Please provide the geographical information of the United States and Brazil!

Chapter IX Countries in the Western Hemisphere

First, the United States

1, country of immigration

(1) Immigrant country: A country can only be called an immigrant country if its population is mainly immigrants.

(2) Population: 278 million in 2000.

(3) Ethnic composition:

(1) White-dominated

(2) The yellow race-the "Chinatown" where Chinese live in compact communities, and the "reservation" of Indians.

(3) Blacks-the second largest race after whites.

(4) The achievements of the United States today are not created by a single nation or race, but the crystallization of the collective labor and wisdom of people all over the world. Working people of different nationalities and races around the world have jointly created the population, nationality, culture, economy and achievements of the United States.

2. Specialization in agriculture

(1) The meaning of the American flag "Stars and Stripes": 50 white five-pointed stars represent the 50 states that make up the United States; 13 red and white stripes represent the original 13 states in the United States; Red on the national flag represents strength and courage, white represents purity and innocence, and blue represents vigilance, justice and perseverance.

(2) Natural conditions (Figure 9.5 on page 82)

Geographical location Latitude is mostly located in temperate zone and subtropical zone.

Land and sea are surrounded by the sea on three sides, the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Gulf of Mexico in the south.

The region consists of 48 native states, two overseas states, Alaska and Hawaii, and the District of Columbia, where the capital is located.

Three terrain areas: Rocky Mountains and Western Alpine Areas.

Central plain: A vast central plain.

Eastern Mountain: Appalachian Mountains.

The climate is dominated by temperate continental climate, and the precipitation decreases from the coast to the inland.

Mississippi River-"Old Man River", the fourth longest river in the world.

The Great Lakes-the largest freshwater lake group in the world, "the Mediterranean Sea in the American continent", among which Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world.

(3) A big agricultural country in the world (P85 Figure 9.9)

Status: The output and export volume of various agricultural products rank among the top in the world, and it is the largest exporter of agricultural products in the world.

② Features: mechanization and specialization, high efficiency and large output.

③ Main agricultural belts: dairy belt, cotton belt, corn belt and wheat area.

(4) Advantages of agricultural specialized production: We can make full use of the natural conditions in various regions and give full play to the advantages of the natural environment. Form economies of scale; At the same time, mechanized production can be carried out on a large scale, high-tech can be widely used, labor productivity can be improved, agricultural product output can be increased, and agricultural product quality can be improved.

3. World High-tech Industrial Base (Figure 9. 12 P86)

(1) industrial features: complete system, complete product range, large output and advanced technology, making it the most developed country in the world.

⑵ Industrial distribution: Northeast, South and West.

(3) Industrial centers: new york, Chicago, San Francisco, Detroit, etc.

(4) High-tech industries

① Industrial Center: The "Silicon Valley" in the southeast of San Francisco, USA, named after the mass production of silicon wafers, the basic material of the electronic industry, is the earliest and largest in the United States.

② Promotion: promoting economic growth and increasing employment.

5] Major cities

Washington: The capital, located in the District of Columbia.

New york: The most populous city in the United States, the largest port city and one of the four largest financial centers in the world.

Los Angeles: the largest port city and economic and cultural center on the Pacific coast of the United States.

San Francisco: Also known as San Francisco, it is one of the three famous natural harbors in the world.

4. Resource consuming countries

(1) The largest resource consumer and waste discharger in the world.

The United States is the largest economic power in the world, and the living standard of Americans is the highest in the world. The developed economy of the United States is based on the massive consumption of global resources and the destruction of the earth's environment, so the United States is the largest resource consumer and waste emitter in the world.

(2) Impact on world resources and environment

World market, global environment

Two. Brazil (one of the BRIC countries)

1, the epitome of national melting pot (Figure 9. 18 in P90)

(1) World-famous country (fifth in area and population):

The country with the largest population and area in Latin America.

② The country with the largest tropical area in the world.

(2) Natural environment:

Location Land and sea are located in the east of South America, and the Atlantic Ocean is in the east.

Latitude is mostly located between the tropic of Capricorn and the equator, belonging to the tropics.

The northern part of the terrain (about 1/3) is the Amazon plain.

Southern Brazil Plateau (about 2/3)

Climate north (about 1/3) tropical rain forest climate.

South (about 2/3) savanna climate.

The Amazon River is known as the "King of Rivers" and is the largest river in the world.

(3) Residents

Ancient times: Indians (yellow race) → simplicity → Mayan civilization.

Today: white, black, mixed-race (white is more than half, followed by mixed-race) → complexity → cultural integration (Latin American culture)

(4) Unique Latin American culture

① Folk entertainment: samba dance.

(2) Carnival held in late February every year, the "carnival town" in Rio de Janeiro.

③ It is a world-class football team and has won the World Cup five times.

2. Develop industrial and agricultural forces (Figure 9.22 on page 93)

(1) The past: single commodity economy, backward economy.

① Reason: It is mainly caused by the long-term colonial rule and cruel exploitation of the colonists.

② Features: Early colonial period-/kloc-wood and sugarcane in the 6th century,/kloc-ore in the 7th century,/kloc-coffee in the 9th century.

(2) Now, industry and agriculture have developed rapidly and become the strongest country in South America.

① Industry: steel, shipbuilding, automobile, aircraft manufacturing, etc. It has leapt to the ranks of important producers in the world.

② Agriculture: The output of three tropical cash crops, such as coffee, sugarcane and citrus, ranks first in the world, and coffee beans, sucrose and orange juice have become important export products.

(3) Resources

① Rich in forest resources, with the largest tropical rain forest in the world;

② Iron and manganese are the most abundant minerals. Iron ore reserves are large, most of which are rich in iron ore. Itabira open-pit iron mine is the largest iron mine in Brazil, known as "Tieshan", with iron content as high as 60 ~ 70%.

(3) Brazil is rich in hydropower resources, and hydropower accounts for a high proportion in domestic power supply. Itaipu Hydropower Station is located on the parana river on the border between Brazil and Paraguay, and it is the second largest hydropower station in the world after the Three Gorges in China.

(4) Brazil's energy and mineral resources are few, and the solution to the shortage of energy and mineral resources.

5] Distribution of industry and agriculture

① Features: Southeast coastal areas

② Reason: The climate here is mild and humid, with convenient transportation, concentrated population, early development and abundant resources.

3. The crisis of tropical rain forest

(1) Brazil has the largest tropical rain forest on earth, accounting for 60% of the world's tropical rain forest area. It is not only rich in animal and plant resources, known as the "world animal and plant kingdom", but also has worldwide environmental effects. (Figure 9.25 in P95)

(2) Environmental problems

① Reasons: Deforestation-building large trunk highways; In order to develop the mining industry, open up large-scale farms; Poor farmers reclaim land.

② Performance: Forest destruction, serious soil erosion, looting of precious wild animals, and serious threat to the global ecological environment.

(3) the correct development path-sustainable development

June 1992, agenda 2 1 century, environmental destruction → sustainable development.

4. Urbanization (Figure 9.28 on page 97)

(1) Population and urban distribution

① Features: The population distribution is extremely unbalanced, and 90% of the population lives in the eastern coastal areas and big cities, which are very concentrated.

② It brings many "urban diseases": shortage of resources, traffic congestion, housing difficulties, tight employment, serious pollution and increased crime.

③ Solution: Plan the city rationally and establish a satellite city; The industry and population in the city are scattered to the suburbs; Strengthen urban management and attach importance to the protection and governance of urban environment.

(2) Major cities:

Sao Paulo-the economic center, the largest city and industrial center.

Rio de Janeiro-commercial and financial center, the second largest city.

Brasilia is the political center and capital, and a newly-built city.