Did the Japanese immigrate from ancient China?

The origin of the Japanese nation can be investigated from two aspects: the physical structure and the origin of Japanese. The Japanese nation is the subject and creator of Japanese civilization. But the "nation" mentioned here is different from the concept of "race" in anthropology and the narrow concept of "nation" in ethnology, but refers to a broader concept. Therefore, the "Japanese nation" mentioned in this book also includes the Ainu people in Japan.

As for the origin of the Japanese nation, or the origin of the Japanese, academic circles are still controversial. From the physical structure, various opinions can be roughly divided into three categories: (1) "the theory of ethnic replacement", which holds that there has been one or even two ethnic replacement in the Japanese archipelago. For example, in the 1980s of 19, the cutting scientist Yoshinori Ogi believed that the aborigines living in the Japanese archipelago in the rope-grain era were Ainujin people, who were driven to the north by other ethnic groups in the mainland after the rope-grain era. (2) The "half-blood theory" holds that the "original Japanese" (Japanese in Paleolithic Age) mixed with other nationalities who migrated from the mainland or Nanyang Islands after the rope-grain age, and gradually formed the modern Japanese. Kenji Kiyono, a medical scientist, first put forward the "half-blood theory", which remained the mainstream of academic circles until the 1930s. (3) The "evolution theory" (or "continuum theory") holds that the Japanese in the rope-grain era gradually evolved into people in the Yayoi era, people in the ancient grave era and even modern Japanese due to changes in their lifestyles. It pays more attention to the inheritance of race, neither agrees with the theory of "race replacement" nor pays much attention to the influence of mixed blood on the composition of Japanese nation. After World War II, Ren Yan of Hasebe and Professor Suzuki of the Anthropology Research Office of the University of Tokyo held this view, which still has an influence on the academic circles.

Judging from the physical structure of Japanese in different times, they undoubtedly belong to Mongolian race. Archaeology has proved that the Japanese archipelago was inhabited by humans 654.38+10,000 years ago, or even 200,000 years ago (that is, in the early or middle Paleolithic period). However, because no human bone fossils have been found in this period, it is impossible to understand its physical characteristics. At present, the earliest human bone fossil found in the Japanese archipelago is/kloc-0 "Niuchuan Man" found in Niuchuan Town, Toyohashi City in 957. It lived in the Paleolithic Age and has the characteristics of "Zhan people" (Neanderthals). In addition to Niuchuan people, the Paleolithic bones discovered in Japan, such as Sanri people, Bangbei people, Gangchuan people and Shengyue people, all lived below 30,000 years ago and have entered the stage of "new humanity". Their physical characteristics are short stature. For example, the "Okawa man" found in Okinawa is about 18000 years ago, with the height of male about 155cm and that of female about 144cm. Compared with the human bone fossils found in Chinese mainland in the late Paleolithic period, they are more similar to the short Liujiang people found in Guangxi, China, than the tall cavemen in northern China. It can be considered that during the Ice Age when the sea level was low and the continental bridge appeared, some "ancient Mongols" (widely distributed in Southeast Asia) migrated from southern Chinese mainland to Okinawa and west Japan, forming the above-mentioned "original Japanese". They are the mothers of the Japanese in the era of rope food.

From 1 10,000 years ago to the 3rd century BC, it was the Japanese rope pattern era. As the ice age passed and the sea level rose, the Japanese archipelago was isolated from the mainland. It is generally believed that people had little contact with the mainland in the rope pattern era. So far, the remains of several people with rope patterns have been found. Judging from their physical structure, although the rope-tattooed people also have physical differences due to different times and environments, most of them retain the typical signs of "ancient Mongols", such as short stature, short face and flat nose, which are obviously different from modern Japanese. However, from the late period of the rope pattern era, immigrants from the Asian continent entered Japan. In the Yayoi era, mainland immigrants increased dramatically. 1953, Professor Naoshi Naoshi of Kyushu University (1) found more than 200 well-preserved yayoi bones in Tujingbang, Yamaguchi Prefecture, at the northwest end of Honshu. Its body structure is obviously different from that of the tattooed rope man, which is characterized by its tall figure (about 162- 163 cm on average) and long face, which is closer to modern Japanese. According to the research of many scholars, the mainland immigrants in the Yayoi period came from the Korean Peninsula and the northeast of China. Northeast Asia, such as Mongolia's East Siberia, belongs to the "New Mongolia" system. It first lived in Honshu and the western tip of Kitakyushu, and then gradually spread eastward, and spread to kanto region through Feng Jingen. In the process of diffusion, they are constantly mixed with the indigenous people (descendants of the tattooed rope people). However, scholars' evaluation of the number of mainland immigrants and the influence of mixed blood on the Japanese nation is quite different. Scholars who hold the theory of evolution believe that these mainland immigrants from Northeast Asia are gradually absorbed by the indigenous residents in the process of mixed blood because of the lack of follow-up, and the impact is not great. Scholars who hold the "half-blood theory" (2) calculated by the methods of contemporary population integration and mimicry model, in the process of immigration for nearly a thousand years (from the 3rd century BC to the 7th century AD), the number of new immigrants from the mainland can reach hundreds of thousands or even millions, accounting for 40% to 90% of the population in some areas. They think that the influence of mixed blood is far beyond the imagination of ordinary people. Kazuhara, a natural anthropologist, holds this view. Admittedly, they also acknowledge the regional differences, and think that most of the new immigrants from Northeast Asia lived in Kitakyushu during the yayoi period. Some of them have spread to Feng Jingen and kanto region, while remote areas such as Northeast China, Hokkaido, northwest Kyushu and outlying islands are less or almost unaffected by the mixed blood of immigrants. The residents are still mainly descendants of the rope people, so the Ainu people living in Hokkaido are considered to be the direct descendants of the rope people who are not affected by the mixed blood. Thus, in the Yayoi era, the dual structure of Japanese people was formed, that is, the immigrant Yayoi (mainly distributed in western Japan) and the rope Yayoi (mainly distributed in eastern Japan). Moreover, the investigation of fingerprints, earwax and crown types, as well as the investigation of blood and virus genetic factors in recent years, seem to support this "dual structure" theory. Of course, in the Yayoi era, there may also be immigrants from southern China who entered Japan directly or through the South Island region. However, the related research by Japanese scholars is still rare.

After the Yayoi era, in the ancient grave era (3rd to 6th century), mainland immigrants continued to enter oral books, and continued to spread to all parts of East Japan, and the mixed-race with the indigenous residents continued. However, Japan's dual structure still exists. This is still the case until modern times. It's just that the influence of the rope pattern system is shrinking. Therefore, from the perspective of physical structure, the Japanese nation is by no means a single nation, but a "mixed nation" formed by population groups from Southeast Asia and Northeast Asia in a long history.