Geography knowledge points in the second volume of the seventh grade

Chapter III Approaching the Country P65

Section 1 Japan P66

I. Geographical location:

1, latitude and longitude position: 130 E- 145 E, 30° N-45° N

2. Land and sea location: East Asia, Northwest Pacific, East Pacific, Japan's West Sea, Russia and South Korea.

3. Territorial composition: It is mainly composed of Hokkaido Island, Honshu Island, Shikoku Island, Kyushu Island and its adjacent islands. Among them, Honshu Island is the largest.

4. Capital: Tokyo Nationality: Yamato National Language: Japanese National Flower: Cherry Blossom.

Second, the terrain and climate:

Topographic features: mainly mountains and hills, rugged terrain, small plain area, short and swift rivers.

The largest plain: Kanto Plain; Mount Fuji: Japan's highest peak and active volcano.

2. Geological features: Located at the junction of the Asia-Europe plate and the Pacific plate, on the volcanic seismic belt around the Pacific Ocean, the crust is active and there are many volcanoes and earthquakes.

3. Climate: ① Type: temperate monsoon climate and subtropical monsoon climate.

② Features: Four distinct seasons, abundant precipitation, warm winter and cool summer, and obvious maritime climate characteristics. There are many typhoons in summer and autumn.

(3) The reason for the obvious maritime characteristics is that the island country is surrounded by the sea and its climate is obviously regulated by the ocean.

Three. Culture: Japanese cultural representatives: kimono and sushi.

1, greatly influenced by China in ancient times;

2. Modern European and American cultures have a wide influence;

3. Contemporary Japanese culture has not only the traditional content of its own nation, but also the characteristics of eastern and western cultures.

Fourth, the economy:

Conditions for economic development:

(1) Disadvantages: Mineral resources such as oil and iron ore are poor, and most of them rely on imports; The domestic market is small.

(2) Advantages: convenient maritime transportation; Developed science and technology; High-quality labor force and efficient management, rich human resources. The gross domestic product ranks third in the world, second only to the United States and China.

(3) Industry and agriculture:

Industrial East Asian island countries, iron ore, oil, coal and other mineral resources poor economic model: import-processing-export type

Trade target: USA, China, Europe.

Distribution: Pacific coast and Seto Inland Sea coast.

The agricultural area is small and the agricultural labor force is insufficient, but the agricultural production level is high. Rice, livestock products and vegetables are the three major sectors of Japanese agriculture.

Hokkaido Fishing Ground, a famous fishery producing country (where the cold current of Thousand Islands meets the warm current of Japan)

(4) Main industrial sectors: electronics-Sony Ericsson mobile phones; Household appliances-Sony, Panasonic; Cars-Toyota, Honda; Shipbuilding, steel, chemical industry, precision machinery, etc.

5. The reason why industries are concentrated in the Pacific coast and the inland sea coast of Seto: There are many excellent seaports, which are convenient for shipping, importing raw materials and fuels and exporting industrial products.

(6) Import of raw materials: iron ore-Australia, Brazil, India; Petroleum-West Asia (Persian Gulf); Coal-Australia.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) Traffic and city:

Transportation: international freight-sea transportation; International passenger transport-aviation; Domestic freight-coastal shipping, highways;

High speed railway-"Shinkansen"; The longest tunnel in the world-Qinghai Xin subsea tunnel.

City: Tokyo (the capital)-the national political, economic, cultural and transportation center; Tsukuba-a new science city;

Kyoto and Nara are famous ancient capitals and cultural tourist cities in Japan.

Other major cities: Osaka, Yokohama, Nagoya, Kobe, Hiroshima and Kitakyushu.

Egypt P72 in the second quarter

I. Geographical location:

1, latitude and longitude position: 28-32 east longitude, 22-32 north latitude.

2. Land and sea location: Northeast Africa+Sinai Peninsula (Asia)-bounded by Suez Canal, it spans two continents: Asia and Africa.

3. Suez Canal: connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, and connecting the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. It is also the dividing line between Asia and Africa.

2. Population: mainly Arabs, Caucasian, mostly believing in Islam, Arabic is the official language.

Cairo, the capital, is the largest city in Africa.

Third, topography, climate and rivers:

Topographic features: It is mainly located in the Sahara desert, with a narrow valley plain along the Nile and a wide delta at the estuary. Most of them are between 200 meters and 700 meters above sea level, and more than 90% of them are deserts, "desert countries".

Climate characteristics: it mainly belongs to tropical desert climate, which is hot all year round and dry with little rain; The northern Mediterranean coast is land.

The climate of China Sea is mainly hot and dry in summer and mild and rainy in winter.

3. River: The Nile is the longest river in the world, which provides sufficient irrigation water and soil for the banks and deltas, and is called "mother river" by the Egyptian people.

Fourth, the economy:

1, industry and agriculture:

Industry has gradually become the main sector of the national economy.

Agriculture is divided into Nile valley and delta.

The output and export of staple cotton, the main agricultural product, rank first in the world.

Advantages of long-staple cotton production: the Nile provides sufficient irrigation water; There are many sunny days, strong sunshine and sufficient heat, which are suitable for cotton growth and later picking.

2. Four sources of foreign exchange income: canals, remittances, tourism and oil.

Tourism resources: historical sites-pyramids, sphinx, "mummy", Karnak Temple, etc. The scenery along the Nile, Aswan Dam, desert exploration, etc.

5. Others: one of the ancient civilizations in the world, ancient culture: hieroglyphs, astronomical calendars; Rich in oil resources; Major cities: the capital Cairo and the seaport Alexandria.

In the third quarter, Russia P76

I. Geographical location:

1, latitude and longitude position: 30- 180 east longitude, 50-80 north latitude.

2. Land and sea location: North: Arctic Ocean; East: Pacific Ocean; West: Baltic Sea; Southwest: Black Sea, Caspian Sea; The only country that spans Asia and Europe and the eastern and western hemispheres is also the country with the widest longitude.

3. Russia is the largest country in the world, a multi-ethnic country with 14 land neighbors.

Second, the terrain and climate:

Topographic elements

(1) The terrain is high in the east and low in the west, and rivers and mountains become an important dividing line;

② The plain area is vast.

From west to east, the topographic areas are: Eastern Europe Plain, Western Siberia Plain, Central Siberia Plateau and Eastern Siberia Mountain in turn. (The dividing lines are Ural Mountain, Yenisei River and Lena River respectively).

Climate: ① Most areas are dominated by temperate continental climate, with long and cold winters and short and cool summers.

(reason: a, high latitude; B, affected by the distribution of land and sea, far away from the ocean, the ocean warm and humid air flow has little influence. )

(2) Arctic Ocean coast: polar climate, cold all year round;

③ Pacific coast: temperate monsoon climate.

Third, rivers:

The Volga River is the longest river in Europe and the longest inland river in the world. It flows through the eastern European plain from north to south and flows into the Caspian Sea. Known by Russians as "Mother River".

Ob river, Yenisei River and Lena River originate in the southern mountainous areas and flow into the Arctic Ocean from south to north.

Four. Population and economy:

1, Russians belong to white race and believe in Christianity; The population is concentrated in the plains of eastern Europe.

2. Resources:

A. Freshwater resources: River runoff ranks second in the world, and Lake Baikal is the deepest and most freshwater lake in the world;

B. Forest resources: the world's largest sub-frigid coniferous forest belt, with the forest area ranking first in the world;

C. mineral resources: many kinds and large reserves.

(1) Oil production ranks third in the world, next only to the United States and Saudi Arabia; Gold production ranks second in the world, second only to South Africa;

(2) Kursk iron mine; Kuzbas coal mine; Tyumen, the second Baku-oil; Ural mountains-nonferrous metals.

3. Economy:

A Agriculture: Mainly distributed in Volga River Basin and Don River Basin in Eastern Europe Plain. The main agricultural products are: grain,

Potatoes, flax, dairy products, etc.

B. Industry: mainly distributed in Europe, with developed heavy industry and backward light industry;

Moscow and St. Petersburg-comprehensive industrial zones; Ural industrial zone-steel and machinery industry; Novosibirsk industrial zone-petroleum, machinery, forest and military industries.

4. Major cities:

Moscow: the capital, the largest city and comprehensive industrial center in China, and the political, cultural and transportation center;

② St. Petersburg-the second largest city and important seaport along the Baltic Sea;

(3) Vladivostok-the main seaport along the Pacific coast;

(4) Murmansk, the main seaport along the Arctic Ocean, has the highest latitude, and is affected by the North Atlantic warm current, and it is not frozen all year round.

Section IV France P4 1

I. Geographical location:

1, latitude and longitude: 4° W-8° E, 42 n-51n, all located in the north temperate zone and mid-latitude area.

2. Land and sea location: The territory is roughly hexagonal in outline, bordering the Atlantic Ocean in the west, the Mediterranean Sea in the southeast, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium and Spain in the east, northeast and south.

2. Terrain and climate:

Topographic features: the terrain is high in the southeast and low in the northwest, mainly in plains and hills.

2, climate characteristics:

A, most areas belong to temperate maritime climate zone, the temperature changes little, the annual precipitation distribution is relatively uniform, and there are basically no climatic disasters such as drought and flood, which is very beneficial to the development of agriculture.

B, Mediterranean coastal areas, high temperature in summer, less precipitation, but plenty of sunshine. Grape has excellent texture and high sugar content.

Sanhe:

Seine, a famous French river, flows through the capital Paris and flows into the English Channel (La Manche) from southeast to northwest.

Most rivers originate in hilly areas in the southeast and flow into the Atlantic Ocean from southeast to northwest.

4. Population and economy:

Population: white, Christian;

In the Seine Valley (Paris Valley) in the agricultural temperate maritime climate zone, France is the country that exports the most wheat in Europe.

Grapes are widely planted along the Mediterranean coast to produce high-quality wine.

Developed industry, rich in coal and iron resources, the proportion of nuclear power in power generation is as high as 70%, ranking first in the world.

Tourism is rich in tourism resources, and the number of foreign tourists received by France ranks first in the world.

2, industry and agriculture:

Culture and Tourism: It has a long history, splendid culture and numerous cultural relics. Tourism is an important pillar of the French economy.

Arc de Triomphe, Eiffel Tower, Notre Dame de Paris, Palace of Versailles, Louvre (Mona Lisa, Goddess of Victory, Venus, etc. )

Fashion, perfume, art performance; Scenery along the Seine River, romantic and affectionate folk customs;

Paris-the capital of art.

Section 5 P84 in America

I. Geographical location:

1, latitude and longitude: 70 w-120 e, 25° N-48° N, spanning three temperature zones: tropical (Hawaii), temperate ("native" part) and frigid (Alaska).

2. Land and sea location: America's "native land" borders the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west, the Gulf of Mexico in the south, Canada in the north and Mexico in the south; Alaska borders the Arctic Ocean to the north.

3. Territorial composition: It is mainly composed of "mainland" (the main part of central North America)+Alaska (northwest North America)+Hawaii (in the Pacific Ocean, belonging to Oceania), ***50 States and the District of Columbia, so the United States spans two continents: North America and Oceania.

2. Terrain and climate:

Topographic features: it is divided into three major topographic areas: Cordillera Mountains (Rocky Mountains) in the west; Central plains; The low Appalachian mountains in the east. This plain covers a wide area.

Climatic characteristics: the types are complex and diverse, mainly temperate continental climate, and the terrain has a great influence on the climate, with many tornadoes.

Three rivers and two lakes:

Rivers: Mississippi River, the fourth longest river in the world, flows into the Gulf of Mexico from north to south, with developed inland navigation;

Lakes: The Great Lakes: Lake Superior, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario are all formed by glaciation. Among them, Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world; Niagara Falls lies between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.

4. Population and economy:

1. Population: With a total population of more than 300 million, it is an immigrant country, mainly white, and colored people are mainly black; Uneven distribution, coastal plains and the Great Lakes are densely populated. Most of them live in cities.

2. Economy: highly developed capitalist countries, with the total industrial and agricultural output value ranking first in the world;

A. Agriculture: ① The world is a powerful agricultural country, with wheat, soybeans, corn and milk meat among the top in the world, and it is the country that exports the most grain in the world;

② Tropical agricultural products such as coffee, cocoa and natural rubber need to be imported in large quantities. Reason: the tropical area is small;

③ Production characteristics: a, specialization in agricultural areas; B, agricultural production mechanization P85c, rotation system and no-tillage method to protect cultivated land.

(4) Heavy dependence on the international market and surplus of conventional agricultural products.

Advantages of agricultural production: 1, vast plain, flat terrain and fertile soil;

2. Sufficient light and heat and abundant precipitation;

3, the population is small, and the per capita possession of cultivated land is more;

4. Developed economy and technology, high level of mechanization.

Specialization in agricultural areas: according to natural and economic conditions, each area focuses on developing specialized production of one or more agricultural products;

Specialization of agricultural production: All links in the process of agricultural production are basically undertaken by professionals, and mechanized production is implemented.

B. industry:

① Advantages of developing industry: abundant natural resources; Developed transportation; Strong scientific and technological strength.

The United States is the largest industrial country in the world.

② Main industrial products: petroleum and electronic products: Microsoft and Apple computers; Chemical products; Cars: GM, Ford;

Plane: Boeing.

③ A. "Sunset industry"-traditional industries: steel, petroleum and textile industries;

B emerging industries-emerging industries with high and new technology as the core: information technology, aerospace technology, bioengineering, nuclear energy utilization technology, etc.

④ Major industrial areas: 1, Northeast China: the earliest development, with traditional industries such as steel, machinery, automobiles and chemicals as the main industries;

Cities: new york, Chicago, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, etc.

2. Southern region: focusing on emerging industries such as petroleum, aircraft, aerospace and electronics;

Cities: Houston, Miami, Dallas, New Orleans, etc.

3. Western region: mainly emerging industries such as aerospace, electronics and information technology.

Cities: Los Angeles, San Francisco (where Silicon Valley is located), Seattle, etc.

C. Foreign trade: The United States is not only the country with the largest export of industrial and agricultural products, but also the country with the largest export trade volume.

The country with the most automobiles, oil and textiles.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) major city:

1, city:

The capital of Washington, DC.

New york is the most populous city, the largest port and one of the four largest financial centers in the world. Manhattan is its symbol.

Los Angeles is the largest port city and economic and cultural center along the Pacific coast, where Hollywood and Disneyland are located.

San Francisco, the famous natural harbor, Chinatown and Silicon Valley along the Pacific coast, is the city with the largest population in China.

2, urban and industrial sectors:

NBA teams in the city's major industrial sectors.

Chicago transportation center, a bull on the shores of Lake Michigan.

Houston Aerospace Industry Rocket Company

Seattle Aircraft Manufacturing Company (Boeing Company) Supersonic Group

Pittsburgh Iron and Steel Industry Center (Iron Man Team)

Detroit Automobile Industry (Automobile City) Piston Team

3. Yellowstone National Park and Colorado Grand Canyon.

Section VI Brazil P90

I. Geographical location:

1, latitude and longitude position: 35° w-75° w, 5° n-32° s；; The largest and most populous country in South America;

2. Land and sea location: the Atlantic Ocean in the east and the Andes in the west; The equator runs through the north and the tropic of Capricorn runs through the south. It is the country with the largest tropical area in the world.

2. Terrain and climate:

1. Terrain: mainly plain (Amazon plain) and plateau (Brazil plateau);

2. Climate:

A. Amazon Plain: The world's largest plain, with a tropical rain forest climate, is hot and rainy all year round, forming the world's largest tropical rain forest area (known as "the world's animal and plant kingdom" and "the lungs of the earth").

B. Brazil Plateau: the largest plateau in the world, with a tropical grassland climate, with high temperature all year round and dry and wet seasons.

Sanhe:

1. Amazon River: Originating in the Andes, it flows through the Amazon Plain and flows into the Atlantic Ocean from west to east. It is the largest river in the world with the widest drainage area, ranking second in the world after the Nile. During the flood season, its river surface widened, so it was called "Jianghai".

4. Reasons for abundant water:

(1), most of them belong to the tropical rain forest climate, with high temperature and rainy all year round and abundant precipitation; ② The basin area is the largest in the world;

4. Population and economy:

1. Brazil is the most populous country in South America, with dense population and complex ethnic groups in the southeast coastal areas, with mixed-race people accounting for 40% and believing in Christianity; The proportion of urban population is very high.

2. Economy:

① With rapid economic development, it is the country with the strongest economic strength in South America (belonging to the BRICS countries).

② Performance: A, a relatively complete industrial system; B, high degree of agricultural mechanization.

③ Resources: 1. Agricultural resources: the world's largest coffee producer and exporter, with the highest output of sucrose, bananas, sisal and beef;

2. Mineral resources: the output and export of iron ore are among the highest in the world;

3. Hydraulic resources: Itaipu Hydropower Station-the second largest hydropower station in the world, located between Brazil and Paraguay.

3. City: ① Sao Paulo-the largest city in Brazil; (2) Rio de Janeiro-the second largest city and the largest seaport;

(3) Brasilia, the capital of Brazil, is listed as a "World Cultural Heritage".

Section 7 Australia P95

I. Geographical location:

1, latitude and longitude position: 1 16 E- 154 E,/10 S-40 S-40 s.

2. Land and sea location: the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Indian Ocean in the west, and the Malay Archipelago in Asia across the sea in the north.

3. Territorial composition: Oceania is located in the southern hemisphere, with the largest area, and is the only country in the world that owns the whole continent. Including mainland Australia and Tasmania, it ranks sixth in the world.

2. Terrain and climate:

Topographic features: ① The terrain is low and flat, which is the most gentle continent in the world;

② From west to east, it is divided into three terrain areas: the western plateau; Central plain; Eastern mountainous areas;

Main topographic area: "great artesian basin", the largest internal flow basin in the central world; The East is a great watershed.

Climate characteristics: tropical climate is dominant, tropical grasslands and tropical deserts are widely distributed, and the climate type is semi-circular.

Three Rivers and Two Lakes: 1, murray river-the largest river, which originates from the great watershed and flows into the Indian Ocean from northeast to southwest.

2. North Aier Lake-lowest elevation,-16m.

4. Population and economy:

Population: White is the main race, mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas. It is a country with a vast territory and a sparse population, and English is widely used.

Economy: In the developed capitalist countries in the southern hemisphere, highly commercialized agriculture and animal husbandry and booming industry and mining are the basic industries of the economy.

Australia is an important wool producer and exporter of wheat and wool in the world.

Australia is the country with the largest number of sheep in the world and is called "the country riding on the back of sheep".

Australia is rich in coal (east), iron (west), bauxite (north) and other mineral resources, and is called "a country sitting on a mine car".

Hometown of ancient animals: There are no advanced wild mammals, only low-level marsupials, such as kangaroos and koalas, and egg-laying mammals, such as platypus, echidna and emu, which are unique to Australia.

The intransitive verbs city and others:

Sydney-the largest city and port, with the famous Sydney Opera House by the sea;

Canberra-the capital and political center; Melbourne-the second largest city;

Ayers Stonehenge is the largest monolithic rock in the world; The Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef group in the world and a famous tourist attraction in Australia.

Three major islands in Oceania: Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia; Artesian wells in great artesian basin have high salt content. Not suitable for farmland irrigation, but it can be used as water for livestock.

I hope you can give me some points or wealth values. . . .