Ergon tourism

The Tangut is a branch of the Qiang nationality in the northwest of ancient China, which is called the Tangut Qiang. At the end of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (the late 6th century), it began to move in the upper reaches of the Yellow River in the southeast of Qinghai Province and the valley area west of Songpan in Sichuan. It was at the end of primitive society. Sui Shu Tangut Biography records that "each surname belongs to one department, with the elderly riding more than 5,000 and the young riding more than 1,000". "Vulgar values power, so it is impossible to make it, each has its own career. If there is a war, he will get together and not contact each other. Raising yak and sheep, hunting for food, I don't know how to repair the wall. " In other words, the early Tangut people didn't care about agriculture. Their food, clothing, housing and transportation all depended on animal husbandry, astronomical calendar, counting the years by withered vegetation, offering sacrifices to gods and being cremated after death. Xixia people are brave and good at fighting. People of the same clan must help each other. When they are hurt by foreigners, they must take revenge. Before revenge, they will be naked and barefoot, and will not eat meat until they kill the enemy. Besides. The Tangut people especially admire white, so they call themselves "white in the country." Among the Tangut clans, there are four clans, namely Xifeng clan, Feiting clan, Wangli clan, Manchao clan, Yeli clan, Fangdang clan, Mishuo clan and Tuoba clan, which are collectively called Tangut eight clans. Among them, the Tuoba nationality originally came from the Tuoba department of Xianbei nationality, and later became one of the Tangut ministries, the most powerful of which.

In the fourth year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (584), more than 1000 Tangut Qiang people returned to Sui Dynasty. The following year, Tangut leader Tuoba Ningcong and others. , led the tribe to Xuzhou (now Lintan County, Gansu Province) to request attachment, and the Sui Dynasty made Tuoba Ningcong a general. In the 16th year of Kai (596), the Tangut leader attacked Huizhou (now the northeast of Jingyuan County, Gansu Province) and was defeated one after another, and sent his descendants to the court to apologize and pay tribute to the Sui Dynasty. In the early Tang Dynasty, Wu Dezhong (6 18 ~ 626) belonged to the Tang Dynasty. Emperor Taizong zhenguan three years (629), Nanhui governor Jacky? Zhao Yu, one of the leaders of the Tangut, led his army to the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, he was named the secretariat in other rail-setting states (now the west of Songpan County, Sichuan Province). Other Tangut tribes have also responded. In the Tang Dynasty, four states of Huangpi, Yan Feng and Yuanyuan were established, and the former ministers of each state were appointed as the secretariat. In the ninth year of Zhenguan (635), Tangxia imperial edict sent envoys to open a river bend in 16 state, with 340,000 Tangut members. At that time, Tuoba, the toast of Tangut Tuoba, who had married Mu Rongfu Yun, the king of Tuyuhun, was also defeated in the battle with the Tang Dynasty, betrayed his relatives and joined the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, the land was divided into 32 states, including Yi, Ben, Lin and Ke. The tribal leaders attached to it were appointed as the secretariat, Tuoba Chi as the governor of Xirong State, and Li as the surname, which was controlled by the Songzhou Governor's Office.

The Tubo dynasty, which rose on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the early Tang Dynasty, expanded outward day by day, destroyed Tuyuhun in the north and invaded and bullied the Tangut Qiang. The Tangut tribes scattered in present-day southern Gansu and Qinghai were forced to move inward, and Tang moved to Qingzhou (now Qingyang County, Gansu Province) from the Dudufu of Jingbian Prefecture, and the 25 Tangut States under its jurisdiction also moved. The original residence of the Tangut people was occupied by Tubo, and the remaining Tangut residents belonged to Tubo nobles. Tubo calls these people "drugs".

After the Anshi Rebellion in the mid-Tang Dynasty, due to the joint attack of Tubo, Tangut, Tuguhun and other nationalities on the Tang Dynasty, Tang Yanchai accepted the suggestion of Guo Ziyi, our ambassador to Shuofang, and moved the Tangut Qiang tribe scattered in Lingyan and Qingzhou to the north of Yinzhou (now Mizhi County, Shaanxi Province) and the east of Zhou Xia (now Hengshan County, Shaanxi Province). Since then, the Tangut Qiang tribe that moved to Gyeongju area is called Dongshan tribe; The Tangut Qiang tribe that moved to Zhou Xia is called Xia Ping tribe. At that time, some Tangut Qiang people had moved eastward to Shizhou (now Lishi County, Shanxi Province). Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, Dangxiang Qiang has always been a developed area of feudal civilization of Han nationality because it lives in northern Shaanxi and Hetao area. The Tangut Qiang people have close economic and cultural ties with the Han people and people of other nationalities, and their productive forces have developed rapidly. Since then, Tangut Qiang has entered the class society.

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Tuoba Sigong, the leader of the Tangut Xiaping Department, took part in the military action to suppress the peasant uprising army in Huang Chao. In the Tang dynasty, it was a difficult army, Tuoba Sigong was our time, Xia Guogong was knighted, and then Li. Since then, the Tangut has five states: Yin, Xia, Sui, Yi and Jing. After the Five Dynasties, the Tangut Tuoba Department gradually developed and strengthened its own strength by taking advantage of the wars between the buffer regions and the change of dynasties. By the last Zhou Dynasty, the local separatist forces with Zhou Xia as the center had formed. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, Zhou Xia Dingnan Army made Li Yiyin subordinate to the Song Dynasty to help soldiers fight against the Northern Han Dynasty. The Li regime, which was also ruled by the Song Dynasty. In the fifth year of peaceful rejuvenation of the country by Emperor Taizong (980), it spread to Li Jibang, and there was a power struggle between the Tangut nobles. In the seventh year of Taiping and rejuvenating the country, Li Jipeng led many people into the Song Dynasty, offering the land of Xia, Sui, Yin, Yi and Jing. In the Song Dynasty, Monsoon was honored as our envoy and stayed in Beijing, which caused a sharp division within the Tangut. Li's younger brother adopted the strategy of his subordinate Zhang Pu and led the nobles to flee to Kanazawa, 300 miles northeast, to resist the independence of Song Dynasty.

Since the seventh year of rejuvenating the country, under the leadership of leader Li, the Tangut has occupied Lingzhou and established a solid base after more than 20 years of pioneering movement. Later, after 30 years of peaceful coexistence and recuperation between Li Deming (the son of the Second Migration) and Song and Liao Dynasties, and the struggle between Deming and Tubo and Uighur, it expanded westward, laying the foundation for Li Yuanhao to establish Xixia State.

In the first year of Song Baoyuan (1038), Yuan Hao, the son of Deming, officially proclaimed himself emperor, and established a kingdom with Tangut Qiang as the ruling nation, which was called Xixia in history. After the founding of Xixia, the political, military and cultural systems of Tang and Song Dynasties were basically followed. Its power continues to develop, with the Yellow River in the east, Yumen in the west, Xiaoguan in the south and desert in the north. Fiona Fang has a territory of more than 20,000 li. Generally, it includes the People's Armed Forces Department of Ningxia and Gansu and parts of Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia.

The establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) by Yuan Hao marked the feudalization of Xixia society. The kingdom of Xixia lasted from Yuanhao, Jing Zong to the 10 emperor and the late master Li Huan, which lasted for 190 years and was destroyed by Mongols in 1227. The Tangut people are extremely tenacious and brave in foreign wars. They defeated Liao and Song armies many times, and even Genghis Khan led Mongolian fighters to attack Xixia six times.

Xixia has animal husbandry, agriculture, salt making, construction, handicrafts and commerce, and the ruling system is divided into Tibetan and Han, Tibetan officials and Han officials. The state has formulated a written code, implemented the imperial examination system, and established a powerful cavalry and infantry. 1036, Xixia imitated Chinese characters to create Xixia characters, compiled 12 volumes of dictionaries and designated them as "national languages". Everything from Buddhist letters to folk letters was written in Xixia characters. In order to facilitate people to learn Xixia, a dictionary was also published. These dictionaries, as well as some Buddhist scriptures and calligraphy works, were found in western Inner Mongolia.

Xixia kingdom is a multifaceted area where grassland, western regions and central plains are interrelated, and it is a region where many cultural exchanges gather. Therefore, the Han culture in the Central Plains, the grassland culture in the North and the western culture all had a far-reaching influence on the Tangut, forming its unique civilization.

Xixia died in Mongolian khanate on 1227. Some Tangut people fled to Tibetan areas in western Sichuan and became nomadic tribes again. Today, the place name "Muya" in western Sichuan is a transliteration of "Yao Mi" in Tangut Tibetan. Those who want to visit the adherents of Xixia may wish to have a look. Muya "King Xihao" was appointed as the military and civilian envoy of Tongxing Ningyuan to the west of the Yangtze River in Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, and this position of chieftain ceased to be hereditary in the thirty-ninth year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1700) due to his death.

Tang Wu, a Tangut in the Yuan Dynasty, was a semu, and his political status was still relatively high. Not only in Gansu Province (formerly known as Xixia Zhongxing and other provinces in China), many important officials are from Tang Wu, but there are also many prime ministers, ministers and generals from Tang Wu in the central government. The two ministers of Yuan Shundi Imperial Palace and the eight ministers of Zhongshu are Tangut. Yuan Wenzong's mother is also a Tang Uighur. In Yuan Suwei's army, there is a Tang Dance Army composed of Tangut members, led by the commander and envoy of the Tang Dance Garrison. However, in the Yuan Dynasty, the upper class of the Tangut changed the Mongolian name or the Han surname, which was actually gradually assimilated and disappeared, and there was no trace after the demise of the Yuan Dynasty.

A collection of stories compiled by Xixia descendants, which has been treasured for more than 600 years, reveals the history of ancient Xixia immigrants. On February 19, the reporter learned from Puyang County that according to the research of well-known domestic historical experts, more than 4,000 people living in 15 villages such as Yangshibalang, Xishibalang and Nanshibalang in Puyang County are descendants of Xixia Tangut, which is the largest immigrant group in Xixia Tangut.

According to textual research, The Collection of Kindness is a collection of poems compiled by Tang Wu, a descendant of Xixia at the end of Yuan Dynasty. It has a history of more than 600 years. The book is divided into three volumes, namely Good Customs, Education and Practice. After the volume, there is Biography with more than 40,000 words, mainly praising the ancestors of Yang's ancestors and preserving Xixia. The book was handed down by the Yang family in Liutun Town, Puyang County, and spread among clans. It was not known to the outside world until 1999, which attracted extensive attention from domestic historians. After repeated proofreading, the book was officially published at the end of last year.

The Henan Academy of Social Sciences and Ningxia Academy of Social Sciences organized historians to study the contents recorded in the book and the Tang Wugong monument left by Jindi River in Puyang County, and confirmed that Yang people in the village of 15 near the Tang Wugong monument were descendants of Xixia adherents who were given the surname "Tang Wugong" at the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty after the demise of Xixia.

According to Wang Guowei's Tatar Examination, "Tang Wu is also a variant name of the Tangut" and "Tang Wu's" should be a variant name of the Tangut, the main ethnic group in Xixia. After Xixia was destroyed by Mongols in A.D. 1227, most Tang Wu people remained in their original places, but a few people moved to Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Henan, Shandong and other places, where they lived together with the Han people, and some of them fought against the Yuan Army in the south and north, and finally settled in the mainland. Tang Wu Chongxi, the editor of Shu Shan Ji, is a descendant of Xixia people and moved to Puyang after the Yuan Army moved eastward. After the war, he was placed in Puyang and later changed his surname to Yang. Because of its long history, no one in Yang's ethnic group knew that he was a descendant of the Tangut, and the discovery of Shu Shan Ji opened this dusty history.

Experts believe that from Yang Chuan to the 28th century, there were more than 800 households and more than 4,000 people in five villages such as Yang Shibalang and Xi Shibalang/kloc-0, which became a prosperous nation in Puyang. As a survivor of the regime established by ethnic minorities before Yuan Dynasty in China history, it is rare for a branch of it to preserve such complete family history data.

A canglang and a white deer, born of Mongolian origin and destiny, combined at the foot of Bourhan Mountain at the head of the South River to give birth to a son, which is said to be the ancestor of the Mongols. In fact, the history of Mongols can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, when the Mongols living in Hulun Lake and the southeast of Ergon River-Shiwei was the early Mongolian department. Later, the Mongolian Ministry moved westward, out of the mountains and into the grasslands, and became an authentic nomadic people.

Mongolian is a nation with a long history and splendid culture. The legendary Mongols have a history of over 3,000 years. According to written records, it has a history of 1000 years. According to historical records, the Mongolian Ministry originally included only two clans, namely, the nun and Qiyan. After being defeated by other Turkic tribes, there are only two men and two women left. They fled to Ergon (a mountainous area along the Ergon River) to live and reproduce.

The name of Mongolian nationality comes from a Shiwei tribe in northeast Mongolia-Wumeng Shiwei. "Wu Meng" is the earliest Chinese translation of the word Mongolia, which can be found in Old Tang Shu Bei Di Zhuan. Wu Meng Shiwei lived in Wangjianhe (now Ergon River). Later, there were many different translations of the word Mongolia, such as "Mongolia", "Mongolia" and "Mongolia". Writing "Mongolia" was first seen in Wang Jiang Chu Lu quoted by Three Dynasties North Alliance. In ancient Mongolian, the word "Mongolia" means "simplicity and powerlessness". At first, it was just the name of a clan or tribe, and later it became synonymous with a new nation.

/kloc-In the 4th century, Historical Records written in Persian recorded an ancient Mongolian legend: Mongols were defeated by other tribes and slaughtered, only two men and two women survived. They fled to a place surrounded by mountains and with a good grassland in the middle. This place is called "El Kong Korm"-"steep hillside". They thrive here and are handed down from generation to generation. The legendary "Ergon" is the Ergon River that flows through Hulunbeier Grassland, which is the birthplace of Mongolian nationality. Mongolian philology

The Yuan government attached importance to the teaching of Mongolian characters. In the sixth year of Zhiyuan (1269), Mongolian characters created by Basiba were published in February, and Zhulu Mongolian Characters School was established in July to enroll students. In the second year, a professor of Mongolian philology was established. In the eighth year of Yuan Dynasty, students were exempted from one battle. After two or three years of study, those who pass the exam will be given official positions as appropriate. There are 30 people on the road and 25 people off the road. Children of Mongolian officials from all walks of life can attend school, and those who want to attend school are not limited by quota.

In the eighth year of Yuan Dynasty (127 1), a Mongolian school was established in Dadu, with five instructors, who were selected to study in the school together with North Korean officials, Semu people, Han people and children who were afraid of learning. The Mongolian translation of As a Mirror Yao Jie is used as a teaching material for teaching Mongolian characters. There are no places for students. Delay? Two years 150 people (13 15). After two or three years of study, those with excellent grades will be awarded official positions through examinations. In the 14th year of Yuan Dynasty (1277), the Mongolian imperial academy was established to manage Mongolian primary schools.

Mongolian characters

Two Mongolian characters were used in the Mongolian and Yuan Dynasties. One is fearless Mongolian character, and the other is Basiba's Mongolian character.

Mongolian Uighur characters: When Genghis Khan founded the People's Republic of China, Mongolian characters were written in Uighur letters, which was called Mongolian Uighur characters. Wei Wu, an ancient Uyghur script, is a phonetic script, which was founded in the eighth century and has about 20 letters. Mongolian fear characters are written vertically from left to right, which are used by Mongolian and Yuan rulers to write imperial edicts and translate Chinese classics. After Yuan Shizu ordered Basiba to make Mongolian characters, Mongolian Uighur characters were no longer used as official characters, but they were still used by the people.

In Yuan Wuzong, Uyghur people have done a lot of standardization work on Mongolian Uyghur characters, and formulated the orthography and writing grammar of Mongolian Uyghur characters for the first time, which made Mongolian Uyghur characters easy to popularize and has been used by Mongolians ever since. Skivogel wrote a grammar book "Enlightenment of Mongolian" (heart hoop translation), which has been lost.

Basiba Mongolian characters: 1260 After Kublai Khan ascended the throne, he was appointed as a Buddhist teacher and ordered to make Mongolian characters. It was officially promulgated on 1269 (in the sixth year of Yuan Dynasty), and was renamed as a new Mongolian word the following year. Therefore, the new Mongolian characters of Basiba became official legal characters. This Mongolian writing system is based on Tibetan letters, with more than 40 letters, which are used to spell Mongolian and Chinese. Letters are basically universal, but some letters represent different sound values when spelling Mongolian and Chinese. "Shilin Guangji? "Hundreds of Family Names in Mongolian Characters" and "Biography of Mongolian Characters" spelled Chinese with reference to Chinese characters and Basiba Mongolian characters, which were literacy textbooks at that time. After the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, the official seal was cast in the Northern Yuan Dynasty. Since then, Basiba's Mongolian characters have gradually become less common.