Gibran Khalil Ji Bolun

Giblain Khalil Ji Bolun (Arabic: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _); English: Gibrankahlilgibran (1883 65438+1October 6-19365438+April 0 10) is an American poet and painter of Lebanese origin. His main works are Tears and Laughter and The Prophet.

Ji Bolun was born into a Maronite Catholic family and had no formal school education in his early years. From 65438 to 0895, he moved to the United States with his family and showed his artistic talent when he was educated in the United States. 1898 became interested in literature after returning to China. 1903 began to publish short articles in new york Arabic newspaper Expatriate at the rate of $2 per week. From 65438 to 0906, Bride of the Grassland and Rebellious Soul were released one after another. 1908, went to America again. In the winter of 19 1 1, I broke my wings. 1In April, 920, he served as the president of the "Pen Club" of American Arab writers. 1928, completed the Prophet Garden. 193 1 April 10, died of illness and was buried in the monastery of St. Cerchi in Beshiri.

Ji Bolun is regarded as one of the pioneers of Arab new literature in the 20th century, and has the reputation of "the proud son of Lebanese literature". His Prophet is regarded as an innovative work that combines the literary traditions of the East and the West. His English literary creation is also a part of American modernist literature and a part of American literary heritage. His English literary creation not only directly promoted the spread of Ji Bolun literature in the world, but also laid the foundation for Arab-American literature for a century.

Chinese name: Gibran Khalil Ji Bolun

Mbth: GibranKahlilGibran，_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Alias: Kahlil Gibran

Nationality: Lebanon

Ethnic group: Arabs

Birthplace: Li Sheng Gu, Linhai, northern Lebanon.

Date of birth:1883 65438+1October 6th.

Date of death: 193 1 April 10.

Occupation: poet, painter, writer

Graduate school: Paris Art Institute, France.

Faith: Maronites.

Representative works: Tears and Laughter, Prophet, Sand and Foam.

The life of the character

Early life

106, Ji Bolun was born in Beshi Li village in northern Lebanon. On June 25th, 1895, Ji Bolun's mother Camille took her to the United States and lived in Eddingboro Street in Chinatown. The Ji Bolun family lived a hard life and made a living by selling goods along the street by Camille. /kloc-in September, 2000, Ji Bolun attended the public elementary school for foreigners in Oliver Bliss, Tutun, Apollo, where Ji Bolun was exposed to western culture, and his name was changed to a simpler Khalil Ji Bolun by the United States.

Dabble in art

1896 65438+On February 9th, Ji Bolun met with Fred Holland Day, a literary and art figure in Boston. Encouraged by the day, he began to cover many paintings and calligraphy.

On March 8th, 1898, Ji Bolun participated in the art exhibition held that day and painted the cover of the Boston Public Library. In September, Ji Bolun returned to Lebanon alone to study national history and culture and understand Arab society; In the same year, I studied at Hekma College in Beirut.

/kloc-in the summer of 0/899, he returned to his hometown of Beshi to visit his father Khalil and created many portraits of ancient Arab poets.

Literary career

190 1 year, after Ji Bolun returned to the United States, his mother, sister and brother died one after another. 1903, his love with Josephine was frustrated and he devoted himself to painting; In the same year, he began to write a collection of prose poems, Tears and Laughter, and published a series of essays in new york Arabic newspaper Expatriate, with a weekly salary of $2. These articles not only brought practical material help to Ji Bolun, but also earned him a reputation among Arab immigrant readers in the United States. By the end of 1908, Ji Bolun had published more than 50 prose poems overseas with the general title of Tears and Laughter.

1904 May, the first solo exhibition was held in Boston Gallery. Among them, paintings such as "The Soul Converts to God" and "The Fountain of Pain" attracted Mary Elizabeth haskell, the headmaster of Blue Street Girls' Primary School in Mahler City, and they became close friends from then on.

1906 published a collection of short stories, Bride of the Grassland, in the order of Emin Huleb. It further expanded Ji Bolun's influence among Arab immigrant readers in the United States.

1907 published a collection of short stories, Rebellious Soul. After the publication of this book, the Turkish government declared that it was "dangerous, rebellious and poisonous to young people" and burned the book in public in Beirut Central Square. Ji Bolun was convicted as a traitor. /Kloc-entered the Paris Art Institute in June/March, and was influenced by the symbolism school founded by auguste rodin and Okin Carlisle in the 9th century, and had close contact with the mysterious painter Blennow. 65438 10-4, my birthday was created, and I became interested in Nietzsche's works, the biography of Jesus and the theory of the origin of the universe. In the same year, Ji Bolun began to engage in commercial three-dimensional art popular in France at that time, and painted portraits of famous artists at that time.

1909 In July, my friend Emin rehani and I went to the exhibition museum in London to continue studying painting. In July, he began to engage in political activities and formed a political party with ayub sabet and Chucri Ghanim.

19 10 participated in the Paris traditional spring art exhibition and won the silver award for the exhibition "Autumn". Moved to Boston at the end of the year. On the issue of the independent regime of the motherland, he had differences with friends in Paris and the United States, which prevented him from going to Paris to attend the Arab political conference held there.

19 1 1 year, he began to write The Tempest. At the end of April, the novella "Broken Wings" was published, taking the fate of a poor Arab woman whose heart was hit by grief as a symbol of the humiliation of the oriental nation; This novel began to have a great influence in the Arab world at the end of that year, causing many criticisms and doubts. External pressure increased his resistance; Mary can't marry Ji Bolun because of her age. From then on, Ji Bolun's love goal was celibacy. On May 2nd, I attended a banquet hosted by the Turkish Ambassador. In the same month, I moved to new york, a new cultural center in the United States, and lived in Greenwich Village, an artist colony in new york.

19 12 Draw three women, etc. After returning to the United States from Paris, he publicly expressed his opposition to Turkish rule, revolution and liberation struggle. On June 16, he gave a speech at the Syrian Women's Club in new york.

1913 (1914) On April 6, Nacib Arie, editor-in-chief of Art magazine, published the complete works of Tears and Laughter.

1965438+In February, 2004, he held a solo exhibition in Monterus Hall, showing 75 works. Influenced by Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche's superman philosophy, he began to write Madman and translated Madman into English with Mary. During this period, his works were published in New Moon, Lightning, and the Western Mirror. In view of the western civilization that only emphasized material things at that time, he proposed that life must be liberated from materialism. During the First World War, his enthusiasm for the liberation of the motherland was even higher. He once put forward the view of opposing Zionism.

19 15 chairman of the Syrian refugee relief Committee. In 19 16, Ji Bolun made friends with the writer Mikhail Numan. On the evening of April 28th, 1920, the Pen Club was formally established, and Ji Bolun was elected as the chairman of the Pen Club, with Mikhail Numan as the consultant. Ji Bolun personally drew the social emblem. On the eve of May 20th, he gave a speech at the Society of Science and Technology. In mid-August, Pioneer was published.

192 1 spring, Ji Bolun suffered a heart attack; In the same year, Selected Poems of Pen Club was published in new york, which included 43 essays and poems by Ji Bolun and Newman. Newspapers in Arab countries have reprinted them and published highly praised comments. Pen Club soon became famous in the Arab world. Egypt Crescent Publishing House published a collection of prose poems, The Tempest.

1923, The Prophet, a collection of English prose poems, was published in new york. Many societies and families recite in public. On April 6th, Voyager magazine reported that when Schiavor translated Crazy Man into French, he relayed the words of Bayel Duranks, French ambassador to the United States and French translator of Crazy Man: Thank God, I met Ji Bolun when he was alive. On May 8th, Yusuf Thomas Boustaany published a "rare article" for Ji Bolun in Egypt. June 16 reprinted Jane Eyre. On September 3rd17th, China Literature Weekly published five prose poems selected and translated by Mao Dun from Pioneer: Critics, On Zhang Essays, Values, Other Seas and Sage Fools.

1924, Mohammed Tojidin collected his articles and published the Collection of Literary Theories in Egypt. Painted portraits of celebrities from all walks of life, including william somerset maugham and other celebrities. His paintings have been exhibited everywhere.

high noon

1925 published the French and German versions of The Prophet. 1926, Sand and Foam was officially published. Start writing about Jesus, Son of Man, 18 months later. Participate in and contribute to New Oriental Society magazine sponsored by Indian Sujud Hussain; In the same year, Mary haskell married Florance and moved to Georgia, but kept friendship with Ji Bolun.

1928 Completed the Garden of the Prophet, and began to write Wanderer and God of the Earth. In the summer of the same year, the son of man Jesus finished. Published in Boston in autumn, it is called the Gospel of Ji Bolun. Ayub Shabite called on Ji Bolun to join the Lebanese regime. But he still stayed in the United States, calling his studio in new york artists' apartment a meditation room.

The death of a character

From 65438 to 0929, Ji Bolun's health went from bad to worse. He spent most of his time painting, writing and revising. Started to conceive monographs about william shakespeare, Michelangelo Buonarroti, baruch Spinoza and Ludwig van Beethoven.

1931April 10, Ji Bolun died of liver cirrhosis and tuberculosis at Sacred Heart Hospital in Greenwich Village, New York, USA, at the age of 48; On August 2 1, the coffin was transported back to Lebanon and a welcoming ceremony was held in Beirut, the capital. On August 22nd, the funeral procession sent the remains back to their hometown and buried them in St. Cerchi Abbey in Beshi.

Personal life

family member

Father Khalil Ji Bolun (1844-1909) started as a pharmacist and later became a township official in charge of collecting livestock tax. He also did his duty, but because he couldn't face the pressure of life, he used alcoholism as an escape, so that the family's life became more and more embarrassing. In Ji Bolun's impression, my father often came home drunk and was very rude to his family through drunkenness. The relationship between Ji Bolun and his father is getting more and more tense. 189 1 year, Khalil was framed for fraud and imprisoned, and their house and property were confiscated. Camille decided to follow her brother to America. Although Khalil was acquitted in 1894, Camille made up her mind to go to America.

Mother Camille Ji Bolun (1864—1June 28th, 902) is famous for her energy, intelligence and ability. Before marrying Khalil, she married her cousin Hannah Abdulafees Abdulsalam. Camille went to Brazil with him, gave birth to his son Peter Bowser Ruth on 1877, and died of tuberculosis on1March 2, 902. The second time, she married her relative Yusuf iria Giakia. However, the marriage didn't go well at first, and within a month, her husband died. Later, she married Khalil Ji Bolun, gave birth to Ji Bolun in 1883, Mariana in 1885, worked in a tailor's shop, and gave birth to Sultana in 1887. She died of tuberculosis on April 4. Camille later died of cancer.

sentimentality

Ji Bolun met Josephine in his early years and broke up on 1903.

1904 in may, Ji Bolun met Mary Elizabeth haskell, the headmaster of marlan street girls' primary school, and they became close friends. From 65438 to 0906, Ji Bolun began to associate with Mary, but Mary could not marry Ji Bolun because of her age. Mary and Ji Bolun became lifelong friends.

Main work

Creative characteristics

theme

Ji Bolun's works clearly reflect the interaction between Arabic culture and western culture in Ji Bolun's literary creation, and the image of "prophet" in his literary works also shows the characteristics of stages. Ji Bolun's literary creation started from paying attention to his motherland and the eastern world, and finally rose to the height of all mankind to think. His image of "prophet" has also undergone a transformation from a national prophet to a universal prophet. Whether poetry is used as a genre with a strong "dialogue" feature in literary works, or it praises the "biblical style", it reflects that Ji Bolun consciously establishes the sanctity of his own text.

Ji Bolun's novels are full of sociality and profound oriental spirit. He doesn't win by stories, and he doesn't describe complicated characters' entanglements. Instead, he focuses on the psychological feelings of the characters and their rich hearts. A long speech is like an aria in an opera, and a defense in court is very infectious. He often appears with "I" as one of the protagonists, and directly intervenes in the story to make the narrative appear true. The tragic significance and critical consciousness permeated in the novel combine sadness and anger, which can trigger hatred and deep thinking about the ugly reality of society.

Means of artistic expression

In Madman, Pioneer, Shamo and Wanderer, short and pithy fables, proverbs and aphorisms occupy most of the space. Prophet, Jesus, Son of Man and God of the Earth belong to different forms of prose poetry creation. In the history of oriental literature, Ji Bolun's artistic style is unique. Enlighten profound philosophy in wonderful metaphors. On the other hand, Ji Bolun's style can also be found in his unique language. He is a bilingual writer who can write in Arabic and English, and he is fluent in each language. The language style of his works has conquered generations of eastern and western readers. Americans once praised Ji Bolun as a storm that swept from the East to the West, and his works with a strong sense of the East were regarded as the best gift from the East to the West.

On the whole, Ji Bolun's literary works present a sacred "apocalyptic" form. The content of the text is mainly fables and A words full of fraternity and philosophy of life. In genre form, prose poetry (a kind of poetry) is often adopted, and the first person "I" is used to directly describe and express opinions, just like a knowledgeable and wise "prophet" to the world.

Personality assessment

Ji Bolun is a peak of Arabic literature in the 20th century and the founder of modern Arabic literature. -Comments by Liu Fengzhen [13]

Ji Bolun was born in poverty, and his works are more like an old man who has experienced vicissitudes of life, telling the philosophy of getting along with others, and revealing a touch of sadness in peace. -Bing Xin Review [14]

Ji Bolun's writing is soft, concise and beautiful, just like flowing water; The text is fresh, strange, handsome and colorful; The philosophy is profound, the metaphor is unique and vivid, and the imagination is extremely rich; Artistic conception can be described as serene and lofty, extraordinary and refined; Coupled with the mysterious apocalyptic prophecy, as well as a strong sense of music rhythm and action jump, it constitutes a unique style that is recognized by the world as warm, delicate and beautiful. -Li Weizhong [15]

Commemoration of future generations

Former residence of figures

Ji Bolun's former residence is located in Beshi, a sacred valley near the sea in the northern Lebanese province. Established in June 193 1 year. Originally a monastery, 1975 was converted into a museum. It is built on a snowy mountain, beside nature, with waterfalls and cedars all over the mountains. It is a building dominated by cave stones, with a small reddish-brown low door that can only pass through one person. There are 440 precious Ji Bolun painting manuscripts in the former residence, as well as Chinese and English books such as The Prophet, Sand and Foam, Complete Works of China, Ji Bolun and Ji Bolun published by China in different years. These books were presented to Ji Bolun's former residence museum by experts and scholars from China and China's ambassador to Lebanon.

Poet cemetery

Ji Bolun Cemetery is located in Beshi, the holy valley near the sea in the northern Lebanese province. Ji Bolun's coffin was placed in a stone room at the foot of the mountain. There is a fragrant rose garden in front of the tomb, which overlooks the whole town.

Ji Bolun's epitaph reads: I will stand by you and live like you. Close your eyes, look into your heart and turn around. My body is with you.

Social commemoration

198 1 On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Ji Bolun's death in, Lebanon and UNESCO decided that this year would be the International Year of Ji Bolun and set up an international committee for this purpose. He decided to hold an exhibition in his hometown of Beshi to show his manuscripts and paintings, and to hold commemorative activities in Beirut, Paris and new york.