Who knows the secret of plants?

Many herbs under the rainforest have huge leaves, such as banana, taro, bamboo taro and so on, which are big enough to accommodate several people to shelter from the rain. Huge leaves can capture more light, which is generally believed to be the result of herbs in tropical rain forests adapting to low light.

Some herbs under the rainforest are not all green leaves, but mixed with yellow, white and safflower, which is the so-called mosaic phenomenon. The reason of mosaic phenomenon is not clear at present. Tropical mosaic plants have long been used as flower materials and can be seen in many greenhouses.

Trees, shrubs and herbs in the lower layer of tropical rain forest generally have tail-shaped tips, which are called dripping tips. Usually, it is like a leaf of a bodhi tree, with a curved tail-shaped tip several centimeters long. The interior of the tropical rain forest is very humid, and the water vapor in the air and the rain that appears at any time often form a water film on the surface of the leaves. The dripping tip can make the water film on the surface of the leaves gather into water drops and flow away, so that the leaves can be dried quickly, which is beneficial to the evapotranspiration of the leaves and prevents some tiny epiphytes (moss and algae) from growing on the surface of the leaves and hindering their photosynthesis.

Eye-catching phenomenon of red leaves

Whenever you overlook the tropical rain forest from the air, you will find a pinch of red shining in the sun in the vast green ocean. Not flowers, but red leaves. In the seasonal tropical rain forest, when old leaves fall off and new leaves sprout, pieces of red stand out in the green sea.

Many tree species in the tropical rain forest have red drooping leaves when they grow, and gradually turn green and become solid after a few days or weeks. Temperate trees are different, such as the famous maple leaves and cotinus coggygria, which are red only when their leaves fall off in autumn. The former symbolizes rebirth, while the latter means aging.

Epiphyte hanging garden

When you step into the tropical rain forest, you will see all kinds of small plants hanging on different branches and vines, dazzling, just like a hanging garden. These hanging plants are called epiphytes.

Tropical rainforests have superior habitats, and the competition for living space among plant species is extremely fierce. Due to the dim light under the forest, many small plants find it difficult to get enough light and have to expand into other spaces. The multi-level structure of tropical rain forest, coupled with the humid air in the forest, can often gather litter at the cracks of various branches and barks, forming a little soil and providing a hotbed for some seeds. Many small plants can stand and develop in these positions and become epiphytes. The wetter the tropical rain forest, the more kinds and quantities of epiphytes there are.

Tropical rainforests make the most efficient use of solar energy. The light that escapes from the thick tree layer often cannot escape the capture of epiphytes. No wonder the forest is so dark that almost no light reaches the ground.

A magical one-foot vine.

In the tropical rain forest, there is a kind of plant that supports itself by winding or climbing on other trees, called lianas. Large lianas are very abundant in tropical rain forests. Sometimes they lie on the ground, sometimes they hang on trees, and only their vines can be seen under the forest, but not their branches and leaves. The branches and leaves of vines generally extend above the crown to fill the gaps in the crown, which is also a form of competition for light. In some types of tropical rain forests, there are so many vines that it is difficult for pedestrians to cross. When trees are cut down, they are often entangled in large vines, hanging in the air and not falling down. It is very difficult to cut down in this kind of forest.

The insatiable strangulation of plants

Early European botanists and travelers were puzzled by the strange phenomenon of trees growing in tropical rain forests. Any careful person can see from the branches and leaves that they are two different plants, but their stems are intertwined, or the stems of one plant are sheathed on the stems of another plant. Gradually, people noticed that the wrapped tree would eventually die, and the wrapped plant would grow into a big tree. People call stalkers strangulation plants, and stalkers are host plants.

Strangled plants are mostly plants called banyan trees. Their fruits are the staple food of animals and their seeds are very small. When animals bring banyan seeds to the branches or bark cracks of trees, these seeds will germinate. Young banyan trees can produce adventitious roots and behave like epiphytes. With the continuous growth of banyan, its adventitious roots gradually wrap around the host tree and support its body with the help of the host tree. When these banyan trees gradually grow into big trees, their roots and stems have completely wrapped the host trees, and the host trees eventually died because of overload and lack of nutrition. These strangled banyan trees eventually became independent big trees.

Root parasitic plants with unique life

From time to time, in the humid tropical rain forest, we can see some exotic flowers and herbs with no leaves popping out of the soil, some as small as mung beans (leafless orchids) and some as large as 1 m in diameter, which is the largest flower (big flower) in the world. These flowers are parasitic on the roots of other plants, usually invisible, and only emerge from the soil when they bloom. They are called root parasitic plants. Flora is a unique root parasitic plant in tropical rain forest. Its flowers are huge, bright red, and its petals are fleshy, giving off a strong rancid smell, like a pile of rotten meat, attracting flies to pollinate it.

Silent fungal world

In the dark and humid tropical rain forest, people often ignore a small plant with no chlorophyll on fallen trees or fluffy humus. They have different shapes and mottled colors. They live by decomposing the humus of litter and belong to fungi. The well-known mushroom is this kind of plant. They don't have huge bodies and thick branches and leaves, but they are indispensable in forest regeneration and nutrient cycle.

exotic flowers and rare herbs

The hot and humid climate of tropical rain forest breeds extremely rich species and various plant life types. Some flowers and fruits are strange in shape, some are like flowers but not flowers, and some are integrated and difficult to distinguish. The largest flower, the smallest flower, the strangest flower and the most beautiful flower in the world are hidden in the rainforest.

Orchid world

Orchidaceae is one of the largest families in the world, with more than 2000 species in the world, mainly distributed in tropical areas, with the most concentrated tropical rain forest. There are more than 1240 species of orchids in China, mainly distributed in tropical areas. There are 334 species of orchids in Xishuangbanna, mainly distributed in tropical rain forests. Tropical rain forest is the center of orchid differentiation and formation.

Habitat of rare and endangered species

Tropical rain forest is the forest with the richest species, the most complex structure, the most diverse plant life types and the most special ecological phenomenon in the world, and it is also the most unfamiliar forest type and the fastest destruction rate for human beings at present. Because the tropical rain forest has not been affected by the Quaternary glaciers, it has become a refuge for many ancient species. Tropical rainforests are also rich in rare and endangered species. The tropical rain forest is undoubtedly the essence and the most precious wealth of our planet. Its protection and research are becoming the focus of scientific and technological development, and it is also the greatest project that determines the survival of human beings and our planet.

postscript

Yesterday and Today of Tropical Rainforest

Today, the tropical rain forest still covers a vast area of the earth, especially in the Amazon basin of South America. There are still endless large tropical rainforests, which are still the largest vegetation types in the world compared with other vegetation types. However, compared with hundreds of years ago, today's tropical rain forests have been greatly reduced, and in many places they have become small pieces or even disappeared.

/kloc-since the 0/9th century, with the rapid development of capitalist industry, the demand for wood and forest products has increased sharply, and the development of tropical rain forests has begun to be crazy. Especially in recent years, the population has soared, and the population in the tropical rain forest area has also increased greatly. Large areas of tropical rain forests have instantly turned into farmland, plantations and towns. In tropical Africa and tropical Asia, large rainforests have disappeared and become fragmented. Even in the Amazon basin of tropical America, with the opening of criss-crossing roads, a large number of immigrants from densely populated areas poured into the rainforest, where they settled, spread and eroded the rainforest.

The endless rainforest seen decades ago now seems limited and fragile. At present, the destruction rate of tropical rain forests is still increasing. If effective protection is not strengthened, they will soon disappear from the earth.

Reasonable protection of tropical rain forest is to protect human beings themselves.

More and more discoveries reveal that human beings originated from the tropical rain forest, which nurtured human beings. Even today, there are still many kinds of human beings who depend on the tropical rain forest for their livelihood.

The tropical rain forest is the largest forest in the world. In human life, it has been selfless dedication of wood and forest by-products to meet people's needs for food, clothing, housing and transportation. At present, the world consumes 3.35 billion square meters of wood every year, half of which is used for firewood, and 84% of firewood is tropical wood. The annual trade volume of rattan in tropical rain forest reaches10.5 million tons, with a value of10.50 billion pounds. Many major food crops of mankind, such as rice, corn and Gansu, originated from tropical rain forests. Tropical fruits famous for their unique flavor also mainly come from tropical rain forests. Rubber is an industrial raw material, and it is a riparian tree in the rainforest of the Amazon River basin in Brazil. At present, two-thirds of plant medicines come from tropical rain forests. For example, quinine, a special antimalarial drug, is extracted from the bark of tropical cinchona tree. The anesthetic cocaine is extracted from coca leaves; The antihypertensive drug reserpine is extracted from the root of Rauvolfia. Dioscin is one of the components of oral contraceptives, which is extracted from yam.

Tropical rain forest is the most species-rich plant community in the world, which contains an infinite variety of genetic genes. Now people rely on and use only a few rainforest species and their gene products. The development of modern science and technology is obviously turning to the rainforest to explore new resources and drugs.

Plants in tropical rainforests are usually distributed in a narrow range, and some species are unique to a community or local habitat. Plants in temperate regions are generally widely distributed, for example, the broad-leaved forest in England has been reduced to only 4% of its land area, but no woody plant species have become extinct. If the tropical forest area is reduced, there is no doubt that a large number of plant species will become extinct.

The decrease of tropical rain forest will also lead to the decrease and extinction of rainforest animals. Rainforest plants provide food for animals, and animals in turn help plants pollinate and spread seeds. They have formed a very complicated interdependence with each other. There is a rough rule that it takes 50 adult individuals to raise an animal species in a short time; It takes 500 individuals to keep an animal species alive for a long time. The investigation in the tropical rain forest of Malaysia shows that in order to maintain the species of helmeted hornbill, 500 individuals need to be maintained, so 100 square kilometers of rain forest is needed; Maintaining the species of Siamese monkeys requires 186 square kilometers of rainforest, and maintaining the species of long-tailed macaques requires 90 square kilometers of rainforest.

The destruction of tropical rain forest not only leads to environmental deterioration and soil erosion, but also leads to the extinction of a large number of animals and plants. The environmental benefits of rainforest can be alleviated and partially replaced by various artificial vegetation (plantations, plantations, etc.). ) and secondary vegetation, but the formation of a species takes tens of thousands of years, and the extinction of a large number of animal and plant species is irreversible.

Man is also an animal species, and has a very close and complicated dependence on other biological species. The disappearance of the rainforest and the break of the balance between species may completely destroy mankind itself.

Fortunately, there are still large rainforests, and the protection of rainforests has attracted people's attention all over the world. Many non-governmental and government organizations in the world have been actively and constantly trying to raise funds, train personnel and establish nature reserves. Since 1970, more than 3,000 national parks and nature reserves have been established in tropical regions around the world, covering an area of 400 million hectares. Eco-tourism has gradually developed in nature reserves to arouse people's interest and awareness of biodiversity protection. Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, China Academy of Sciences, is a specialized institution to study the conservation and sustainable utilization of biodiversity in tropical rainforests. Their scientists are working day and night to explore new ways to rationally protect, develop and utilize the tropical rain forest.

Human beings can't live without the tropical rain forest, and people need to make use of it. As long as it is developed within the tolerance range of the tropical rain forest, the tropical rain forest can be renewed and used permanently.

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Interviewee: 03756302963- Assistant III 5-23 12:27

Revision reply: 03756302963, the reply you want to revise is as follows: the integral rule is closed.

Many herbs under the tropical rain forest have huge leaves, such as bananas, taro, bamboo taro and so on, which are big enough to accommodate several people to shelter from the rain. Huge leaves can capture more light, which is generally believed to be the result of herbs in tropical rain forests adapting to low light.

Some herbs under the rainforest are not all green leaves, but mixed with yellow, white and safflower, which is the so-called mosaic phenomenon. The reason of mosaic phenomenon is not clear at present. Tropical mosaic plants have long been used as flower materials and can be seen in many greenhouses.

Trees, shrubs and herbs in the lower layer of tropical rain forest generally have tail-shaped tips, which are called dripping tips. Usually, it is like a leaf of a bodhi tree, with a curved tail-shaped tip several centimeters long. The interior of the tropical rain forest is very humid, and the water vapor in the air and the rain that appears at any time often form a water film on the surface of the leaves. The dripping tip can make the water film on the surface of the leaves gather into water drops and flow away, so that the leaves can be dried quickly, which is beneficial to the evapotranspiration of the leaves and prevents some tiny epiphytes (moss and algae) from growing on the surface of the leaves and hindering their photosynthesis.

Eye-catching phenomenon of red leaves

Whenever you overlook the tropical rain forest from the air, you will find a pinch of red shining in the sun in the vast green ocean. Not flowers, but red leaves. In the seasonal tropical rain forest, when old leaves fall off and new leaves sprout, pieces of red stand out in the green sea.

Many tree species in the tropical rain forest have red drooping leaves when they grow, and gradually turn green and become solid after a few days or weeks. Temperate trees are different, such as the famous maple leaves and cotinus coggygria, which are red only when their leaves fall off in autumn. The former symbolizes rebirth, while the latter means aging.

Epiphyte hanging garden

When you step into the tropical rain forest, you will see all kinds of small plants hanging on different branches and vines, dazzling, just like a hanging garden. These hanging plants are called epiphytes.

Tropical rainforests have superior habitats, and the competition for living space among plant species is extremely fierce. Due to the dim light under the forest, many small plants find it difficult to get enough light and have to expand into other spaces. The multi-level structure of tropical rain forest, coupled with the humid air in the forest, can often gather litter at the cracks of various branches and barks, forming a little soil and providing a hotbed for some seeds. Many small plants can stand and develop in these positions and become epiphytes. The wetter the tropical rain forest, the more kinds and quantities of epiphytes there are.

Tropical rainforests make the most efficient use of solar energy. The light that escapes from the thick tree layer often cannot escape the capture of epiphytes. No wonder the forest is so dark that almost no light reaches the ground.

A magical one-foot vine.

In the tropical rain forest, there is a kind of plant that supports itself by winding or climbing on other trees, called lianas. Large lianas are very abundant in tropical rain forests. Sometimes they lie on the ground, sometimes they hang on trees, and only their vines can be seen under the forest, but not their branches and leaves. The branches and leaves of vines generally extend above the crown to fill the gaps in the crown, which is also a form of competition for light. In some types of tropical rain forests, there are so many vines that it is difficult for pedestrians to cross. When trees are cut down, they are often entangled in large vines, hanging in the air and not falling down. It is very difficult to cut down in this kind of forest.

The insatiable strangulation of plants

Early European botanists and travelers were puzzled by the strange phenomenon of trees growing in tropical rain forests. Any careful person can see from the branches and leaves that they are two different plants, but their stems are intertwined, or the stems of one plant are sheathed on the stems of another plant. Gradually, people noticed that the wrapped tree would eventually die, and the wrapped plant would grow into a big tree. People call stalkers strangulation plants, and stalkers are host plants.

Strangled plants are mostly plants called banyan trees. Their fruits are the staple food of animals and their seeds are very small. When animals bring banyan seeds to the branches or bark cracks of trees, these seeds will germinate. Young banyan trees can produce adventitious roots and behave like epiphytes. With the continuous growth of banyan, its adventitious roots gradually wrap around the host tree and support its body with the help of the host tree. When these banyan trees gradually grow into big trees, their roots and stems have completely wrapped the host trees, and the host trees eventually died because of overload and lack of nutrition. These strangled banyan trees eventually became independent big trees.

Root parasitic plants with unique life

From time to time, in the humid tropical rain forest, we can see some exotic flowers and herbs with no leaves popping out of the soil, some as small as mung beans (leafless orchids) and some as large as 1 m in diameter, which is the largest flower (big flower) in the world. These flowers are parasitic on the roots of other plants, usually invisible, and only emerge from the soil when they bloom. They are called root parasitic plants. Flora is a unique root parasitic plant in tropical rain forest. Its flowers are huge, bright red, and its petals are fleshy, giving off a strong rancid smell, like a pile of rotten meat, attracting flies to pollinate it.

Silent fungal world

In the dark and humid tropical rain forest, people often ignore a small plant with no chlorophyll on fallen trees or fluffy humus. They have different shapes and mottled colors. They live by decomposing the humus of litter and belong to fungi. The well-known mushroom is this kind of plant. They don't have huge bodies and thick branches and leaves, but they are indispensable in forest regeneration and nutrient cycle.

exotic flowers and rare herbs

The hot and humid climate of tropical rain forest breeds extremely rich species and various plant life types. Some flowers and fruits are strange in shape, some are like flowers but not flowers, and some are integrated and difficult to distinguish. The largest flower, the smallest flower, the strangest flower and the most beautiful flower in the world are hidden in the rainforest.

Orchid world

Orchidaceae is one of the largest families in the world, with more than 2000 species in the world, mainly distributed in tropical areas, with the most concentrated tropical rain forest. There are more than 1240 species of orchids in China, mainly distributed in tropical areas. There are 334 species of orchids in Xishuangbanna, mainly distributed in tropical rain forests. Tropical rain forest is the center of orchid differentiation and formation.

Habitat of rare and endangered species

Tropical rain forest is the forest with the richest species, the most complex structure, the most diverse plant life types and the most special ecological phenomenon in the world, and it is also the most unfamiliar forest type and the fastest destruction rate for human beings at present. Because the tropical rain forest has not been affected by the Quaternary glaciers, it has become a refuge for many ancient species. Tropical rainforests are also rich in rare and endangered species. The tropical rain forest is undoubtedly the essence and the most precious wealth of our planet. Its protection and research are becoming the focus of scientific and technological development, and it is also the greatest project that determines the survival of human beings and our planet.

postscript

Yesterday and Today of Tropical Rainforest

Today, the tropical rain forest still covers a vast area of the earth, especially in the Amazon basin of South America. There are still endless large tropical rainforests, which are still the largest vegetation types in the world compared with other vegetation types. However, compared with hundreds of years ago, today's tropical rain forests have been greatly reduced, and in many places they have become small pieces or even disappeared.

/kloc-since the 0/9th century, with the rapid development of capitalist industry, the demand for wood and forest products has increased sharply, and the development of tropical rain forests has begun to be crazy. Especially in recent years, the population has soared, and the population in the tropical rain forest area has also increased greatly. Large areas of tropical rain forests have instantly turned into farmland, plantations and towns. In tropical Africa and tropical Asia, large rainforests have disappeared and become fragmented. Even in the Amazon basin of tropical America, with the opening of criss-crossing roads, a large number of immigrants from densely populated areas poured into the rainforest, where they settled, spread and eroded the rainforest.

The endless rainforest seen decades ago now seems limited and fragile. At present, the destruction rate of tropical rain forests is still increasing. If effective protection is not strengthened, they will soon disappear from the earth.

Reasonable protection of tropical rain forest is to protect human beings themselves.

More and more discoveries reveal that human beings originated from the tropical rain forest, which nurtured human beings. Even today, there are still many kinds of human beings who depend on the tropical rain forest for their livelihood.

The tropical rain forest is the largest forest in the world. In human life, it has been selfless dedication of wood and forest by-products to meet people's needs for food, clothing, housing and transportation. At present, the world consumes 3.35 billion square meters of wood every year, half of which is used for firewood, and 84% of firewood is tropical wood. The annual trade volume of rattan in tropical rain forest reaches10.5 million tons, with a value of10.50 billion pounds. Many major food crops of mankind, such as rice, corn and Gansu, originated from tropical rain forests. Tropical fruits famous for their unique flavor also mainly come from tropical rain forests. Rubber is an industrial raw material, and it is a riparian tree in the rainforest of the Amazon River basin in Brazil. At present, two-thirds of plant medicines come from tropical rain forests. For example, quinine, a special antimalarial drug, is extracted from the bark of tropical cinchona tree. The anesthetic cocaine is extracted from coca leaves; The antihypertensive drug reserpine is extracted from the root of Rauvolfia. Dioscin is one of the components of oral contraceptives, which is extracted from yam.

Tropical rain forest is the most species-rich plant community in the world, which contains an infinite variety of genetic genes. Now people rely on and use only a few rainforest species and their gene products. The development of modern science and technology is obviously turning to the rainforest to explore new resources and drugs.

Silent fungal world

In the dark and humid tropical rain forest, people often ignore a small plant with no chlorophyll on fallen trees or fluffy humus. They have different shapes and mottled colors. They live by decomposing the humus of litter and belong to fungi. The well-known mushroom is this kind of plant. They don't have huge bodies and thick branches and leaves, but they are indispensable in forest regeneration and nutrient cycle.

exotic flowers and rare herbs

The hot and humid climate of tropical rain forest breeds extremely rich species and various plant life types. Some flowers and fruits are strange in shape, some are like flowers but not flowers, and some are integrated and difficult to distinguish. The largest flower, the smallest flower, the strangest flower and the most beautiful flower in the world are hidden in the rainforest.

Orchid world

Orchidaceae is one of the largest families in the world, with more than 2000 species in the world, mainly distributed in tropical areas, with the most concentrated tropical rain forest. There are more than 1240 species of orchids in China, mainly distributed in tropical areas. There are 334 species of orchids in Xishuangbanna, mainly distributed in tropical rain forests. Tropical rain forest is the center of orchid differentiation and formation.