Detailed information about the island of great Britain

Great Britain is an island on the west coast of Europe, which is divided into three parts: England, Scotland and Wales, and some small islands around it. Currently controlled by Britain. Britain is the largest island in Europe.

Chinese name: mbth, British Island: Geographical location of Great Britain: Northwest Europe climate: maritime climate area: 209,31square kilometer island history, British air combat, geographical location, topography, climate, population and products, language, characteristics, tourism resources, Big Ben, Tower of London, National Museum, church, Marx's cemetery, Greenwich, etc. In the Neolithic Age, Celts settled down. Although linguists classify English and German as Germanic languages of Indo-European family, since the Norman invasion in 1066, traces of French they brought can be seen everywhere in English today. With the Roman legions retreating to Gaul (present-day France) in 400 AD, the British Isles also entered a dark age that lasted for centuries, during which no documentary records survived. Since the disappearance of Roman rule, Romanized English culture has been preserved for about 400 years under the ruthless invasion and migration of barbarians. Celts crossed the sea from Ireland (a tribe named Sugedi named the northern part of the British Island "Scotland" after itself). Saxons and Angles came from Germanic countries, Freya came from today's Netherlands and Jutes came from today's Denmark. The British flag was formed in 600 AD. Angles and Saxons control most of Britain today, and only Wales, Scotland and West Cornwall are still controlled by Celts. The new residents are called anglo-saxons (from angles and saxons). The Angles named their new culture after themselves (the original meaning of England is the land of England), and they also used their Germanic language (English) to replace the native Celtic language and the previously introduced Latin language. Although it was still invaded and even completely conquered by the army, the southern and eastern parts of the main island of Britain were called England from now on (her people are British and the language is English). In 865, new invaders broke the peace in England. The Danish vikings who invaded France and Germany formed an army and pointed their finger at Britain. In ten years, most of the territory of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom was either captured or surrendered. Only West Saxon (today's Wessex) is still controlled by Avery, and he is the only British ruler who is honored as "the Great". England was divided by Vikings, West Saxons and other English kingdoms for nearly 200 years. The Vikings' jurisdiction was governed by Danish law, and the huge sum of money they received in exchange for peace was called then (a donation to the Danes). After becoming Christians, Danes gradually settled down. During this period, the British began to attack the Danes. In 954, the last Viking king was killed in York, and then England was unified by the British king from Wessex for the first time. 1066, the sage (the king's adviser) proposed that Harold, the son of the Earl of Wessex, succeed to the throne. In addition, there are two contenders for the throne: Herod Hadrada, King of Norway (meaning tough ruler) and William, Duke of Normandy. The Norwegians first landed near York, but were defeated by Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. After Harold won, he immediately mobilized troops to fight William in Huntington. The tug-of-war lasted until dusk, and Harold was shot in the eye by a flowing arrow, causing fatal trauma. The following year, William conquered England and won the title of "Conqueror". In the second half of the Middle Ages, William's successors spent most of their time and national strength in a series of wars to expand or preserve the land they acquired in France. 1337 to 1453, the hundred-year war between Britain and France consisted of intermittent battles, because the king of England claimed that he was the legal heir to the French throne. In addition, the war was also triggered by the struggle for control of the lucrative wool trade and the French king's support for Scottish independence. The early days of the war were characterized by a series of impossible things. For example, Britain's victory on the battlefield is because their longbowmen knocked down a large number of French knights in splendid armor from far away. However, the British could not end the war, and France regained its vitality. At the call of Joan of Arc (a peasant woman who claimed to be inspired by God), the French fought back and ended the war after 1453 captured Bordeaux. The British can only keep Galeriu on the European continent (without controlling this place for a long time). The whole island belongs to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the ruling kingdom. Most of the territory of the United Kingdom is on the island of Great Britain, so "Great Britain" is sometimes used to refer to the whole United Kingdom. England, Scotland and Wales and their capitals London, Edinburgh and Cardiff are all on the island. 1707 In May, the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland merged to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, and then merged with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 180 1. 1922 The Irish Free State became independent from it and the kingdom became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. British Air Combat Britain and the German Air Force staged the biggest air battle in the world-the British air battle over Britain. 1in June, 940, fascist Germans swept through western Europe. The British expeditionary force in Europe was defeated by Dunkirk. Although the British army withdrew its troops from the mainland with the "generator plan", it lost all its heavy equipment. The Royal Air Force also lost more than 1000 aircraft in the battle with the German Air Force over France. In July of the same year, Hitler made a "sea lion" plan to invade Britain from the sea. The plan requires that "the German Air Force should use all its strength to defeat the British Air Force as soon as possible", seize the air superiority, and cooperate with the navy and army to land in Britain. There are about 2400 planes of the German Air Force in the Battle of Britain, including the 1 285 bomber, whose main bases are located in the northeast and northwest of France, the Netherlands and Norway. The Battle of Britain defeated Germany's invasion of Britain, forced it to submit, and failed Germany's plan to conquer the whole of Western Europe. Because of Britain's tenacious performance in this battle, Hitler was forced to turn back against the Soviet Union and embark on the old road of fighting on two fronts before expelling Britain from the war completely. The Battle of Britain wrote a glorious page in the anti-fascist history of World War II. Geographical location Britain is the largest island in the British Isles. East to the North Sea, west to the Irish Sea, facing the Irish Island, north to the Atlantic Ocean, south to the English Channel and France, it is a world independent of Europe, with the shortest distance of 32 kilometers from the mainland and located in the Dover Strait. This island is surrounded by 1000 islets. The whole island of Great Britain lies between 50 and 59 degrees north latitude. It is a long island from north to south, and it is very narrow from east to west. The 0 meridian just passes through Greenwich, a suburb of London, so its longitude spans east longitude and west longitude, mostly concentrated in the west longitude, which is located in the eastern hemisphere. The British island was originally a part of the European continent. After two crustal movements, the British island drifted to the Atlantic Ocean, and the North Sea formed between the islands and the European continent, becoming an island. The topography of Great Britain Island is high in the north and low in the south, with gentle ups and downs, and glacier topography is its main feature.

Due to the long and narrow islands, short rivers and abundant rainfall, almost every estuary is a natural harbor. Climate Most people think that Britain is cold, wet, rainy and foggy, which is true. Because it is an island country, the Gulf Stream carries a lot of water vapor through its surrounding waters, and the probability of rainfall is very high. The annual average rainfall of the whole island is above 1000 mm, and 165438+ 10 and 65438+February are the most rainy months. Because the Gulf Stream brings warm air from the south, the temperature will not be too low, which is warmer than other Nordic countries. The population and product area of Britain is six times that of Taiwan Province Province. About 55.4 million people are unevenly distributed, and most of them are concentrated in England, which is in sharp contrast to the sparseness in Scotland. No wonder most people call Britain England. English is its main language. Because Britain is rich in medium, iron and other minerals, it was once the largest industrial country in the world. Now, due to the exhaustion of coal mines, it has gradually turned to high-tech industries and still occupies an important position on the world stage. Language Britain includes three regions: England occupies the south and the middle, Wales occupies the western mountain peninsula, and Scotland occupies the north; Britain is the most important. Britain is the largest island in Europe, and its coastline is very tortuous, reaching11450km. English is formed in such a geographical environment. English is an Indo-European language family. Indo-European language family is the largest language family in the world, including most languages in Europe, America and Asia. The total number of Indo-European speakers is about1875 million, accounting for about half of the world's total population. As early as 1786, william jones, a British Sanskrit scholar, pointed out that most languages in Europe, India and Persia, including ancient Greek, ancient Latin and ancient Indian, belong to the same "language family". At the beginning of the 7th century, these small gardens merged into seven kingdoms: Saxons in the south, Wessex, Sussex and Essex; Mercia, Northumbria and East Anglia, with Angles in the northeast and middle; Kent kingdom with Jutes in the southeast. Countries have been fighting for hegemony for 200 years; In British history, it was called "Anglo-Saxon Seven Powers System". Although these three Germanic tribes have their own dialects, they all belong to Low West Germanic. There are many similarities. So the three tribes are basically similar in language. They all use a word called Runic. This kind of writing is commonly used by ancient Germanic peoples. Its letters are mainly composed of straight lines, so they can be engraved on wood or stone. It is a Nordic script developed from ancient Greek and Latin. With the development of human society, the Angles, Saxons and Jutes have gradually formed a unified English nation, and their dialects have gradually merged, resulting in a new language-Anglo-Saxon. This is old English. It was formed through a series of national migration and conquest in a specific geographical and historical environment. English belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Germanic family of Indo-European languages. Feature (1) is located in the center of the North Atlantic civilization: the ancient Greek civilization was centered on the eastern Mediterranean, although the center of gravity gradually moved westward in Roman times, it still belonged to the Mediterranean. 1492, after the discovery of the new continent, the center of civilization moved to the North Atlantic, with Britain as the center. (2) Located overseas in the western European continent, it can attack and defend freely: the narrowest part of the Link is only over 30 kilometers, which enables Britain to participate in European affairs and retreat to protect itself. Napoleon dominated Europe and Hitler swept more than ten countries in Europe, but he still looked at the British Isles with a sigh. (3) Being on the busiest route in the world: After discovering the new continent, ships transport immigrants from Western Europe to America, then transport native products and raw materials from America back to Europe for processing, and then transport finished products to all parts of the world. As a result, the North Atlantic route has become the busiest route in the world, accounting for half of the world's shipping volume, and British ships and seaports have also brought a lot of wealth because of their participation in the work. (4) Rich marine resources: The British Isles are adjacent to the North Sea, and the sea area is vast and shallow. It has been a rich fishing ground since ancient times, providing food for the British. Since A.D. 1970, after the discovery of oil on the seabed of the North Sea, it can not only fully supply the demand of Britain, but also have surplus for export. Big Ben, a tourist resource, stands in the north of the Parliament Building on the Thames. There is a big clock named Big Ben. Every 1 hour, the big clock makes a heavy and loud sound according to Greenwich Mean Time, and the bell can be heard for miles away. 1859, this clock was supervised by the then British minister Sir Ben Ming Jie Hall. The clock * * * weighs 2 1 ton, and the casting cost is 27,000 pounds. Big Ben is considered as the symbol of London. Anyone who visits London wants to stand around the bell tower and admire this unique building in London on Parliament Bridge. Tower of London The Tower of London was built in 1078. Historically, it used to be a palace, a court and a prison. The Tower of London covers an area of 7.2 hectares and is surrounded by huge stones. There are many forts and watchtowers on the city wall, surrounded by a wide and deep moat. The Tower of London has now become a museum open to the outside world. There is a treasure hall in the tower, and the audience can see the crown of the king of England and the gold and silver jewelry collected by the royal family. There are also some fat crows named "Du Wu" in London Castle, which are kept by special personnel. The Tower of London has a history of thousands of years and is the oldest monument in London, with 2 million visitors every year. At the entrance and exit, visitors can see two guards in ancient dynasty uniforms. These "ancient guards" have become the object of tourists' appreciation and photography. The National Museum The National Museum of Britain is located in the center of London, on the north side of Grerussell Street in downtown. It is a large Roman column, magnificent. The collection of cultural relics and books here is unmatched by any museum in the world. The British Museum was built in 1753 and officially opened six years later. At first, I mainly collected books, and later I also collected historical relics and ancient works of art from various countries. Egypt Pavilion is one of the largest exhibition halls in the museum. The number of exhibitions reached more than 70,000 pieces. In Greece and Rome, there are temples dedicated to the goddess Athens in the 5th century A.D. and busts of ancient Roman emperors. There are Persian cultural relics with a long history in the West Asia Art Museum, as well as two land boundary markers given to nobles by King Hammurabi of Babylon more than 3,700 years ago. The most striking thing is the Oriental Art Museum, where besides the cultural relics from Central Asia, South Asia and Japan, most of them are rare treasures of China, reaching more than 20,000 pieces. The collection of books in the British Museum enjoys a long-standing reputation in the world. There are a large number of classic documents, books, manuscripts and archives in Britain and the world, many of which are rare. Besides English, there are books in Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Sanskrit, Hindi, Mongolian and Chinese. There are over 60,000 kinds of books and periodicals in China alone. Historically, many scholars, celebrities and political activists have read, studied and written extensively in the British Library. Karl Marx, the mentor of the proletarian revolution, moved to London continuously for decades, and finally completed the immortal masterpiece Das Kapital. Church Westminster Abbey was founded by King Edward of England, who was called a "believer" in 1 1 century. The main feature of the church is that there are a pair of towers at the gate. Since the completion of the church, it has been the place where the king or queen of England was crowned and members of the royal family got married. Most English kings are buried here after their death. After the British bourgeois revolution, many celebrities also took a place in the church after their deaths. Britain calls Westminster Abbey "the pinnacle of honor". Now, Westminster Abbey is not only a graveyard for celebrities, but also a rare "museum of history". Max's Tomb 1956 16 On March 4th, British workers and other countries jointly rebuilt Max's Tomb. The new tomb of Max is located in a slightly spacious place in the northeast corner of the cemetery. The tomb is made of granite and granite, with a square column, 8 feet high, and a 4-foot-high bronze cast head of Marx at the top of the monument. The front of the tombstone is engraved with glittering Chinese characters: "The proletarians of the world unite?" Marx's famous saying is engraved below: "Philosophers only explain the world in different ways, and the problem lies in transforming the world." Greenwich Greenwich is located on the Thames River in southeast London, where there are the former Royal Observatory, the National maritime museum, the Royal Naval Academy and scenic parks. Greenwich has a long reputation. In the past 100 years, maps published by various countries all took the meridian passing through Greenwich, London as the prime meridian, as the starting point for calculating geographical longitude and "world time zone", and used their timekeeping instruments to calibrate their own time. Standing on the Greenwich lookout, you can see the beautiful scenery on the Thames and the scenery in London at a glance. China City "China City" is located in Soho district of London, where Oxford Street and Regent Street, the busiest street in London, crisscross. The British call Fiona Fang, a tiny place with less than 65,438+0 square kilometers, "China City" or "Chinatown". "China City" has neither high-rise buildings nor luxurious big companies, almost all buildings are short, and "China City" is dominated by Chinese except for shops and bars run by a few foreigners. Strolling through "China City", there are many businesses written in Chinese characters. Most of the Chinese in "China City" come from Hongkong and Southeast Asia, and a few come from Shanghai, Beijing and Jiangsu. During the Spring Festival, "China City" is decorated with lanterns and colorful decorations. Men, women and children put on new clothes and congratulate each other on "Congratulations on getting rich". Young men and women danced dragons and performed China acrobatics, which attracted many local residents and foreign tourists. The hometown of Shakespeare, the world drama master, in Stamford Town is Stratford Town. The population is only 20,000, but the number of tourists reaches 6.5438+0.5 million every year. The main purpose of people coming here is to see the place where Shakespeare was born, worked, lived and rested. Shakespeare's former residence is located in Henry Street. It is a typical two-story wooden house, simple and solemn. On the right side of the house is the Shakespeare Center, which is a modern building, both a library and an archive, built by private donations from the United States and Canada. The house where Shakespeare lived after his marriage was called "Anne hershey's Cabin", and the layout of the room was as good as possible. Shakespeare loved his hometown and was buried in Trinity Church after his death. Scotland Scotland is located in the northwest of the British island in northern Europe and is also the seat of Britain. Scotland used to be an independent country in history, and even after its merger with England, it still retains great independence and distinctive national traditions. The geographical conditions of a country are always related to its historical development, especially the Scots. The unique natural conditions keep the Scots small in population and empty in land, and also keep the Scots bagpipes and short skirts as well as independence and pride. Northwest Scotland is a famous highland in Scotland, with magnificent natural scenery: landforms left over from the ice age, rugged mountains, exquisite lakes and Yuan Ye covered with boulders. The clear streams here provide important raw materials for the traditional specialty of the highlands-scotch whisky. There are not many towns in the southeast of highland, which is called highland tourism center. There are majestic mountains, beautiful valleys, quiet lakes, rushing streams and Yuan Ye with heather flowers. Although southern Scotland is mountainous, it is far less unruly than the highlands. The terrain here is similar to that in northern England, and it is a gentle and quiet area. There are grassy hillsides and spacious valleys surrounded by quiet streams. 1707 years ago, Scotland was once an independent kingdom, occupying the northwest coast of Europe and the land area about 1/3 north of the British Island. Although Scotland is under the jurisdiction of the British Parliament in Westminster, London in terms of diplomacy and military affairs, it has a very high degree of autonomy in internal legislation and administration, and it also issues its own currency version. It is a country under British rule, second only to England in scale. Politics is located in the old city of Edinburgh, and the new Scottish Parliament Building under construction is a combination of Scotland and England. It began in 1603, when James VI, the former king of Scotland, succeeded to the throne and became the king of England. He was called James I of England in the world, and merged the original kingdom of Scotland and England into a temporary personal alliance. 1 may, 7071day, the joint bill was passed, and Scotland officially merged with England to become a country and become the kingdom of great Britain. Before the merger, the former Scottish Parliament was dissolved on March 26th. The management of Scotland was all transferred to the single parliament in Westminster, London, and the rights and interests of the region were implemented by Scots through some seats in the parliament, leaving only some relevant legislatures to deal with them alone. After several reforms, the Kingdom of Great Britain finally became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the official full name of Britain). 1998, according to the referendum resolution passed in 1997, Britain * * promulgated the Scottish Act, which confirmed that the Scottish Parliament, which had disappeared for nearly 300 years, would be re-established. The new Scottish parliament will have the power to manage most of the internal affairs, plus the room for local tax rate adjustment. The new location of Parliament is Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland and the former capital of the Kingdom of Scotland. As of 2004, the new Parliament Building is still in full swing, and its avant-garde shape is a big difference from the antique old city of Edinburgh. Head of State The head of state of Scotland is the current Queen Elizabeth II, who is a direct descendant of King James VI of Scotland (renamed James I after 1603). There is no doubt about the legitimacy of Scottish kingship. However, some Scots have different interpretations of the title of Queen Elizabeth from the English. The reason is that when the so-called Queen Elizabeth I was in power, England and Scotland had not yet been unified into one country. So for Scots, the current Queen is their first Queen Elizabeth, so you should call me not II. The Scottish court has made a formal ruling on the dispute over this title, and Elizabeth II should be used uniformly.