How to learn the knowledge of liberal arts (politics, history, geography) in senior high school in an all-round way

Hunan Education Edition Geography Compulsory 2 Review Outline

1. 1 population growth model

1. The historical trajectory of world population growth is a "J" curve.

2. The reasons for the low natural population growth rate in developed countries are as follows: ① The degree of industrialization is high, and workers must have a high level of knowledge and labor skills. The older you take part in labor, the higher the cost of labor training and the greater the family economic pressure, which leads to the lower birth rate; ② The old people have a high degree of social security and low dependence on their children, and people have gradually eliminated the traditional concept of "raising children to prevent old age"; (3) Women are highly educated and easy to accept the new concepts of fewer children, better children and better children.

3. The main reasons for the population changes in China after the 1960s: In the early 1960s, due to three years of natural disasters and economic difficulties, the population mortality rate rose, the birth rate declined, and the population growth entered a trough; Later, with the economic development, the mortality rate decreased, and the birth rate suddenly increased due to compensatory delivery, with a high growth rate. After that, the birth rate remained high and the population grew rapidly. In the 1980s, due to the adjustment of the previous family planning policy, the birth rate in China increased slightly, and the growth rate also increased accordingly. After the mid-term, the birth rate continued to decline, and the natural population growth rate also declined.

4, the level of population growth rate, in the final analysis depends on the level of development of productive forces.

5. There are three main factors that lead to the rapid decline of birth rate in China: ① socio-economic factors. Being rich is conducive to reducing the fertility rate. ② Institutional factors. The country's population system and socialist education have promoted the decline of the birth rate. ③ Family planning factors. The policy of fewer children, better children and better children has gradually taken root in people's hearts.

6. The problem of aging population: the shortage of labor force, the shortage of national defense personnel, the increase of retirement expenses for the elderly in society, and the difficulties and loneliness of the elderly. (Countermeasures: Encourage childbearing and accept immigrants)

7. Rapid population growth: sufficient labor force is conducive to economic development; The disadvantage is that too much and too fast population growth will increase the pressure on the economy and employment. With the continuous growth of population, the demand and consumption of material materials will also increase, which will eventually exceed the supply and self-purification capacity of the environment, thus causing various resource problems, environmental problems and social problems.

1.2 Reasonable population capacity

1. Why is water resources in North China short? ① There is little annual precipitation in North China, and the precipitation is concentrated in summer, with great seasonal variation; (2) dense population and less per capita runoff; Industry and agriculture are developed, and the water demand is large; ③ Water resources are seriously polluted and wasted.

Countermeasures: South-to-North Water Transfer Project; Repair water conservancy projects; Adjust the industrial structure; Save water; Prevent water pollution.

2. Population capacity has three characteristics: one is criticality; The second is relativity; The third is vigilance.

1.3 population migration

1. There are two main ways of population growth: natural growth and mechanical growth.

2. International population migration includes permanent migration, the movement of foreign workers and the settlement of international refugees.

3. Factors affecting population migration: (1) Natural environmental factors (climate, fresh water, soil, minerals).

(2) Socioeconomic and cultural factors: 1. Economic factors: the main and often effective factors of population migration. The more the economy develops, the more the migration between regions is restricted by economic conditions. In most cases, population migration is to pursue better economic income and thus have a better living standard. (2) Macroscopically, the change of economic layout will also cause the migration of a large number of people. For example, the establishment of special economic zones in China attracted a large number of people to move in. 2. The development of transportation. Cultural and educational undertakings. Marriage and family: marriage is the main factor affecting the migration of young people; Family factors (such as family reunion) play an important role in the migration of minors and the elderly.

(3) Political factors (policies, wars, political changes)

4. What is the impact of population migration on the places of immigration and emigration?

For the emigration areas, population migration has strengthened the economic, scientific, technological, ideological and cultural ties between the emigration areas and the outside world, which is beneficial to social and economic development. Especially in rural areas with high population pressure, population migration can alleviate the contradiction between people and land, develop and utilize agricultural land resources more reasonably, and play a positive role in better protecting rural natural environment.

For the location of migration: the impact of population migration on the environment is more extensive. Immigrants have helped to develop a large number of natural resources, established a relatively solid industrial base in the mainland and border areas, changed the socio-economic situation of the original backward areas, and greatly improved the comprehensive environment of the places where they moved in. In some places, due to poor consideration of ecological and environmental benefits or mistakes in work, the ecological and environmental problems in the places where they moved in have also been caused or aggravated to some extent.

1.4 regional culture and population

1, foreign culture and population

The influence of phenomenon on birth rate

Marriage custom: the age of first marriage is common in developing countries, and the extension of childbearing time increases the birth rate.

In developed countries, late marriage or even unmarried infertility reduces the birth rate.

In developing countries, the stability of marriage is relatively stable and the birth rate is increasing.

The developed countries are not stable enough, and the high divorce rate reduces the birth rate.

In order to expand its influence, religions generally do not oppose population growth and increase the birth rate.

2. China culture and population.

The gradual elimination of bad habits has carried forward positive cultural significance.

Marriage customs and institutions: Early marriage, early childbearing, late marriage and late childbearing delay childbearing age, shorten childbearing time, reduce birth rate and reduce population pressure.

Blessed are you to have more children.

Have more children.

Son preference, only one good one.

Men and women are the same.

Fewer births and healthier births reduce the birth rate; Reduce the population intensity; Accumulate social wealth

Career choice values officials over people.

Attach importance to agriculture and light industry and despise commerce. Everyone is engaged in business in order to speed up the development of the national economy and improve people's living standards.

Population mobility and resettlement

There are frequent social and cultural exchanges of "parents are here and don't travel far"

The scale of population movement is unprecedented.

The geographical scope of marriage has expanded and interpersonal relationships have become increasingly close; Promote economic development; The population has high physical and cultural quality.

2. 1 urban spatial structure

1. Location factors of the city: natural geographical location: (1) Topographic factors: Most cities in the world are located in plain areas (flat terrain, fertile soil, easy to cultivate; (2) Climatic factors: the world's big cities are mainly distributed in the middle and low latitudes with moderate temperature; (3) River factors: the starting point or end point of river transportation, the meeting point of two rivers and the estuary should be arranged in the city.

Socio-economic location: (1) Natural resources: the main location factor of emerging cities; (2) Transportation: Different transportation times have different places; The trend of urban distribution is to concentrate on places with convenient transportation; (3) Politics, military affairs and religion; (4) Tourism, science and technology, etc.

2. In the market economy, due to the limited supply of urban land, there is a large demand and high rent in places with good conditions. In a competitive environment, what kind of activities each piece of land is used for depends on the level of rent that each activity is willing to pay.

(Factors affecting land rent: the distance from the city center; Traffic accessibility)

3. Urban functional area: (1) commercial area: ① shape: point or strip distribution; ② Location: intersection of city center, two sides of traffic trunk lines or street corners; ③ Location: The transportation is convenient and a large number of consumers are needed.

(2) Residential area: ① the most extensive land use mode in the city; ② High-level residential areas and low-level residential areas are backward.

(3) Industrial area: ① Move to the outer edge of urban area; (Protecting the urban environment) ② It tends to be distributed along the main traffic lines.

4. Central Plaza

Center level, service scope, quantity, distance between centers and service function level.

High, big, little, far and advanced.

Low, small, near low.

2.2 Urbanization process and characteristics

1, there are three main indicators to measure the level of urbanization: ① the increase of urban population; (2) the expansion of urban land use scale; ③ Proportion of urban population to total population

2. Social and economic development is the main driving force of urbanization (① With the continuous improvement of agricultural labor productivity, the rural labor force is obviously surplus; ② Urban industrial and commercial development needs a lot of labor. )

3. The characteristics of urbanization in developed countries: early start and slow development; High level; Anti-urbanization (people's demand for environmental quality has increased, and the infrastructure in rural areas and small towns has been gradually improved)

4. The characteristics of urbanization in developing countries: late start and rapid development; Low level; False urbanization (South America) and lagging urbanization (India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, etc.). )

2.3 the impact of urbanization on the geographical environment

1, urban environmental problems, causes, hazards and control measures:

Main performance reasons and hazard control measures

Environmental quality decline

Air pollution and smoke emitted by urban residents burning coal and other fuels; The tail gas emitted by automobiles, airplanes, trains and other means of transportation has made the quality of urban environment decline day by day, endangering people's health, and rationally arranging enterprises with heavy air pollution; Implement collective heating; Establish a green isolation belt

Water pollution, urban industrial wastewater, domestic sewage and urban surface runoff affect human health and plant reproduction. Establish a sewage treatment plant to discharge sewage in a limited amount.

The harm of solid waste pollution caused by the development of industrial production, the expansion of construction scale and the improvement of residents' consumption level to human health and the environment shall be removed in time and recycled by classification.

Noise pollutes transportation, industrial production, building construction and social activities, affects people's rest, work and conversation, and even affects people's health. High-noise factories are far away from the urban layout, and green isolation belts are built.

Traffic congestion, poor living conditions, rapid expansion of urban population, increasing number of cars, traffic jams lead to a serious waste of time and energy; Less housing and poor quality affect the quality of urban environment, control the growth of urban population, rationally arrange urban roads and speed up housing construction.

Increase the difficulty of employment and expand the ranks of unemployed people. The rapid growth of urban population and the disorderly migration of rural population have caused poverty, the decline of inner cities and social security problems, which have accelerated economic development and increased employment.

2. Urbanization has caused urban environmental problems. How to solve these environmental problems? (1) Establish a sanitary city and develop new areas. ② Improve urban traffic and living conditions. (3) Protecting and controlling the urban environment (controlling pollutant discharge and appropriately dispersing pollution sources; Reasonable planning, reasonable arrangement of all kinds of land).

3. The basic reason for the decline of urban environmental quality is the unreasonable urban construction planning.

3. 1 Location conditions and regional relations of industrial activities

1, Angang, where Baosteel is located. Angang: It is close to the origin of raw fuel and the consumer market.

Baosteel: It is close to the consumer market and has convenient traffic conditions.

2. Why are interregional trade links much closer than international trade links?

There are differences in tariffs, currency exchange rates and systems.

What is the main purpose of Motorola's establishment of technical department and market research institution in China?

China has talent advantage, and China has huge market potential, which can make full use of China's superior resources, reduce costs and improve the economic benefits of enterprises.

3.2 Agricultural location factors and agricultural regional types

1, agricultural location factor: (1) natural factor.

Influence of location factors on agricultural production

Light is the basic condition of agricultural production, which largely determines the regional distribution of crops.

Heat is the basic condition for crop growth and development, which not only restricts crop yield, but also relates to crop types, farming systems and cultivation methods.

Land is the most basic means of agricultural production, and land in different places has different use values; The fertility of the land itself is different, and the productivity is also different.

Water is the basic condition of agricultural production. Without water, there would be no agriculture, and water is the decisive factor to develop agricultural production in arid and semi-arid areas.

Terrain affects the agricultural layout, so it is appropriate to develop planting in the plain, and develop animal husbandry or forestry with a slope greater than 18.

(2) Agricultural technical factors (labor, technical equipment, production technology, planting methods and farming systems, etc.). );

(3) Agricultural socio-economic factors ① Market (which determines the type and scale of agricultural production) ② Transportation ③ Consumption of agricultural products.

Example: ① Sugarcane is planted on a large scale in Cuba. (Hot) ② Turpan Basin produces long-staple cotton and grapes. (light) ③ Winter and summer grassland in Tianshan area. (Terrain) ④ The varieties of crops planted in Hengduan mountain area change with altitude. (Terrain) ⑤ Hybrid rice has greatly increased the yield per unit area of rice. (Cultivating Improved Varieties) 6 Agricultural production in arid areas of Israel is full of vitality. (Water-saving technology) 7 Argentine beef appears on the table of Europeans. Eight flowers from Holland were dressed as high-end hotels in Japan. (Traffic conditions) Nine dairy farms in the suburbs of Shanghai are home to cows from Denmark. (Feeding technology) Attending tropical fruits produced in South China enter the northern market on a large scale. (transportation conditions)

2. Types of agricultural areas

(1) Rice planting ① Distribution: East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia monsoon climate zone, Southeast Asia tropical rain forest climate zone.

(2) Location factors affecting rice planting in Asia: high temperature and rainy climate; Relatively flat terrain; Dense population and abundant labor force; Planting has a long history and rich production experience.

③ Characteristics of rice planting in Asia: small-scale farmers have high yield per unit area; Low commodity rate; Low level of mechanization; Large water conservancy projects; Low level of science and technology

(2) The location factors of cattle raising in pampas grassland pasture: mild climate, lush pasture and sparse population; Low land rent; Close to the harbor, convenient transportation; It has a long history and high commodity rate.

(3) Advantages of mixed agriculture in Australia: farms become benign agricultural ecosystems; Farmers can effectively use their time to arrange agricultural activities; Agricultural production has great flexibility and adaptability to the market.

3. Where are the yields of wheat, rice and corn mainly distributed? What is the reason for the formation?

Wheat: World wheat production is mainly distributed in temperate continental climate zone and semi-humid and semi-arid areas in China.

Reason: Wheat has strong drought tolerance, and it needs sufficient light and heat conditions at maturity.

Rice: Rice cultivation is mainly distributed in areas with abundant precipitation in East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia, and it is also planted on a large scale in Egypt, Nigeria, parts of southern Europe and northern South America in Africa.

Reason: Rice likes temperature and humidity, and needs sufficient light and heat, especially a lot of water, during its growth, so a large area of rice planting area has been formed in these areas with sufficient light and heat and abundant water resources.

Corn: mostly distributed in America, Asia, Europe, Africa and other places. This is because summer is hot and rainy, and the growing period is long, which is suitable for corn growth.

3.3 Industrial location factors and industrial regional relations

1. The three main factors affecting industrial location are: traffic, land and agglomeration.

2. What are the benefits of related industry agglomeration?

① Save transportation costs, reduce energy consumption, and concentrate on mutual utilization or treatment of by-products.

② Carry out production cooperation, promote technological innovation, improve resource utilization and create energy-saving enterprises.

3. What are the factors that affect the industrial layout? List the main factors.

Natural resources, natural conditions, social and economic factors, production technology factors, market factors, environmental and ecological factors, etc.

Leading location factors of industrial types, location selection principles and examples of industrial characteristic departments

raw material

It is pointed out that industrial steel mills, sugar beet sugar mills, sugar cane sugar mills, aquatic products processing plants and fruit canneries with inconvenient long-distance transportation or high transportation costs are close to the raw materials producing areas.

market

Industrial breweries, soda plants, furniture factories, printing plants, petroleum processing plants, cotton mills and other enterprises that are inconvenient for long-distance transportation or have high transportation costs are all close to the consumer market.

motive power

It is pointed out that heavy industries that consume a lot of energy, such as industrial steel, metallurgy, chemistry, etc., are close to energy supply places (thermal power plants or hydropower plants)

Cheap labor refers to ordinary clothing, electronic assembly, belt wrapping, umbrella making, shoe making and other industries that need a lot of labor, close to places with a lot of cheap labor.

technology

Industrial integrated circuits, satellites, aircraft, precision instruments and other industries. Directional industries that require high knowledge and technology, close to higher education and technologically developed areas.

4. Industrial linkages include "input-output" industrial linkages, geographical spatial linkages and information linkages.

5. What is the trajectory of the center of gravity shift of the world manufacturing industry?

The trajectory of the shift of the world manufacturing center of gravity: 185 1 ~ 1900, Britain → Germany. 1879 ~ 1930, Germany → USA. 1950 ~ 1990, USA → Japan. From the 1970s to the present, developed countries → East Asia and Latin America. In 1980s, China → Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta and Bohai Rim.

6. Why are labor-intensive industries transferred from developed countries to developing countries?

(1) Labor-intensive industries are mostly traditional industries and need a lot of labor. (2) The wage level in developed countries is constantly improving, and the environmental pressure is increasingly heavy. ③ The wage level in developing countries is low, and the infrastructure and investment environment have improved significantly.

7. The less pollutant emissions, the higher the cost of pollution control per unit output.

(With the increase of pollutant discharge, the pollution control cost per unit output is gradually decreasing. )

Section IV Traffic Layout and Its Impact on Regional Development

1. What are the unfavorable natural conditions to overcome in building a railway on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau?

Cold and lack of oxygen, frozen soil, fragile ecology, etc.

2. Why do most cities in China develop along rivers, lakes and coasts?

Rich in water resources and convenient for water transportation, it is a gathering and transit place for people and logistics.

3, the Yellow River estuary, why not form a big city?

① The flow of the Yellow River is small, and the seasons change greatly. In some years, the cut-off time is long and the shipping value is small.

(2) There are many silts in the estuary, and the port construction conditions and shipping capacity are extremely poor.

(3) In history, the lower reaches of the Yellow River have been diverted many times and flooded.

4. Why did Yangzhou and Jining decline after Qing Dynasty?

Canal siltation; The development of shipping; The completion of beijing-shanghai railway.

5. What is the difference between the layout of traffic lines in mountainous areas and plain areas?

Restricted by topography, mountainous areas are mostly distributed along river valleys and valleys, with relatively curved lines and low density.

The plain terrain is open and flat, less affected by the terrain, with flat, wide and straight lines and high density.

6. What is the difference in the spatial distribution of commercial outlets in mountainous areas and plains? Try to analyze the reasons.

Reasons for layout differences

Mountain areas are mostly distributed along rivers and valleys.

Less dots and low density; River valleys and valleys have convenient transportation and concentrated population;

The population is sparse, the traffic is blocked, and the circulation of goods is blocked.

Near the main traffic arteries in plain cities and their surrounding areas,

Dot density is high. The plain area is flat and densely populated.

Convenient transportation and convenient commodity circulation.

7. What are the two conditions for forming a business center?

Stable consumption area and sufficient commodity supply; Convenient traffic

4. 1 Main environmental problems facing mankind

1, causes of environmental problems:

Since the industrial revolution, industry and agriculture have developed rapidly (causing serious environmental pollution and ecological damage)

(2) With the rapid growth of population and economic development, the demand for resources is increasing, and the shortage of some resources is becoming more and more obvious.

2. Types of environmental problems

3. What are the main forms of human destruction of land resources and forest resources?

Land resources: ① mineral resources exploitation, ② improper irrigation, ③ construction land, etc.

For forest resources: deforestation, deforestation, etc.

4. The relationship between population growth and natural resources reduction.

① Population growth leads to the decrease of living space; (2) Population growth leads to the decrease of per capita resources; (3) Population growth has aggravated environmental pollution.

5. Why are the environmental problems in developing countries more serious than those in developed countries?

① Developing countries are generally in the primary stage of economic development, with rapid population growth, and the environment is under the dual pressure of development and population; (2) Limited by the economic and technological level, developing countries do not have enough ability to carry out environmental protection, and environmental problems cannot be solved in time and fully after they occur; (3) Developed countries take advantage of the needs of economic development in some developing countries to transfer heavily polluted industries to developing countries.

6, the main environmental problems facing mankind:

① Some resources tend to be exhausted, and the per capita resources decrease; (2) Ecological destruction and biodiversity destruction; (3) Environmental pollution, the quality of human living environment declines.

7. Differences in environmental problems faced by different parts of the world.

The main causes of regional environmental problems

Urban areas are mainly polluted by the environment.

Such as air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution and other traffic and industrial activities.

And the excessive concentration of human settlements.

The ecological damage in rural areas is mainly: such as soil erosion, desertification, soil salinization, forest reduction, water depletion and other resource utilization methods.

Inappropriate or excessive force

4.2 The evolution of man-land relationship thought

1, the evolution of the ancient thought of man-land relationship: geographical environment determinism, man conquers nature, and the theory of man-land relationship adapts to local conditions.

2. The development of modern thought on the relationship between man and land: the geographical environment determinism may be a theory about the coordination and sustainable development of man and land.

4.3 the basic connotation of sustainable development

1, the reason why human beings take the road of sustainable development:

Since the 1960s, problems such as population explosion, resource shortage, environmental pollution and ecological destruction have become increasingly prominent, which directly threaten the survival and development of the whole mankind.

2. The urgency and inevitability of China's sustainable development.

(1) The population pressure is enormous.

(2) Shortage of resources

(3) profound environmental crisis

3. What is the basic connotation of sustainable development?

Concepts of development, equity, environment and rights.

4. Why put social and economic development in the first place?

Only development can provide the necessary funds and technology to solve the problems such as the disparity between the rich and the poor and the ecological crisis, gradually realize modernization and finally get rid of poverty, ignorance and backwardness.

5. The key problem of sustainable development is that the distribution of resources should reflect the fairness in time and space, that is, the principle of fairness.

Fairness in time is "intergenerational fairness". Mainly refers to the limited capacity of natural resources and environment for human survival and the need to share resources and environment with future generations.

Spatial equity is "intra-generational equity". Sustainable development advocates that people, people and other biological groups, and countries should be parallel and respectful. Every country has the right to develop its own resources according to its needs, while ensuring that it will not harm the environment of other countries, and regards poverty eradication as a priority issue in the process of sustainable development.

4.4 The main ways to coordinate the relationship between man and land

1, the fundamental way to coordinate the relationship between man and land-controlling population size

2. What are the problems and control measures in the development and utilization of land resources?

Problems: soil erosion, land desertification, soil pollution, soil salinization.

Measures: prevention and control of land desertification, control of soil erosion and soil pollution, scientific irrigation, protection of basic farmland, reclamation of industrial and mining wasteland.

3. What are the eco-environmental benefits of forest resources, the problems existing in the process of development and utilization and the control measures?

Eco-environmental benefits: regulating atmospheric composition, purifying air, involving water sources, increasing air humidity, maintaining soil and water, protecting the field from wind and reducing wind speed.

Problems: Forest vegetation is seriously damaged, biodiversity is reduced, and ecological damage is serious.

Measures: Formulate reasonable logging measures, rationally utilize forest resources, protect rare species, establish nature reserves, and return farmland to forests.

4. Problems existing in the development and utilization of water resources and their control measures?

Problems: water pollution and waste of water resources; Shortage of water resources

Measures: save and protect water resources and prevent water pollution; Build reservoirs, adjust the seasonal distribution of water resources, collect rainwater and rationally develop groundwater.