Production and Cultivation of Apple

Apple tree is a temperate fruit tree that likes low temperature and dryness. It requires no cold in winter and no heat in summer. The suitable temperature range is the annual average temperature of 9 ~ 14℃, the extreme low temperature in winter is not lower than-12℃, the highest monthly average temperature in summer is not higher than 20℃, the annual accumulated temperature is ≥ 10℃, and the average temperature in the growing season (April ~ 10) is about 5000℃. It is generally believed that apples can be planted in areas where the annual average temperature is 7.5 ~ 14℃. The natural dormancy period of apples is very long. If the temperature in winter is too high to reach the low temperature required for winter dormancy, the germination in spring will be uneven.

Judging from the areas with the most apples in the world, the average temperature in Leng Yue in winter (65438+ 10 in the northern hemisphere and July in the southern hemisphere) is between-10 ~ 10℃, which can meet the requirements of low temperature for apples. The average temperature of the main apple producing areas in China 1 month is within this range. The average temperature 12 ~ 18℃ in the growing period (4 ~ 65438+ 10 month) and 18 ~ 24℃ in the summer (June ~ August) are the most suitable for apple growth. In autumn, the temperature is high during the day and low at night, and the fruit has high sugar content, good coloring, thick peel, more fruit powder and storage resistance.

● Precipitation

The precipitation per mu during the apple growing period is about 180mm. Generally, natural precipitation can actually be absorbed by fruit trees, which is about 1/3, so it is enough to have a precipitation of 540 mm during the growing period. Areas with rainfall below 450 mm from April to September need irrigation. The distribution of precipitation in northern China is uneven, with 70-80% concentrated in July and August, and the amount of water is insufficient in spring. There is little precipitation and water shortage in inland areas, so irrigation conditions and soil and water conservation measures must be considered when building gardens and selecting land, and drainage measures should also be paid attention to in rainy season.

● Sunshine

Apple is a light-loving tree, and it can grow normally only when there is enough light. According to the measurement of Shandong Agricultural University, the light compensation point of Jinguan and emerging areas in Tai 'an is 600 ~ 800 m candle, and the saturation point is 3500 ~ 4500 m candle. In this range, the light intensity increases and photosynthesis is also strengthened. Insufficient sunshine will cause a series of reactions such as excessive growth of branches and leaves, weakness, poor resistance to pests and diseases, less differentiation of flower buds, less nutrient storage, low flowering and fruit setting rate, affected root growth, low sugar content of fruits, and chromatic aberration.

● Soil

Soil has a great influence on the growth, yield and quality of apples. The main factors are soil layer, soil ventilation and soil quality. In short, apples need deep soil, good drainage, rich organic matter, slightly acidic to slightly alkaline.

● Wind

Strong winds often bring many adverse effects to the growth and development of apples, such as causing crown deflection, affecting flowering, pollination, destroying leaf organs, fruit dropping and so on. Therefore, it is necessary to build windbreaks to establish apple orchards in windy areas.

Pests and diseases control the main apple diseases: apple mottle defoliation, apple powdery mildew, apple rot, apple brown spot, apple ring rot, apple scab, apple anthracnose, apple main pests: red spider, spider mite, moth, leaf curl moth, apple yellow aphid, scale insect, apple cotton aphid, physiological diseases: apple bitter pox, apple hot leaf disease, apple. There are about 25 species of tiger skin disease, apple pockmarked disease, apple water disease, apple lobular disease, apple yellow leaf disease and apple fruit shrink disease in this genus, most of which belong to this species or hybrids between this species and other species. There are two varieties of this species: Daosheng apple and Paradise apple, which are often used as dwarfing or semi-dwarfing rootstocks. There are other species used as rootstocks in production, such as Xifu Begonia, Begonia fruit, Hubei Begonia, Henan Begonia, Shandingzi and so on. Most apple trees are cross-pollinated, and 2 ~ 4% of apple trees have ideal fruit setting. Although the size, shape, color and acidity of mature apples vary greatly with varieties and environmental conditions, they are generally round, with a diameter of 50 ~ 100 mm and a reddish or yellowish color.

There are thousands of varieties of apples, which are divided into three categories: wine varieties, cooking varieties and tail foods. The three varieties are different in size, color, fragrance, smoothness (and possibly crispness and flavor). Many varieties have high sugar content, moderate acidity and low tannin content. Besides raw apples, there are many cooking methods, which are often used as snack fillings. Apple scones may be the earliest American dessert. Fried apples are often eaten with sausages, pork chops and other dishes, especially in Europe. The latest taxonomic evidence shows that there are only more than 38 members of the apple family (genus), and it seems not difficult to find a "genealogy", but each species seems to have something in common with the apples we eat today, and each species can provide some fruits, although some tastes really bad. From this point of view, every variety of Malus may have contributed to the sweetness of apples in supermarkets. About 2000 years ago, there were orchards all over the world.

China is a big producer of apples, accounting for 65% of the total output. Main varieties: Gansu Tianshui Huaniu Apple, Shaanxi Luochuan Fuji, Shandong Hongxing, Shanxi Wanrong, etc.

The famous varieties in the United States are snake fruit (Hong Kong called geographical snake fruit, referred to as snake fruit; Taiwan Province province is called five-claw apple), delicious gold and so on. A new variety is being discovered in Badsey Island, North Wales, England, which is healthier than ordinary fruit trees. Except for pests, it won't get sick and is called the rarest apple in the world by the media.

The main varieties are: Liaofu; Geneva is early; Green in summer; Fu Shuai; Anna; Tengmu1; Jesse Mike; Royal Gala and its budding series; Shouhong; New red star; Super red; Ruby; Qian Qiu; Crown; New world; Jonathan and his variation line; Qin Guan; Wang Lin, Shou Hong; Lingbao Apple-Huaguan; Qixia Apple-Red Fuji; Flower cow; Beidou; Jin Shuai; Present situation of apple planting in Dasha world

The annual output of apples in the world is about 32 million tons. In Europe, most apples are used to make cider and brandy. Apples used to brew cider account for 1/4 of the world output. The United States, China, France, Italy and Turkey are the largest producers, while France, Italy, Hungary, Argentina, Chile, South Africa and the United States are the largest exporters. There are more than 80 countries producing apples in the world, and the main producing countries are 12, and the annual output exceeds or approaches10 million tons. According to the output, China (46%), the United States (9%), Turkey (6%), Italy (5%), France (5%) and Poland (5%) respectively. Besides China, Yuan Shuai and Jinguan are two main cultivated varieties in the world. If China is included, Fuji will become the largest cultivated variety in the world. The newly developed orchards in the United States, Italy, France, Chile and South Africa account for more than 50% of Red Fuji, and the cultivated area of Red Fuji in China accounts for 49.6% of the total apple area.

The main varieties planted in various countries: China: Huaniu, Hongxing, Rongguang, Marshal Department, Red General, etc. Korean: Gan Hong, Lu Hong, Shuguang, Qiu Guang, Huahong; United States: Jonathan, Enpai, New Red Star, Gallas, Briburn; Australia: imported marble, Australian green apples, Murray gems, etc. New Zealand: Gallas, Pacific Rose, Brisbane, Gorgeous; Japan: Fuji, Guoguang, Tsutsugaru, Wang Lin, Jonathan, Lu Ao, Shanshan, etc. The industry has made great progress and achieved great results. In 2005, the cultivated area was 6.5438+0.89 million hectares, and the output reached 24 million tons, accounting for 2/5 and 654.38+0/3 of the total output of apples in the world respectively. China has become the largest apple producer in the world. The output per unit area increased from 4.7 tons/hectare in 1995 to average 12 tons/hectare.

After nearly 10 years of regional layout adjustment, the proportion of apple area in China's total orchard area decreased from 65438+34.9% in 0996 to 18.8% in 2005, but the apple output still kept growing, accounting for 27.2% of the national fruit output in 2005. Bohai Bay and Northwest Loess Plateau are the two dominant apple producing areas, accounting for 40% and 39% of the total apple area and 45% and 35% of the total apple output, respectively. The planting area of excellent varieties such as Red Fuji is over 80%, and the proportion of exported apples and concentrated apple juice is over 90%. The storage and fresh-keeping capacity of apples increased from less than 654.38+10,000 tons in the 1970s to more than 5 million tons, accounting for about 25% of the total output of apples. The level of commercial processing of fresh apples after harvest has gradually improved, forming a number of leading enterprises in apple production, sales and processing. China has become the largest producer of concentrated apple juice in the world. There are more than 35 concentrated apple juice manufacturers in China, with a processing capacity of 10 ton/hour; The processing capacity of fresh apples is increased from 5% of the output of 1996 apples to more than 20%; The production capacity soared from less than 1000 tons in the mid-1980s to 1 10,000 tons.

With the rapid development of apple industry, there are also some problems, such as the increasing constraints of variety resources and land resources; The overall quality of products needs to be improved; Pre-production is out of touch with mid-production and post-production. Therefore, the apple industry should further implement the sustainable development strategy.

From 2003 to 2007, the regional statistics (tons) of Shandong Provincial Bureau of Statistics in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 totaled 21.654 38+0.776 23.675 473 24.065 438+065 438+. 934 Beijing 134, 8 15 134, 753138,44713107 1,/kloc-0. 002769 2142882 2202273 2357620 2478845 Shanxi1801786202137265438. 049 1, 872,68 1 Inner Mongolia 5 1, 940 59,327 62,319 65,96 1, 61,672 Liaoning/ 1191.299 5951.301.514871Jilin/kloc-. 055 133 153 Heilongjiang16915160 003177 432159 759150 539. Kloc-0/58453 Zhejiang 8 10 Anhui emblem 221317 283 524 278143 341828 403 627 Fujian15/Kloc-. 89 20 1 Jiangxi Shandong 6 655438227 River South 2509614 2869272 3006245 3227888 3523310 Lake North 13458 1093465438. 86610,351southern Hunan, eastern Hunan, western Hainan, southern Chongqing 6,4416,854 6,094 6,326,693 Sichuan 225,384 240,481244. 977 Guizhou 926210 26310 23010 62810 23 Yunnan1kloc-0 3414 65438. 962 234 855 Tibet 5577 50 15682 Gansu 829959796501.0125681.2541.41.42422. 939 5804 Ningxia154 927156 333 222126 200 694 275 525 Xinjiang 263 418 293 850 330 206 327 885. There are four major apple producing areas in China: Loess Plateau, Bohai Bay, Old Yellow River and Southwest Cold Region. According to the climatic and ecological suitability standard, the northwest loess plateau production area and Bohai Bay production area are the most suitable apple planting areas in China, accounting for 44% and 34% of the national apple planting area, 49% and 365,438+0% of the national output, and 90% of the national export. The old Yellow River production area belongs to the sub-suitable area of apple production, and the apple production scale in the southwest cold plateau is small and the industrial base is poor, which can not meet the requirements of the apple production advantage area.

Tianshui: Tianshui Huaniu Apple is the first apple variety in China to obtain an official trademark in the international market. As early as more than forty years ago, "Tianshui Huaniu Apple" was as famous as the American "Snake Fruit". In 2008, Tianshui City was listed as the second batch of superior apple producing areas in China by the Ministry of Agriculture. The total area of apples in the city is1157,000 mu, and the area of "Hua Niu" alone is 758,000 mu, with a total output value of 5/kloc-0,000,000 yuan. It is the largest marshal apple production base in China.

China, the hometown of apples. In 2007, the 654.38+ 10,000 mu fruit export base in Lidian Valley of Jingning County passed the export certification of AQSIQ, the certification of the standardized production base of green food "Jingning Apple" of National Green Food Development Center, the certification of green food Jingning Apple products of AQSIQ and the protection of Jingning Apple geographical indication products.

Baishui: The county is recognized by experts at home and abroad as one of the best apple eugenics areas, and it is known as the "hometown of apples in China", and its "Baishui" apples are also recognized as well-known brands in Shaanxi Province.

The climate, soil and geographical location of Baishui and Weibei Plateau are completely consistent with the ecological environment for producing high-quality apples. They are the best apple eugenics areas in the world and are listed as apple production bases in Shaanxi and the whole country.

1996, Baishui Apple trademark was officially registered and announced by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, which is the first apple trademark registered with land name in China. In the same year, Baishui Apple won the right to use the national green food mark and was awarded the title of China Famous Fruit by the relevant state departments. In 2007, Baishui Apple trademark was recognized as a well-known trademark in China.

Yan 'an: The soil layer is deep, with an altitude of 800 ~ 1 100 meters. Adequate sunshine and large temperature difference between day and night are beneficial to the accumulation of sugar in fruits, which is the most suitable zone for apples. The apples produced are big, colorful, crisp and sweet, resistant to storage and transportation, and pollution-free. There are nearly 70 varieties, most of which are excellent varieties such as Fuji, Starkrimson and Marshal. The planting area of the city is 6.5438+0.4 million mu, and the annual output is about 65.438+0 billion kilograms. Luochuan County has the best apples, and is listed as an apple export base county by the Ministry of Foreign Trade, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Commerce and the National Supply and Marketing Cooperative, and is known as the "hometown of apples in China". The apples produced in this county were of high quality among 237 participating samples in China in 1974, and their four physical and chemical indexes and total scores all surpassed those of American ace fruit "Snake Fruit", ranking first in the country. It was once designated as 1 1 the special fruit for the Asian Games, and was also designated as1the apple used to celebrate the protocol when Macao returned to China in 1999. It is well-known at home and abroad. Yan 'an apples and their juice, dried fruit and other products have become famous and special products exported to all parts of the country and must-buy gifts for tourists coming to Yan 'an.

Lingbao: Lingbao is located in the west of Henan Province, which belongs to the hilly area of the Loess Plateau and is one of the most suitable areas for apple growth. Because of the high altitude and large temperature difference between day and night, it is especially suitable for apple growth. Its fruit taste is higher than other parts of the country in sour and sweet, and it is the king of apples. Some of them weigh1~ 2kg, with bright colors and pure taste, and are exported to dozens of countries and regions such as Russia and Japan. As one of the three treasures of Lingbao (three treasures of Lingbao: apple, jujube and gold), with the strong support of government departments, apple has gradually formed a good industrial chain of production, storage, processing and sales. Deep-processed products include dozens of varieties such as apple vinegar, cider, apple juice, preserved apples and canned apples, accounting for more than 70% of the national market share!

Wanrong apple has thin skin, thick flesh, crisp juice, sweet and sour taste, and enjoys the reputation of "a mouthful of Wanrong fruit lasts for three days". The unique taste comes from the unique geographical environment of Wanrong County. Wanrong apples sell well in many countries around the world and have been exported to Australia for four consecutive years, accounting for 40% of all apples exported to Australia. In 20 15, it became the first apple brand exported from China to the United States.

Yantai: Yantai apples are one of the most famous apple producing areas in China. The producing areas are mainly Qixia, Zhaoyuan, Haiyang, Mu Ping, Fushan and other cities (districts) within the jurisdiction of Yantai. Among them, Qixia apple is famous for its big size, bright color, good finish, moderate sweetness and sourness, crisp and delicious. It is listed as a national high-quality fruit production base by the Ministry of Agriculture, a demonstration city of fruit production, processing and sales integration base by the Ministry of Internal Trade, the only apple standardization demonstration city in China by the All-China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives and the State Bureau of Technical Supervision, and the "hometown of apples in China" by the naming organizing committee of China specialty town. Yantai apples are famous at home and abroad for their sweet, crisp and juicy taste, and have always been loved by domestic and foreign markets. As the birthplace of Yantai apples, the development of Yantai apples has entered a new stage of leap-forward development. By 2000, the ratio of orchard area to apple yield in the whole city 1978 increased by 6-7 times. Exported to Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Russia and other countries and regions, deeply loved by consumers all over the world.

Qixia Apple won the "Green Food Certificate" issued by the Ministry of Agriculture at the fruit appraisal meeting held in China and Shandong Province, and Qixia Apple was named "China Famous Fruit" by the Ministry of Agriculture and China Circulation Association.

Jingning County was awarded the title of "Top 20 Apple Counties in China" by China Fruit Circulation Association at the 2007 China Apple Annual Meeting. Red Fuji series and Qin Guan Apple have won gold and silver awards in provincial and local exhibitions for many times. The produced Yanfu No.3, Qiu Fu 1, Ji Cheng Fuji, Qinguan and Zaosu pears have been tested by the Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Fruit Trees and Seedlings of the Ministry of Agriculture (Zhengzhou), and all the indexes have reached and exceeded the national GB-98 standard. Changfu No.2 and Qiu Fu 1 both won the gold medal in the first forest fruit product exhibition fair in Pingliang area on 1998. Yanfu No.2 won the "Famous and New-cutting Award" at the Shanghai Forest Expo in 2004, and Ji Cheng Fuji won the "Gold Award for Excellent Exhibits" and the title of "Famous and Famous Fruit in China" at the China (Shenzhen) Fruit and Vegetable Expo in 2005. At the second China (Shanghai) International Fruit and Vegetable Industry Expo, "Ji Cheng" Red Fuji won the high-quality fruit award and the Shanghai citizens' favorite fruit award. In the 2007 National Quality Apple Selection Campaign, Jingning Red Fuji Apple won the "China Quality Apple Gold Award".

Yiyuan: Yiyuan apple is one of the famous products in Shandong Province, which is produced in Yiyuan, Zibo, Shandong Province. It is the county with the highest average elevation in Shandong Province, known as the "Roof of Shandong", the top 100 counties of fruit production in China and the advanced counties of soil and water conservation, and recognized as "pollution-free apple production base" by the State Science and Technology Commission. Yiyuan apple is famous for its bright color, crisp and sweet, and it is the most important apple producing area in China. Yiyuan Fruit has won 38 provincial and ministerial titles, the best-selling fruit product of Green Expo and Agricultural Products Fair for four consecutive times, and Red Fuji Apple has won the national "A-level green food". At the Beijing Olympic Recommended Fruit Exhibition and China International Forestry Expo, the Red Fuji Apple organized by Yiyuan County won the First Prize of Olympic Recommended Fruit and the Gold Award of China International Forestry Expo, and was awarded the "China Fruit Circulation Association". In 2007, China Apple Annual Meeting, China Fruit Circulation Association awarded Yiyuan the honorary title of "Top 20 Apple Counties (Cities) in China". Won the first prize of "Recommended Fruit for the Olympics" by BOCOG, and became a veritable "Olympic Fruit". In 2009, the geographical indication certification trademark of Yiyuan Apple was approved for registration. At the 60th Anniversary Achievement Exhibition, Yiyuan Apple was selected as two major agricultural products in Shandong Province, and Yiyuan Apple entered the Great Hall of the People. At the 7th China International Agricultural Products Fair and the 8th China Changchun International Agricultural Food Expo, "Yiyuan Apple" won the gold medal in the fruit category and was determined as "all-luck fruit". At the 9th China Green Food Expo, Yiyuan Apple won the Best-selling Fruit Product Award. "Yiyuan Apple" entered the "Top 20 10 Regional Public Brands of Agricultural Products in China 100" with a brand value of 2.758 billion yuan, ranking 3 1. Yiyuan Apple has won more than 40 honorary titles at the provincial and ministerial levels, won the gold medal of the National Green Expo, the Agricultural Products Fair and the best-selling product award for five consecutive times, and was designated as "special fruit for Beijing Olympic Games", "special fruit for the 11th National Games" and "special fruit for Shanghai World Expo". It is these famous honors that have created the "brand golden body" of "Yiyuan Apple".

Mengyin: Mengyin apple has a long storage period, no pollution, bright and ruddy color, pink in red, striped red and flaky red, high water content, high sugar content, good taste, crisp and sweet taste, fine juice, high quality and large size. Mengyin, Shandong, which belongs to the continental climate of temperate monsoon region, is the county with the highest average elevation in Shandong Province. It is known as the "roof of Shandong", with an altitude of 1 430m, beautiful scenery, good soil quality, high terrain, strong illumination, large temperature difference between day and night, and no guest water inflow in the territory. There are unique conditions for developing green and pollution-free fruits and vegetables.