the more backward the economy, and the greater the proportion of the primary industry.

Asian economic differences: the eastern coast is developed, the western inland economy is backward, the economic development of different land and sea locations is different, and the economic development is different under different social and historical conditions.

Chapter 7: Our Neighboring Countries and Regions

1. Geographical location: land and sea location (Northwest Pacific), continental location (East Asia), latitude location (wide latitude and longitude span) 23° N-46° N,122 E-148 E, Japan's north and south land is long and narrow, intersecting with longitude.

2. Topographic features: A typical island country, consisting of four islands (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu) and more than 3,900 small islands; The land area is 377,000 square kilometers; The coastline is tortuous and there are many excellent ports (such as Kobe and Yokohama). The terrain is dominated by mountains, the plain area is narrow, and there are many volcanoes and earthquakes (Japan is located at the junction of the Pacific plate and the Eurasian plate, with frequent and unstable crustal activity).

3. Developed processing trade economy: Japan is a world economic power, a processing trade economy, and highly dependent on foreign countries. It must import raw materials from abroad and export finished products.

4. Major industrial zones in Japan: Keihin Industrial Zone, Nagoya Industrial Zone, Setouchi Industrial Zone, Hanshin Industrial Zone and Kitakyushu Industrial Zone; Distribution characteristics: Japanese industry is highly concentrated, mainly distributed in the inland sea coast of Seto and the Pacific coast.

5. Cultures compatible with the East and the West: Traditional colors and modern atmosphere coexist, and cultural exchanges between China and Japan have a long history.

6. Japan's investment measures: expand overseas investment and establish overseas production and sales bases, mainly for the United States, Western Europe and Southeast Asia; The advantages of overseas investment in building factories for Japan: using cheap labor in developing countries; Reduce the input cost of industrial production; Participate in international economic and technological cooperation and international market competition; Protect the country's natural resources, slow down resource consumption, protect the country's environment and reduce the input of transportation costs. The impact of Japanese overseas investment on other countries: Japan's relocation of heavily polluting enterprises overseas will pollute the environment of other countries and lead to a decline in environmental quality; Japan has a strong sense of protecting its own resources from its own interests, but importing a large amount of wood or overfishing in the ocean will lead to serious damage to the resources of other regions or countries in the world, which will lead to the imbalance of the global ecological environment.

7. Southeast Asia: including Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago; Country (*** 1 1): Vietnam, Laos, Indonesia (the country of thousand islands, the largest archipelagic country in the world), Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Brunei, East Timor. Geographical location: Latitude (10 s-25 n) is mainly located in the tropics; Land and sea location: the Indian Ocean in the west and the Pacific Ocean in the east. Most countries are coastal countries and island countries, which are greatly influenced by the ocean. Transportation location: Located at the "crossroads" of two continents (Asia and Oceania) and two oceans (Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean). Malacca Strait: Located between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Island in Indonesia, it is the only place to sail eastward from Europe to ports in Southeast Asia and East Asia, and it is an important sea passage bordering the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

Climate type

Distribution area

Climatic characteristics

Impact on agriculture

tropical rainforest climate

Southern Malay Peninsula and most Malay Archipelago

It is hot and rainy all year round.

Crops can be sown at any time and harvested in any season.

Tropical monsoon climate

Indo-China Peninsula, Malay Peninsula and northern Philippine Islands.

High temperature throughout the year, with dry season and rainy season.

Sowing in rainy season and harvesting in dry season.

2. Why is rice the main food crop in Southeast Asia? Rice is a major food crop, but its production requires a lot of labor, high temperature and rainy conditions. Southeast Asia is densely populated, less cultivated, hot and rainy, and taking rice as the main food crop is an inevitable condition. Distribution of tropical cash crops in Southeast Asia: Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar are important rice exporters in the world; Thailand is the largest rubber producer in the world; The Philippines is the world's largest producer of banana cannabis and exporter of coconut. Malaysia is the largest palm oil producer in the world; Indonesia is the largest coconut producer in the world.

3. Most rivers in Southeast Asia originate from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China, such as Mekong River (Lancang River) and salween River (Nujiang River). The characteristics of rivers are: north and south, mountains and rivers alternate with each other, the rivers run through mountains, the mountains on both sides are towering, the water is swift and the hydropower resources are rich. The lower continental valley widens, the water flow is slow, and sediments are deposited. Alluvial plains are formed on both sides of the river bank, and rivers are formed at the estuary, with low terrain and fertile soil.

4. Why are cities located in the delta along the Yangtze River and the estuary? Because these places have fertile land, flat terrain, easy irrigation and convenient transportation, they are important agricultural areas in Southeast Asia with dense population and developed agriculture, which also provide favorable conditions for the development of cities, such as Chongqing, Wujiang and Shanghai in China.

5. Geographical location: Located in the southwest of China, India is one of the four ancient civilizations. India's neighbors are Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Sri Lanka across the sea. India's terrain can be divided into three major terrain areas: the mountains in the south of West Malaya in the north, the Ganges Plain in the middle and the Deccan Plateau in the south.

6. The total population of India has exceeded 1 billion, making it the second most populous country in the world. In the past 50 years, the population of India has almost tripled. The main feature of India's population problem is the rapid population growth. Since the 1970s, the Indian government has adopted population control policies and incentive plans, but the traditional concepts in the vast rural areas of India are still very strong. For a long time, the annual net increase of India's population will be larger and larger. Due to India's overpopulation, India's per capita natural resources, per capita grain output and steel output are far from the world average. This shows that the rapid population growth will have a serious negative impact on a country's resources, environment and economic development.

7. Most parts of India are located in the tropics and subtropics, characterized by tropical monsoon climate: high temperature all year round, rainy season and dry season. In the rainy season (June-September), the wind blows from the ocean to the land (southwest wind), and in the dry season (10- May of the following year), the wind blows from the mainland to the ocean (northeast wind). Monsoon causes frequent floods and droughts in India. For example, the monsoon comes early and leaves late, and floods are formed when the wind is strong; The monsoon comes late and leaves early, and the weak wind forms drought.

8. The breakthrough of India's rapid grain growth lies in the implementation of the "green revolution". Rice and wheat are the main food crops in India, and their yields are among the highest in the world. Rice is mainly distributed in the Ganges plain and coastal plain with sufficient precipitation and flat terrain; Wheat is mainly distributed in the upper reaches of Ganges River and the northwest of Deccan Plateau with less precipitation and plenty of sunshine. This also shows that agricultural production is closely related to natural conditions.

9. Indian industry. During the British rule, textile and mining industries were mainly developed. This is because Britain strictly controls Indian industry for its own economic development. At that time, the level of science and technology in India was quite backward. After independence, India actively introduced foreign capital and advanced technology, attached importance to training scientific and technological talents, and made great efforts to develop its own industries, mainly steel industry, machinery industry, chemical industry and cotton and linen textile industry, and also made certain achievements in high-tech fields such as atomic energy, aerospace and computer software.

10. General situation of Russia: ① Terrain: relatively flat, mainly plain, with plain to the west of Ural Mountain, followed by western Siberia plain, central Siberia plain and eastern Siberia. It is the largest country in the world, with a length of 10000 square kilometers from east to west and a width of about 4000 kilometers from north to south, covering an area of over17 million square kilometers. ② Climate: Temperate continental climate is dominant. There are great differences among regions, with polar climate in the north being cold all year round, Mediterranean climate and temperate grassland climate in the south and temperate monsoon climate in the east. The climate in Russia: winter is long and cold, and summer is short and warm; ③ Rivers and lakes: The Volga River is the longest river in Europe, rich in hydraulic resources and the most important inland waterway. Ob river, Yenisei and Lega rivers are rich in energy and have a long freezing period. Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world; ④ Rich in natural resources. There are many kinds, large reserves, uneven regional distribution, more in the east and less in the west. The main minerals are: oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, non-ferrous metals and so on. The main producing areas are Kursk Iron Mine, Kuzbas Coal Mine and Tyumen Oilfield.

1 1, four major industrial zones: the industrial sub-zone centered on Moscow is distributed in the European part of Russia, and it is the most developed region in Russia, mainly including steel, automobiles, airplanes, rockets and electronics; The industrial zone centered on St. Petersburg is located on the Baltic coast of European part of Russia. Petrochemical, shipbuilding, electronics, papermaking and aerospace industries are very developed here. It is also the most developed area of Russian food and textile industry; Ural Industrial Zone, located in the Ural Mountains, is located on the dividing line between Asia and Europe. The main products here are petroleum, steel and machinery. Siberian industrial zone centered on Kuzbas: mainly produces heavy industrial products such as coal, oil, natural gas, electric power, steel and military products.

12. Why should Abel Railway be built along the southern mountainous area? The first reason is that the southern mountainous areas are rich in mineral resources. Secondly, because of the high latitude, cold all the year round and low temperature in northern Russia, the frozen soil layer is deep. It is difficult to build a railway on frozen soil, and the safety factor is low. Pipeline transportation is a new mode of transportation that combines lines and means of transportation, mainly transporting oil and natural gas. Two main modes of transportation: road and railway; There are two main modes of goods transportation: pipeline and railway.

Chapter VIII Other Countries and Regions in the Eastern Hemisphere

1. The Middle East is a geographical region centered on Europe. /kloc-when European countries expanded eastward in the 0 th and 7 th centuries, some eastern countries were divided into the Near East, the Middle East and the Far East according to their distance. The Middle East mainly includes countries in West Asia (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey, Palestine, Israel and Egypt) and Egypt in North Africa, in which West Asia does not include the European part of Turkey, while the Middle East includes the European part of Turkey, which means that the Middle East has a special geographical position, spanning Asia, Europe and Africa, and is called the land of two oceans, three continents and five seas. Atlantic and Indian oceans; Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Caspian Sea, Red Sea and Arabian Sea), its special geographical location is also one of the reasons why this area has become a hot spot. The Turkish Strait and Suez Canal are the dividing lines between Asia and Europe, Asia and Africa respectively.

The Middle East is like the transportation hub of the world. In ancient times, it used to be the only road of the Silk Road, and now it is also the main road of communication between the East and the West, especially the opening of the Suez Canal and the utilization of the Turkish Strait, which shows its superior geographical position. The Middle East is also the "air corridor" of world traffic, and many international routes have to pass through it. Therefore, the Middle East was once an area of aggression and expansion by imperialism and colonialism. Now some big countries want to compete for world hegemony.

2. Rich in oil resources: The Middle East is the region with the largest oil reserves, the largest oil production and export volume in the world (oil reserves account for 65.4%, output accounts for 30.5% and export accounts for 44.7%), which occupies an important position in the world and is known as the world oil treasure house. Middle East oil is mainly distributed along the Persian Gulf coast and mainly transported to the United States, Japan and Western European countries.

Unit 6 The continent where we live-Asia

I geographical location, topography and rivers in Asia

1. Location:

① Hemispheric location of Asia: Most of Asia is located in the Eastern Hemisphere and the Northern Hemisphere, but it spans both the Eastern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. ② Latitude position of Asia: Asia is roughly located between 10s-80n, spanning tropical, temperate and frigid zones, and is the continent with the highest latitude in the world. ③ Land and sea location: Asia borders the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Indian Ocean in the south and Europe in the west. The dividing lines are the Urals, ural river, the Great Caucasus, the Black Sea, the Turkish Strait and the Mediterranean Sea. It is adjacent to Africa across the Suez Canal in the southwest, North America across the Bering Strait in the east, and Oceania across the sea in the southeast. Asia is the farthest continent from east to west.

2. Area: Asia is the largest continent in the world. The seven continents are arranged in size: Asia, Africa, North and South America, Antarctica and European seas.

3. Geographical division: traditionally, Asia is divided into six regions: East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia and North Asia. The following table shows the regions and countries:

Regional countries

China, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea and Japan in East Asia.

Southeast Asia Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, East Timor, etc.

South Asia Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives, etc.

West Asia Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Kuwait, etc.

Part of Russia in North Asia

4. Terrain:

(1) Topographic features: Plateau and mountains are the main areas, with high average elevation; The land fluctuates greatly, including Mount Everest (8844 meters), the highest mountain in the world, and the Dead Sea (400 meters), the lowest in the world. It is the continent with the largest ground fluctuation in the world. The terrain is high in the middle and low around.

(2) The highest mountain in the world is in Asia: the Himalayas; The highest mountain: Mount Everest; The highest plateau: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; The largest saltwater lake: Caspian Sea; The deepest and largest freshwater lake: Lake Baikal; Lowest point of land surface: Dead Sea; The largest peninsula: Arabian Peninsula; The largest archipelago: Malay archipelago; The largest landlocked country: Kazakhstan; The most populous country: China; The longest canal: Beijing-Hangzhou Canal)

5. Rivers: Asian rivers are influenced by topography, mostly originating from the central plateau and mountainous areas, and flow radially into the sea along the topography. The main rivers flow in the following table:

Characteristics of river flow into the ocean

The length and flow of the Yangtze River from west to east ranks first in Asia and third in the Pacific world.

The Yellow River is 5500 kilometers long from east to west, and it is the second longest river in China, the Pacific Ocean.

Mekong River is called Lancang River from northwest to southeast in China, and Asia flows through the Pacific Ocean, which is the largest river flowing through the country.

Ob river, Yenisei River and Lena River are located in northern Asia from south to north, with high latitudes, and the ice age of rivers in the Arctic Ocean is longer in winter.

The Ganges River is located in the south of Asia and flows through the Indian Ocean of India and Bangladesh from west to east.

The Indus River is located in southern Asia from north to south and flows through the Indian Ocean in Pakistan.

Second, the complex climate.

1. Climate characteristics:

① The climate is complex and diverse: Asia spans the cold zone, temperate zone and tropical zone, borders the ocean on the east, north and south, and goes deep into the Eurasian continent in the southwest; The terrain is complex and diverse. Affected by latitude, land and sea distribution and topography, the climate in Asia is complex and diverse. Except temperate maritime climate, all kinds of climate in the world are distributed in Asia.

② The monsoon climate is remarkable: Asia is backed by Eurasia, the largest land in the world, and close to the Pacific Ocean, the largest ocean in the world. The temperature difference between the ocean and the land is remarkable, forming the most typical monsoon climate zone in the world. Tropical monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate and temperate monsoon climate are all distributed, among which tropical monsoon climate and temperate monsoon climate are only distributed in Asia.

(3) Continental climate distribution (temperate continental climate accounts for almost half of Asia): Asia is the largest continent in the world, with a vast area, and the inland is far away from the ocean and is less affected by the ocean. The inland temperature rises rapidly in summer and cools rapidly in winter, so Leng Xia is hot in winter. Because the inland is far away from the sea, it is difficult for ocean water vapor to reach, so the precipitation is less and concentrated in summer.

2. Impact of climate on agriculture: In Asia, the impact of monsoon climate on agriculture is particularly prominent. In the monsoon climate regions of East and South Asia, precipitation is closely related to the strength of summer monsoon. Generally speaking, in the year with strong summer monsoon, there are more water vapor and precipitation from the ocean; On the contrary, in the year when the summer monsoon is weak, there is less precipitation. If there is too much precipitation, it may cause floods; On the contrary, if there is too little precipitation, drought may occur. Therefore, the simultaneous rain and heat in East Asia and South Asia (monsoon region) make crops grow vigorously, but under the influence of unstable summer monsoon, droughts and floods often occur, which seriously threatens agricultural production.

Highlights: (l) The world's most populous continent: Asia's population is 6 1%.

① The world's continents or regions are ranked as Asia, Africa, Europe, Latin America, North America and Oceania according to their population. Ranked by the average natural population growth rate: Africa, Latin America, Asia, Oceania, North America and Europe.

② There are 10 countries with a global population of over 10, of which 6 are located in Asia: China and Japan in East Asia, Indonesia in Southeast Asia, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh in South Asia.

(3) the impact of large population on resources and environment:

2. Diversified regional culture: There are about 1000 ethnic groups in Asia, accounting for about half of the total ethnic groups in the world (ethnic groups in different regions show different cultural and artistic styles and different folk customs in architecture, clothing, music, dance and etiquette). Such as: earthquake-resistant buildings in Japan, tents and robes in Saudi Arabia. The Yellow River in Asia-the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the Indus Valley and the Mesopotamian Plain (two river basins) have become the cradles of human civilization respectively because of their suitable temperate or tropical climate, abundant water resources and fertile land.

3. Economic development: Asia is a developing country except Japan. The economic development of different countries varies greatly. The main reason is that all countries except Japan have been under colonial rule for a long time, and their industrial base is generally weak. Since 1970s, the economies of Singapore, Korea, Malaysia and Thailand have developed rapidly.

Chapter 7: Our Neighboring Countries and Regions

Question 1: natural environment characteristics of Japan

1. Territorial composition: It consists of four large islands, including Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, and more than 3,900 small islands and their surrounding waters.

Major cities are distributed along the coast, such as Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagoya, Osaka, Kobe, Kitakyushu and Nagasaki.

3. Topographic features: mainly hills and mountains. The plain area is narrow and distributed in coastal areas. Guandong Ping was originally the largest plain in Japan.

4. Many excellent harbors: the coastal waters are tortuous, and many excellent harbors, especially the Pacific coast and Seto Inland Sea, are the best, which are very beneficial to Japan's fishery, shipbuilding, maritime transportation and foreign economic ties. Kobe and Yokohama are the two most important foreign trade ports.

5. Multi-volcanic earthquake: Japan is located at the junction of the Asia-Europe plate and the Pacific plate, and its crustal movement is relatively active, belonging to the volcanic earthquake belt around the Pacific Ocean. So there are many volcanoes and earthquakes in Japan. There are more than 1500 felt earthquakes every year. Known as "the country of earthquakes" and "the world volcano museum". Mount Fuji, the highest mountain in Japan, is an active volcano. It is also the highest mountain in Japan, and the Japanese people regard it as a "holy mountain".

6. Japan's north and south land is long and narrow, intersecting with longitude. Most of Japan is in 23? N——46？ N, wide latitude and longitude will make Japan's geographical environment more complex and diverse. For example, the latitude is wide, the temperature difference between north and south in Japan is large, the longitude is wide, and the time difference between east and west is large.

Question 2: Japan's economy

1, unfavorable and favorable conditions for Japan's economic development. Japan is a small country with poor mineral resources such as iron ore, oil and coal, and most of them rely on imports. The domestic market is small, and most products are exported. However, Japan also has the advantages of developing its economy: a, there are many harbors in island countries and convenient shipping; B, the quality of labor force is high; C, high management efficiency.

2. "Import-processing-export" economic model. With the rapid economic development, Japan imports a large number of raw materials and fuels, and then relies on high technology and sufficient labor resources to process the imported raw materials into high-quality industrial products, which are then sold all over the world, forming an economy dominated by processing trade. The foreign trade targets are mainly the United States, China and Europe.

In recent years, Japan has accelerated the expansion of overseas investment and established overseas production and sales bases. Japan's main investment targets are the United States, Western Europe, East Asia and Southeast Asia. Benefits: ① Use cheap resources and cheap labor in developing countries to reduce production costs; (two) to participate in international economic and technological cooperation and international market competition; (3) protect the national natural resources, slow down the consumption of resources and protect the national resources; ④ Reduce the input of transportation cost. Impact on other countries: ① Japan's relocation of heavily polluting enterprises overseas will pollute the environment of other countries and lead to a decline in environmental quality; (2) Japan has a strong awareness of protecting its own resources from its own interests, but importing a large amount of wood or overfishing in the ocean will lead to serious damage to the resources of other countries and regions in the world, which will lead to global ecological environment imbalance.

4. Characteristics and reasons of industrial distribution: Japanese industries are concentrated in the narrow strip along the Pacific coast and the inland sea coast of Seto.

Advantages and disadvantages of Japanese economy: Japan's economy is heavily dependent on foreign countries. The favorable influence is that it can promote the rapid improvement of Japan's scientific and technological level and the improvement of labor quality, thus making Japanese industrial products more competitive in the international market; The adverse impact is the occurrence of the world economic crisis, which will inevitably cause heavy losses to the Japanese economy.

Question 3: Geographical location, rivers and cities in Southeast Asia.

1. Intersection location: Southeast Asia includes Indian zhina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago. The southern part of Indian zhina Peninsula is also called Malay Peninsula. Southeast Asia is located at the "crossroads" of Asia and Oceania, the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Especially the Malacca Strait between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Island is a natural waterway connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. It is the only place to sail eastward from Europe and Africa to ports in Southeast Asia and East Asia, and it is a sea passage connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Japan calls it "the lifeline of the sea".

2. Southeast Asian countries: there are 1 1 countries in Southeast Asia. Among them, China borders Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam; The only landlocked country is Laos; Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world, known as the "country of thousands of islands".

3. Relationship between rivers and cities: The big cities in Indo-China Peninsula are mainly distributed along the river and in the estuary delta.

4. Tropical climate and agricultural production

Question 4: Characteristics of India's natural environment

1, the second most populous country in the world: India is an ancient civilization with the second most populous country in the world. A large population puts great pressure on resources, environment and economic development. Therefore, the Indian government chose the family planning policy.

2. Location: ① Most of them are located in 10? N——30？ N, mainly located in the tropics. ② Land and sea location: south of Eurasia, north of Indian Ocean, east of Bay of Bengal and west of Arabian Sea.

3. Topography: It is divided into three parts: Himalayas in the north, Ganges Plain in the middle and Deccan Plateau in the south.

4. Major rivers: The Ganges River originates in the Himalayas and flows into the Bay of Bengal from northwest to southeast.

5. Self-sufficiency in food production: Since the implementation of the "Green Revolution" in India, food is not only self-sufficient, but also has a certain surplus for export. The main products are rice and wheat. Rice is mainly distributed in the Ganges plain and coastal plain, and wheat is mainly distributed in the upper reaches of Ganges and the northwest of Deccan Plateau.

6. Climate: tropical monsoon climate is dominant, with high temperature all year round, and a year is divided into obvious dry season and rainy season. From June to September every year, the southwest monsoon prevails and there is a lot of precipitation, which is the rainy season. From 10 to May of the following year, the northeast monsoon prevails, which is a dry season with little rain. There are frequent floods and droughts in India, mainly caused by the instability of southwest monsoon (weak southwest monsoon, coming late and leaving early, resulting in drought; On the contrary, it will form a flood.

Question 5: Russia's geographical location, topography, climate and rivers.

1, geographical location: Russia has a high latitude, and most of it is located in the north temperate zone. Across Asia and Europe, but also across the eastern and western hemispheres. It faces the Baltic Sea in the west, the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east, and North America across the Bering Strait and the Black Sea in the southwest. The main neighboring countries are Finland, Belarus and Ukraine in the west and Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea in the south. It has a vast territory and is the largest country in the world.

2. European countries across the Eurasian continent: Although the area of Europe is only 1/4, its population accounts for 3/4. Industry, agriculture, capital and major cities are all located in Europe and have always been the political, economic and cultural centers of the country in history. So it has always been recognized as a European country.

3. Terrain: relatively flat, mainly plains and plateaus. Rivers and mountains have become an important dividing line between topographic regions.

4. Rivers and lakes: There are four major rivers in Russia. The "Mother River" Volga River is located in the plain of Eastern Europe and flows into the Caspian Sea from north to south. It is the longest river in Europe and a famous inland river. Abundant flow, gentle flow and high shipping value. Ob river, Yenisei River and Lena River flow into the Arctic Ocean from south to north. The main lakes are: Caspian Sea (the largest lake in the world and the largest inland (saltwater lake) and Lake Baikal (the deepest lake in the world).

5. Climate: temperate continental climate is dominant. Because of the high latitude, the winter is long and cold, and the summer is short and warm.

Question 6: Resources, industry and transportation in Russia.

1. Resources: Russia is rich in natural resources and reserves, and it is one of the few self-sufficient countries in the world. The main mineral deposits are: Kursk Iron Mine, Second Baku Oilfield, Tyumen Oilfield and Kuzbas Coal Mine.

2. Industry: The heavy industry is developed, the consumer goods manufacturing industry is developing slowly, and the industry is mainly distributed in Europe. Four industrial zones: ① the industrial zone centered on Moscow; (2) an industrial zone centered on St. Petersburg; ③ Ural Industrial Zone; ④ Novosibirsk Industrial Zone.

3. Transportation: Russia has a complete transportation department, with developed railway, highway, aviation, inland river and pipeline transportation, mainly railway transportation. Some railway networks in Europe are dense and radiate from Moscow. Some railway networks in Asia are sparse, mainly trans-Siberian railway (Eurasian continental bridge).

4. Major cities: Moscow (capital, largest city), St. Petersburg (second largest city), Murmansk (year-round ice-free port), Vladivostok, Volgograd (Volga River port).

Review outline of the second volume of seventh grade geography

Author: jkuibo article Source: People's Education Press hits: 74230 Update time: June 4, 2007

Chapter VIII Other Countries and Regions in the Eastern Hemisphere

First, the Middle East has become a long-term hot issue.

1. Important geographical location: land of two oceans, three continents and five seas. The Middle East is located at the junction of Asia, Africa and Europe. It is surrounded by the Caspian Sea (the largest saltwater lake in the world), the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea, connecting the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. The Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, and the Turkish Strait connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. Its strategic position is very important.

2. Abundant oil resources: The Middle East is the region with the largest oil reserves, the largest oil production and export volume in the world. This is also the reason why some big countries compete.

① The oil in the Middle East is mainly distributed in the Persian Gulf and its coastal areas, and the main oil-producing countries are the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, Egypt and other countries;

Most of the oil in the Middle East is transported by tankers from the ports along the Persian Gulf to developed countries such as Western Europe, the United States and Japan, which has an important impact on the development of the world economy.

③ Oil export route: A: To Japan.

Persian Gulf → the Strait of Hormuz → Indian Ocean → Malacca Strait → Pacific Ocean → Japanese.

B: to western Europe and America

Persian Gulf → the Strait of Hormuz → Arabian Sea → Manderhan Canyon → Red Sea → Suez Canal → Mediterranean Sea → Gibraltar Strait → Atlantic Ocean → Western Europe and the United States.

C: to western Europe and America.

Persian Gulf → the Strait of Hormuz → Arabian Sea → Indian Ocean → bypassing the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa → Atlantic Ocean → Western Europe and the United States.

3. Abundant water resources: it is the fuse of war, and it is also the restrictive factor of developing agriculture in this area. The Middle East is located on the west coast, within the mainland through which the Tropic of Cancer passes. It is hot and dry all year round, with tropical desert climate as the main climate, and only the narrow Mediterranean climate is distributed along the Mediterranean coast. The scarcity of water resources has a great impact on the production and even people's lives in Middle East countries.