Urgent for Huizhou merchants to summarize! ! !

Qimen Tea Market in Tang Dynasty

In the Tang Dynasty, Qimen tea market was very prosperous. In the Southern Tang Dynasty, Xiuning people took Zang Xun to Fujian. By the Song Dynasty, emblem paper had been exported to Sichuan. Huizhou merchants with huge funds began to appear in the Southern Song Dynasty. Cheng and Cheng Chenghai, Qimen brothers, became rich in business, and were called "100,000 Dagong" and "102,000 Dagong" respectively, collectively called "Cheng 100,000". Zhu's grandfather Suzaku's shops and inns account for half of Huizhou Prefecture (Shexian County) and are called "Zhu Banzhou". Some big businessmen with abundant capital also issued "Huizi" in Huizhou. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Jiang Jia, a businessman from Shexian County, lent usury to Huizhou and made huge profits. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, the capital of Huizhou merchants increased greatly compared with that of Song Dynasty. When Zhu Yuanzhang entered Anhui, he was short of salary, and Jiang Yuan paid him 65,438+2 million at a time. During the Chenghua period, Huizhou merchants successively entered the field of salt industry, and the Shanxi-Shaanxi merchant group, which has always been mainly engaged in salt industry, was severely hit. Huizhou merchants took salt industry as the center and flew around in China business circles. More than 300 years from the middle of the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty was the golden age for the development of Huizhou merchants, ranking first among all the merchants in the country in terms of business quantity, scope of activities, business sectors and capital scale. At that time, commerce became the "first-class cause" of Huizhou people. Among adult men, business accounts for 70%, even higher at the peak. The activities of Huizhou merchants spread all over urban and rural areas, from Huainan in the east to Yunnan, Guizhou and Guanlong in the west, Youxian and Liaodong in the north and Fujian and Guangdong in the south. Huizhou merchants traveled as far as Japan, Siam, Southeast Asian countries and Portugal. In the late Qing Dynasty, the feudal rule declined, the tax payment became more and more serious, and the situation of Huizhou merchants became more and more difficult. 183 1 year, the governor of Liangjiang was in charge of the salt affairs of the two provinces, and Tao Shu got rid of the long-standing disadvantages of Huai salt and changed it to the "ticket method". Huizhou merchants, who made their fortune with salt patents, began to decline, and the pawnshop industry was also reduced due to the left monopoly and the invasion of foreign banks. Due to the influence of the Opium War and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, tea and wood merchants suffered losses year after year. Especially with the invasion of imperialism, the infiltration of foreign capital and the dumping of foreign goods, most of the industries operated by Huizhou merchants were replaced by them. At the same time, Guangdong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang chaebols, which have close ties with imperialism and warlord bureaucrats, began to flourish.

Huizhou merchants' culture (time-honored brand and old villa) began (19), and Huizhou merchants who only mastered traditional business knowledge and skills gradually lost their manipulation, monopoly and monopoly position in the commercial field and began to decline. During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, although some Huizhou merchants emerged, such as yi county salt merchant Li Zongmei and Shexian real estate developer Cheng, they could not save the decline of Huizhou merchants as a whole. Huizhou merchants in ancient Huizhou came into being under the condition of "five heads and Chu tails", which is a marginal zone with high mountains and dense forests, changeable terrain and late development. Before the Han Dynasty, the population was small, but three waves of immigrants in the history of late Jin, late Song, late Tang and China brought a large population to Huizhou in southern Anhui. What shall we do? Going out to do business is a way out. Abundant resources promote business development. The earliest business of Huizhou merchants was grain in mountain products and other places. If the abundant wood resources are used in construction, ink making, paint, tung oil and paper making, these are all commodities exported abroad, and tea is a well-known brand such as Qimenhong and Wuyuan Green. Going out to do business mainly deals in salt, cotton (cloth) and grain. Huizhou culture shaped the character of Huizhou merchants-Confucian merchants, and guided their management with Confucian culture. China's commodity economy developed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and capitalism sprouted in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which was the heyday of Huizhou merchants.

trait

1, all over the country, just like Shanxi merchants, there are footprints of Huizhou merchants everywhere. 2. The business scope is wide, including salt, cotton (cloth), grain, pawn and stationery pen and ink (Four Treasures of the Study). 3, thrift, small business, from small to large. 4. Strong capital. For example, Wang Fuguang, a native of Xiuning, is engaged in selling salt in Jianghuai, with thousands of ships, and the salt sold accounts for more than 1/2 of Huai salt. At the end of Qing Qianlong, the tariff surplus was 852,000 silver per year, and tea from Huizhou merchants was the first export commodity. Huizhou merchants engaged in salt industry in Yangzhou had a capital of 40 million taels of silver, while the national treasury of the Qing Dynasty had only 70 million taels. 5. the way to operate. Adhering to the business philosophy of "morality, honesty", "sincerity-oriented, righteousness first", we have gained a good reputation in the market. 6. Return to your hometown after making profits, and set up social welfare undertakings and charities. 1805, Huanghuai flooded, and Huizhou merchants in Yangzhou donated 60,000 meters of stone and 2 million taels of silver.