Voluntary migration in Europe

The slave trade began in16th century. European colonists sold African blacks to the United States as an effort, and a large number of African blacks came to the United States.

The background of the evil slave trade

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After the opening of the new sea route, Portugal and Spain first embarked on the road of colonial expansion, and then Britain, France and the Netherlands also embarked on the road of colonial plunder. In America, European colonists seized Indian land and established plantations, but at the same time they slaughtered and enslaved Indians at will, resulting in a sharp decline in the number of Indians and unable to provide enough labor for plantations. Therefore, plantation owners began to buy African blacks as an effort to work on plantations, which opened the way for European traffickers.

The decline of Indian civilization

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Maya civilization created by Indians is one of the oldest civilizations in the world. Later, both Inca and Aztec civilizations flourished. However, with the arrival of European colonists, all the wealth created by Indians was plundered and the land was seized. Even the Indians who had warmly entertained and helped the European colonists were enslaved and slaughtered in large numbers. After the discovery of the American continent, the number of Indians dropped sharply, Indians in many places were cut down and killed, and ancient Indian civilization was devastated.

The evil slave trade

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Industrious traffickers set out from Europe and arrived in Africa by boat. After they captured blacks in Africa by various despicable means, they shipped slaves to the United States, sold them to American planters, and then shipped American gold and industrial raw materials back to Europe. This is the so-called triangle trade. The Portuguese started the slave trade first, but the British came from behind and became the main operator of triangle trade.

One day, in the vast and lonely Atlantic Ocean, a mysterious pirate ship sailed from Europe to the coast of Africa. Who is driving the pirate ship? What are they going to do? It turned out that this was a "slave hunting team" organized by European colonists. "Gold Coast" and "Slave Coast" are the main places for their activities. At first, they attacked African black villages, burned down houses and took away lean men. This criminal activity of plundering directly by force has aroused fierce resistance from the African people. So they changed their strategy. They shot and incited some African chiefs to engage in slave hunting. Then they used small commodities such as guns, ammunition, liqueur and textiles to buy blacks from chiefs and sell them as slaves. In this way, slave hunting activities not only spread all over the coast of Africa, but also went deep into the mainland, causing more serious damage to Africa. On the coast of Africa, European colonists built forts and commercial stations. The captured blacks were sent to the slave market in strings for the slave traders to "buy". After the buyer and the seller made the final decision, the slaver branded the arms and chests of the slaves with a red-hot iron. Then these slaves were locked in the dungeons of fortresses and commercial stations. When they were full, they were driven aboard and shipped to America. The slaves were shipped to the United States and then shipped to the slave market for American planters to buy.

The Atlantic road to slaves is a dead end. From west Africa to Africa, slaves had to endure hardships for six to ten weeks. First of all, slave ship is often overloaded. It can often be seen from books that a 90-ton ship actually carries 390 slaves, or a100t ship carries 4 14 slaves. The space allocated to each slave on the ship is only 5.5 feet long and 16 inch wide. The slaves crowded together one by one, just like books arranged on the shelf. Every two slaves are locked side by side, right leg to left leg, right hand to left hand. The place where every black slave lies is smaller than a coffin, and his activities are strictly restricted. Secondly, black slaves lived in crowded cabins, the air was dirty, epidemics were rampant, the diet was poor, and the supply of fresh water was insufficient, which led to infirmity. Many slaves were thrown into the sea and buried in the belly of fish after being infected with infectious diseases.

Chapter I Prevalence of Slave Trade

Africa is one of the origins of mankind. In the multipolar world with the development of ancient civilization, Africa occupies a place.

Seat position. The Nile valley gave birth to ancient Egyptian civilization. The coast of North Africa was once an ancient civilization in the Mediterranean.

Part of a circle. After the 7th century, Islamic culture spread in North Africa, East Africa and the West Soviet Union.

The spread of Dan and other places has brought new prosperity to the economy and culture of these areas. In the vast sub-Saharan region

After a long and stable development, the region has formed a unique style of black culture. Before16th century,

Like Eurasia, Africa is at different stages of pre-capitalist development. If there were no colonists,

With the invasion of righteous people, African society will evolve and develop along its own track.

In ancient and medieval times, blacks were trafficked to southern Europe through the Sahara trade route, the Nile and the Indian Ocean.

Arab world, Persia, South Asia and other places. At that time, due to low productivity, the slave trade was

This is a common phenomenon, not unique to blacks. It is also a common phenomenon that whites are sold to blacks as slaves.

However, the invasion of modern colonialism has disrupted the normal social development process in Africa. in funds

With the rise of socialism, Africa has become a place where businesses hunt black people. The slave trade developed into a special kind.

Industry has become a special historical phenomenon. Tens of millions of African blacks have left their homes and crossed the ocean.

Across the ocean, trafficked to America, the Indian Ocean and Asia, working in plantations and mines run by colonists,

Other blacks died in slave hunting, slave wars and trafficking. African people and their socio-economic life

Suffer an unprecedented disaster. Productivity has been seriously damaged. However, the evil colonial and capitalist systems

It prospered with the sale and slavery of African blacks. Marx once pointed out that Africa has become a commercial hunting ground.

Black spot is one of the main factors in primitive accumulation of capital, marking the era of capitalist production.

Dawn. Later, the American slave trade and black slavery accumulated funds for the industrial revolution. because

It can be said that capitalism is covered with the blood of African people from head to toe.

The slave trade lasted about four centuries. Except Austria, Poland, Russia and a few other countries,

Almost all European countries and the United States have successively participated in this criminal activity. Look at the slave trade

The development process can be roughly divided into three periods: the first period is from the middle of15th century to the middle of17th century;

The second period is from the middle of17th century to the beginning of19th century. Due to the development of American plantations, the slave trade is

This period reached a climax; Britain and the United States passed a bill banning the slave trade.

After that, the slave trade entered the third period. At this time, the law prohibited slave trade, but slaves smuggled.

Trade is booming. Until July 1890, the Brussels Conference made a decision to abolish the African slave trade.

Discussion, the slave trade officially ended.

According to the different nature of trade determined by different stages of early capitalist development,

Then the whole history of the slave trade can be divided into three stages: 15 to 17 century, Spain and Portugal.

The feudal royal family and the commercial capital represented by franchising companies such as Holland, Britain and France later occupied the ruling land.

Slave trade is a monopoly trade; /kloc-in the 0/8th century, industrial capital broke through the monopoly of commercial capital.

The slave trade entered the stage of free trade; After the industrial revolution, it was in France because of the appearance of modern large-scale industry.

Slave trade was abolished by law, and slave smuggling trade prevailed in19th century.

This chapter describes the prevalence of slave trade and its influence on the world and mankind during the 300 years from the 6th century to the beginning of the 9th century.

The influence of African historical development.

Slave trade in the sixteenth century and the first half of the seventeenth century

144 1 year, a Portuguese expedition led by Anto Gonsalves and Nuno Te Risto.

Team, robbed 10 African blacks in the coastal area near Cape Brown, and took them back to Lisbon for sale and slave trade.

A simple start. /kloc-In the second half of the 5th century, the Portuguese trafficked slaves from the coast of West Africa for domestic and agricultural work, or worked in newly-built sugar cane plantations in Atlantic islands such as Madeira Islands, Canary Islands and Cape Verde Islands, with an annual slave trade of about 500- 1000. However, until the beginning of16th century, the value of Portuguese slave trade in West Africa was far behind African products such as gold, ivory and pepper. 1494 The Treaty of Todd silas signed by Spain and Portugal was the first treaty among great powers to carve up the world. It defines 370 leagues west of Cape Verde as the dividing line between Spain and Portugal, and the sphere of influence of the two countries in America is 46 degrees west longitude. Since then, Africa, Asia and Brazil belong to Portugal, and the rest of America belongs to Spain.

/kloc-In the 6th century, during the expansion and plunder of the West Indies and the American continent, the Spanish slaughtered the indigenous Indians and tried to enslave them, but failed. The Spanish found that Indians were not suitable for heavy work, and one slave was worth four Indians. In order to meet the demand for labor for developing tropical crop plantations and mineral deposits there, they decided to transport blacks from Africa. 150 1 year, that is, less than1year after Columbus discovered the new continent, Hispaniola brought the first slaves from Portugal. This is an abuse of the American slave trade.

This is also the beginning of black slavery in America. 15 18, the first slave ship from Africa arrived.

Darcy India initiated the direct slave trade between Africa and America. By 1540, Spanish American colonies may bring 10000 slaves every year.

/kloc-the Portuguese slave trade activities on the west coast of Africa in the 0 th and 6 th centuries were mainly in two areas: one was Shangji.

Neiya, that is, from Cape Verde Islands to the coast of Sierra Leone. Santiago, the largest island in Cape Verde.

It used to be the commercial center of Upper Guinea. Some Europeans who settled in Cape Verde have moved in succession.

Living on the coast of Upper Guinea and even dating back to gambia river, many small strongholds have been established in this area, from

Slavery and other commercial activities The other is the mouth of Congo and its south. /kloc-at the beginning of the 6th century, not only

Portuguese businessmen, Portuguese missionaries, teachers and craftsmen came at the invitation of King Alfonso of Congo.

(tailor, shoemaker, bricklayer, bricklayer), etc. All trade in the name of helping Congo develop its economy.

The reality of slave activity. By 1526, the situation in Congo became very bad, and Alfonso wrote to Portugal.

The king said, "There are many businessmen in every corner of this country. They will destroy this country. human

Being enslaved and plundered every day, even nobles and royal family members are not spared. In the 6th century, Sao Tome became a slave base in the Gulf of Guinea and the coast from Congo to Angola. 1493, Europeans began to settle on the island; 1499, the first sugarcane plantation was established. /kloc-in the first half of the 6th century, it became the main source of sucrose in Europe. From the1920s, Portuguese businessmen from Sao Tome and Principe went deep into the interior of San Salvador, possibly as far as Lake Malebo on the Zaire River.

And Ndongo in the south. Slaves shipped from Benin, Congo, Angola and other places either stayed in local plantations or were transported to the Gold Coast, Madeira Islands, Cape Verde Islands and Portugal. They were directly transported to the United States in the 1930s of 16, and became the main transit point for African slaves to be trafficked to the United States in the middle of 16. Sao Tome Island reached the peak of prosperity in 1530- 1560, and was one of the main overseas territories of Portugal at that time. Slaves and sugar cane are its two great treasures. Curtin quoted N Deere's estimate that during the whole slave trade, Sao Tome brought 654.38 million+slaves.

1576, the Portuguese established Fort San Miguel in Luanda Bay as a base. Since then, slaves south of the mouth of the Congo River have been directly trafficked to the United States from here, instead of being transshipped through Sao Tome Island. It gradually developed into one of the slave trade centers in Angola and Congo. By the last quarter of16th century, slaves were directly exported from Africa to the West Indies and American continent.

The South Atlantic trading system has been established. Slaves exported to Europe and the Atlantic Islands (Madeira Islands, Canary Islands and Cape Verde Islands) accounted for only 65,438+07% of Africa's total exports. Most of the slaves exported to Europe after 1600 were also transported to West India. At the same time, from the end of 16 to the beginning of 17, the source of American slaves quickly moved from West Africa to Angola in Congo. At least two factors are worth mentioning: First, the sugarcane plantation in Sao Tome faced the competition from Brazil, and gradually declined at the end of 16 and the beginning of 17, which meant that the demand for Congolese and Angolan slaves in the Gulf of Guinea itself decreased; Second, since the17th century, the Portuguese began to resort to military action in Luanda, or through direct plunder.

Or gained a new source of slaves through trade with local Africans. However, it was not until the middle of17th century.

After all, America's demand for African slave labor and the resulting number of slaves.

Limit.

Second,/kloc-Reasons for the prosperity of slave trade after the middle of the 7th century

In the history of early capitalist development, the direct slaves of the United States used to be the European bourgeoisie.

The foundation of industry. /kloc-since the middle of the 0/7th century, due to the development of handicraft industry and people in European capitalist workshops,

Changes in living habits (for example, coffee has become the main drink and the consumption of sucrose has soared) have a negative impact on tropical areas.

The increasing demand for products promoted the slave species that produced tropical products in West India and American continent.

The botanical garden has made great progress. This became the reason why the slave trade flourished.

From 65438 to 0625, the first British immigrants came to Barbados to grow tobacco, cotton, indigo and other crops.

164 1 introduced sugarcane for the first time, so Barbados is called "the mother of sugar islands in the West Indies". The number of slaves brought here has doubled. Since then, sugarcane cultivation has spread rapidly to leeward islands, Jamaica, Antigua and other islands. More than 20 years after sugarcane was introduced to the British West Indian colonies, sucrose accounted for nearly half of London's total import value from colonial plantations, surpassing tobacco. 17 At the end of 2008 and the beginning of 2008, plantations in Jamaica gradually replaced Barbados, bringing in more slaves than Barbados, and the ratio of slaves to whites was as high as 10 1. In French West India, tobacco was first introduced to Guadeloupe in 1635. After the middle of17th century, tropical crops such as sugarcane and coffee were introduced one after another. 17th century

Finally, plantation slavery became the economic base of the West Indies. Therefore, only in the second half of17th century.

During Ye's 50 years, the number of slaves sold to Europeans along the Atlantic coast of Africa exceeded the sum of the previous 200 years.

At that time, Africa was extremely backward, coupled with frequent wars between tribes, and basically had no strength to fight against advanced European civilization.

You will be beaten if you fall behind. Didn't China used to be like this?