The origin of hell?

Hell (Fannaraka, Nyiraya, Banilaya, Tibetan dmyal-ba)

Refers to the underground prison where all beings are driven by the karma of their evil deeds. Become one of the three evils or five interests. Sanskrit is called Naruga, also known as Li Ni and Nihuan Night. According to its name, type, location, disease, etiology and life span, it is briefly described as follows:

[Nominal] "On the Great Bodhisattva" Volume 172 Explain its name cloud (Dazheng 27.865b):' According to legend, celebrities have fallen, named evil, and their bad lives are there, so they are named Luo Jia; Some people say that it is unfair to name Luojia Cola, because there is no cola there, so it is named Luojia. "In theory, there are other meanings, such as bad happiness, no interest, no relief, bitter preparation, humility and distress. Volume 24 of The Voice and Meaning of Xuan Ying claims that the word has four meanings: no coke, no relief, darkness and hell.

[Type] Volume XI of "Full House" and Volume IV of "On the Land of Yoga Teachers" say that there are three kinds of hell: eight hot hell, eight cold hell and solitary hell. Eight Hot Hell, also known as Eight Hell, is divided into eight areas, such as equal motion, black rope, unity, shouting, shouting, searing, great searing and endless (A nose). It's all named after its distress. Every hell has its own family hell, that is, there are sixteen (small hell) places. Together with the above eight hell, * * * has 136 hell.

Eight Cold Hell refers to eight hell, such as Shibutuo, Nyirabu Tuo, Shebo, Gepo, Hupo, Shebo Luo, Bo Teemo and Mahabo Teemo. The first two are named after the skin is curled by the cold wind. The third time it was hit by cold wind, its tongue was paralyzed and its voice was abnormal. The latter three show that the body is rotten like a lotus.

Lonely hell is also called only hell and marginal hell. Located in a specific area, or near rivers, or scattered in mountains, wilderness, underground, air and other places.

The records of "The Theory of Breaking and Killing", "The Theory of Shunzheng", "The Theory of Xian Zong" 172, 3 1 and 16 are roughly as above. The eighth volume of On the Establishment of Adamo contains only eight hot hells. As for other Confucian classics, there are many differences from the above. For example, the 19th volume of Agama the Dragon and the 3rd volume of At the Beginning of the World say that there are two hells besides eight hot ones, namely Xu Futuo and Niro Futuo, and the total number of them is ten. As for the names of the sixteen hell families in Bare Di prison, in Long Agama, it is said that there are sixteen hell in the whole Bare Di prison, which are black sand, boiling excrement, five hundred nails, hunger, thirst, a copper pot, a copper pot, a stone mill, purulent blood, measuring fire, grey river, iron pills, axes, jackals, sword trees and so on. "Zeng Yi Agama (Eight Difficult Products) Volume 36" says that the Sixteen Earthly Houses are excellent bowls, bowl heads, restrained heads, profit sharing, non-existence, non-existence, confusion, cohesion, knife hills, soup ashes, volcanoes, greyhounds, thorns, boiling excrement, sword trees and iron-scalding pills. There is also the sixteenth volume of "Great Wisdom", which is based on the eight-inflammation hell such as Charcoal Pit and the eight-ice hell such as Xufutuo, and is regarded as sixteen small hell for family members; There is also the "hell product" under the fifth volume of the Zheng Xin Jing, which says that there are sixteen different affiliated small hell places in the eight places.

As can be seen from the above, Dragon Agama lists the ice hell as one of the sixteen small hells, while Four Ah Han Twilight Copy takes the ten big hells as the ice hell. There are also Ten Hell and Eighteen Mud Jing Li, the first volume of A Da Mo Lun. The names of the eight cold hell in Nirvana Sutra Volume XI, Diseases, Zhang Zhi Lun and Great Wisdom Lun are slightly different from those in the above-mentioned All-giving-up Lun. The fifth volume of Samadha Sutra of Buddhism is also different from other classics. According to the classics, hell can be divided into nose, cold, dark, slightly hot, knife wheel, sword wheel, train, boiling excrement, iron pot soup, grey river, iron cave, iron pill, sharp stone and drinking copper. There are 18 zones in prisons all over the country. In addition, there are 50 billion sword forests, thorn forests, copper pillars, iron machines, iron wheels and other hell.

According to Agama Long, besides all kinds of hell, there are palaces in Yan Luowang. Although there are seven rows of rafters in the city, the scenery is quite good. But birds and birds set each other off and become interesting. At three o'clock in the picture and at three o'clock in the night, a big brass cymbal appeared. The jailer came here to catch the king and make him suffer. After suffering, the king can enjoy happiness with his ministers.

Yan often lets the old, sick and dead messengers March on the earth. When all the people died, they followed the jailer to the devil's place because of their evil deeds. Wang Nai warned sinners that you let yourself go, and you didn't cultivate yourself, your mouth and your heart. This sin is your own fault, not the fault of your parents or brothers, or even the fault of the Emperor of Heaven, your ancestors, your servants, shamans and brahmins. The ambassadors of old age, illness and death often teach you to report karma for a certain period of time, but you don't feel that you are still creating bad karma, so you must suffer it yourself. After detailed inquiry, the king ordered the jailer to send the sinner to hell. In addition, Yan Luowang Five Angels Classic and Tiecheng Mud Plough Classic added the above-mentioned "three ambassadors" to "five ambassadors for life, old age, illness, death and king punishment". The theory of ten kings' punishment, which spread to later generations, originated from the legend that the demon king ruled hell.

[Positioning] All abandonment theory, etc. Describe that there is an endless hell under Yanfu Prefecture, with a length of 20,000, a width of 20,000 and a depth of 20,000. Among them, 19000 comes from ten days, and the other seven are overlapping hell, with narrow upper part and wide lower part. Another said that the other seven hells are next to the endless hell. This is an incorrect statement. Moreover, the place where the demon king of Yan State is located is the location of the hungry ghost, which is located 500 days below Fuzhou, Yan State. Eight cold hell is next to the eight hot hell above.

According to the yoga teacher's theory, there is an equal living hell every 32,000 days under Yan Fuzhou, and the other seven hells are arranged below it in order, each with a depth of 4,000 days. Eight Cold Hell is also located in Yanfuzhou for 30,000 days. The first floor is a cold hell, and the other seven floors are located below it, each with a depth of 2000. Compared with the theory of "giving up everything", this statement is different in quantity, but its direction is the same under Yan Fuzhou.

According to Long Agama, eight hot hell, ten hell and the devil of hell are all dark places in the deep mountains surrounded by double bars. If it weren't for the shelter of Tieshan, the poisonous wind here would have blown all over the world. Then the mountains, rivers, oceans, vegetation and all living things will be scorched. In the theory of shun Zheng, only the orientation of Eight Hot Hell is the same as that in all the theories of giving up one's life. In addition, it is considered that the Eight Cold Hell is in the darkness outside Tiewei Mountain, and the solitary hell is distributed in the riverside, mountains, wilderness, underground and void of Yanfu, with a few in the east, west and north. It is also said that there is not only no big hell in Zhou Bei, but also no lonely hell.

[Bitter tools] In the eight hot places in prison, all beings such as hell are born, and their hands are pig iron claws, such as swords, which are extremely sharp and kill each other. Next to the black rope hell, the jailer scratched all beings with hot iron ropes, and then smashed them into hundreds with iron axes or saws. Secondly, in public hell, all beings are squeezed between two stone mountains, ground on the stones, and then mashed on iron mortar. Secondly, in the hell of yelling, all beings are cooked in a big iron pot, or barbecued repeatedly in a big iron pot. Secondly, in the scorching heat and scorching hell, Tiecheng and Tielou became big fire pits, burning with affection. Secondly, in the endless hell, there are flames in the conscious limbs, and the troubles are endless. The distress of each of the above-mentioned hell increases tenfold in turn, and the more it goes, the more painful it becomes.

In addition, four doors of each hell have been added. In the initial simmering system, it was full of simmering system, which did not reach the knee of all beings and scorched its flesh; Secondly, there is an increase in corpse manure, which is full of corpse manure and mud. There are insects in the mud, which bite sentient bones and eat their marrow; Secondly, there are blades, sword leaves, iron thorns and sentient limbs, so that birds and animals can eat their flesh, eyes and hearts; Secondly, in the fierce river, there is hot alkaline water, in which love sinks and flesh is eroded.

There are different opinions about sixteen small hells, so there are many kinds of bitter tools. Such as iron dogs, iron bugs, raptors, evil snakes and so on. As for Eight Cold Hell, only ice and cold wind are mentioned, and there are no tools and jailers to describe suffering. Although there is no record about the suffering of solitary prison, it can be inferred from the eight hot hell.

The bitter tools mentioned in the Samadha Sutra of Buddhism are as varied as the name of hell. The jailer was driven by the demon king of Yan State, so he was also called the demon pawn of Yan State, and there were other nicknames such as Abang Luo Cha, Niutou and Matou. In volume 172 of On the Great Bodhisattva, there is a debate about whether the jailers have feelings: if they have feelings, where will they be reported after they have committed many evil deeds? If it is not sentient beings, why do the great virtues and good deeds say in the ode (Dazheng 27.866b):' My heart is always full of hatred, so that all evil deeds can gather together and die as a demon pawn when I see them.' When answering this question, the proponent of sentient beings and righteousness thinks that the jailer is also punished by evil in hell, and hell can tolerate such a felony as never having a job, so the jailer's karma should also be tolerated. People who advocate that there are no sentient beings think that the jailer is the influence of the increase of the cause of the suffering people, but appears as a sentient being and harms all sentient beings with all kinds of bitter tools. As for praising the goodness of Dharma, it is not what Sanzang said in Confucian classics, so it is not necessarily correct.

In addition, The Theory of All Abandonment (in part) holds that Yan Mo's pawn is driven by the king and throws all sentient beings into hell, which is the real sentient beings. However, birds, dogs and jailers who are conscious in hell are unconscious. Therefore, there is a difference between a magic jailer and a jailer. Secondly, it explains why Yan Mozu is sentient and will not be killed by prison fire. I believe this must be because he is separated by a certain industry or feels different, so he will not be burned. Both the Ministry of Mass and the Ministry of Justice advocate that jailers are sentient beings.

[Karma] There are many kinds of bad karma that make all beings fall into hell, but in a nutshell, ten evils and five evils are the main ones. According to Mindfulness, the hell waiting for the living dead is the place where people who commit murder fall in; Black rope hell is where people who have committed the crime of killing and stealing fall into; The following places to the hot hell are places where people who commit adultery, drinking, lying, Jaken, non-Brahma and other crimes fall into. Fall into every hell according to the depth of the crime; Endless hell is where people who commit five evils (that is, five evils) fall into.

The thirty-sixth volume of "One Plus Agama" also contains the same causes as the above-mentioned eight hot hell, namely, (1) destroying the orthodox view, slandering the orthodox church and staying away from the orthodox church. (2) a good killer. (3) Slaughtering cattle, sheep and others. (4) people who steal other things. (5) Liars who often commit adultery. (6) spread rumors and ask for convenience. (7) people who create others, struggle and covet other things. (8) Those who kill their parents, destroy the temple of God, fight against saints, slander saints and commit evil deeds. There are three kinds of crimes, and those who are guilty will fall into hell. Those who are guilty of inferior products fall into the hell of their families. After suffering in hell, if the karma is not exhausted, it will be even more painful for family members to suffer in hell. So sixteen hells are also called sixteen increases.

According to the eighteen years' theory of giving up all one's life, the crime of falling into A Bi's underworld is not only the crime of ignorance, but also similar evil deeds, such as defileing mother and arhat, killing bodhisattvas and learning saints, and destroying the harmony and harmony of monks and pagodas. The karma of those who fall into the eight cold hell is a sin of blasphemy. From the above reasons, we can infer the cause of lonely hell. There are also reasons for falling into hell, such as the karma differentiation sutra, the merit sutra of five sins in the wheel, the mud sutra, the elder's argument sutra, and the karma practice of hell.

Although the bitter retribution in hell is due to their own karma, there are also cases where they can avoid suffering by reading a scripture or chanting. Since ancient times, this kind of scripture has been called hell-breaking. Among the hell-breaking texts, the most well-known ones are four sentences such as "If one wants to know" in Huayan Sutra, ten sentences in Goblet of Fire, four sentences such as "Buddha's original wish" in Infinite Life Sutra, "Respect for Dalagni" and "Bright Truth". These sentences have the virtue of breaking hell and are based on the ancient "inductive biography" However, other scriptures are not without this power.

[Life span] All sentient beings, from waiting for life to burning six levels of hell, regard the life span of six days as one day and one night, with the same number of years. The scorching hell is half a bullet, and the endless hell is a bullet. In other words, all beings living in hell are 500 years old, and one day and one night is equivalent to four days' life. One day and one night in four days is equivalent to 50 years on earth. The sentient beings who live under the scorched earth hell are sixteen thousand years old, and one day and one night is equivalent to his life span of sixteen thousand years. The day and night he spent in heaven is equivalent to 1600 years on earth. This statement is used in the Chronicle of Fazheng and The Theory of Giving Up All. The statement in Volume 7 of You Po Sai Jie Jing is the same, which is based on the life span of six desires, but the calculation method is different. It is uncertain to claim that the first six levels of hell, and the last two levels of hell are decisive.

As for the Eight Cold Hell, the life span of all beings in Tambutuo Hell is 100 times that of 20 pears, and the hell below is 20 times that of the former. This statement comes from the eleventh volume of "All Abandonment" and the thirteenth volume of "Great Wisdom". The fourth volume of the Yoga teacher's "On the Earth" is slightly different, thinking that the life span of Eight Cold Hell is about half that of Eight Hot Hell. There is no scripture about solitary beings to explain their longevity.

As can be seen from the above, for example, in Long Agama, there are eight or ten hell places, and the number is certain; Another example is the Samadha Sutra of Buddhism, but there are no other numbers of hell. Even so, people say that flame heating is a painful tool. Eight Cold Hell is based on Ten Hell in Volume 39 of Plus One Agama and Eight Hell in Volume 48 of Miscellaneous Agama. As can be seen from its name, the statement about longevity and karma is consistent. There is a saying in modern times that the Eight Cold Hell began to exist after Buddhism gradually spread to the cold places in the north. But in an Agama, there is already the name of Ice Hell, one of the sixteen small hells, which shows that its origin is ancient. There are dozens of names of hell in the Wishing Sutra of Tibetan Bodhisattva, most of which are named after bitter faces, similar to those revealed in the book Samadha Sutra of Sakyamuni. The seventh volume of Fa Zhu Yuanlin also records the events in hell in detail and reveals the deeds of induction.

◎ Appendix 1: Eight Hot Hell (Compilation Group)

Eight hot hells refer to eight hot and bitter hells. Also known as the Eight Hell. Chang 'an Han scroll XIX Shi Jijing's Hell (Dazheng 1. 12 1b);

The Buddha told the monks: There are 8,000 worlds around these four days, with big sea water, 8,000 worlds around Zhou, and Great Mount Kumgang around the big sea water. Besides Mount Kumgang, there is the second largest Mount Kumgang. Between the two mountains, there is a shadow. The sun, moon and sky are so powerful that they can't shine on them. There are eight hells, and one hell has sixteen small hells. The first hell wants to be famous, the second black rope, the third push, the fourth scream, the fifth roar, the sixth burn, the seventh burn, and the eighth endless. "

The sufferings of these eight hells are as follows:

(1) and other living hell (Sam! Jn ~ a): Thinking about hell again. All beings born here have pig iron claws in their hands. As soon as they met, they became poisoned and slapped each other with their paws. Or because of the confusion of the mind, I slapped myself to death until I was exhausted. However, when the cold wind blows, the body is still alive and suffering. Anyone who commits the crime of killing, destroying the right view and slandering the right law will fall into this prison.

(2) Kalasu tra, Calassou: The jailers in this prison tied the sinners' bodies vertically and horizontally with hot iron ropes, or cut or sawed them. Suffer ten times more pain than before. Anyone who commits murder or theft will be put in this prison.

(3) Hell (Sam! Ghata): Push the hell again. The ghost drove the sinner into two iron mountains, and the sinner was squeezed by two iron mountains, and his bones were broken. Anyone who commits murder, theft or adultery will be born in this prison.

Rarawa: Also known as hell. Or put the sinner in a hot wok and fry the soup; Or drive sinners into a fierce fireworks room; Or offend the population with pliers, pour in molten copper and burn the five internal organs. Anyone who commits murder, theft, lewdness and drinking will fall into this prison.

(5) Maha Rarawa: Call to hell again. The punishment of prisoners in this prison is like hell in the past, and their suffering is even worse than before. Anyone who violates the Five Commandments will be put in this prison.

(6) Tapana: also known as scorching hell. Let the sinner lie on the hot iron and beat him to pieces with a hot iron bar from head to toe. Anyone who violates the Five Commandments and Jaken will be put into this prison.

(7) Parita pana: It is also a burning hot hell. The prisoners in this prison are punished as before, and their pain is even worse than before. Anyone who commits murder, theft, fornication, lying, drinking, Jaken and cleaning up monks and nuns will fall into this prison.

(8) Avisi: Also called A-nose Hell. The prisoners in this prison have been suffering. Anyone who has committed five crimes will be put in this prison.

The above eight hell, each hell has sixteen small hell. Crimes are divided into three categories: upper, middle and lower. Anyone who commits a first-degree crime will go to hell. People who commit inferior crimes will fall into a small hell. According to "On the Great Bodhisattva" (volume 172), the eight levels of hell have four levels, namely, simmering, corpse dung, front edge and fierce river. So every prison has sixteen rounds to increase hell.

Moreover, regarding the life span of all beings in hell, according to Volume XI of Dushe, if a person's life span is fifty years, it is four days and nights in Wang Tianyi and five hundred years in heaven, that is a day and night waiting for living hell, and the life span of all beings waiting for living hell is five hundred years. One hundred years on earth is thirty-three days and one night, but thirty-three days and one thousand years old is equal to one night in black rope hell and one thousand years old in black rope hell. The 200-year-old human being is a night skyscraper, and the life span of the night skyscraper is 2000 years, which is equal to one day and one night in the combined hell, and the life span of the combined hell is 2000 years. The 400-year-old human life span is one day and night, and the life span of one day and night is 4000 years, which is equivalent to one day and night in hell, and the life span in hell is 4000 years. The 800-year-old world has turned Lotte into day and night. Lotte's life span is 8,000 years, which is equivalent to a day and night in hell. The life span in hell is 8,000 years. The human being is 16 million years old, and it takes him a few days and nights, but his life span in heaven is 16 thousand years old, which is equivalent to a day and a night in hot hell, and the life span of all beings in hot hell is 16 thousand years old. The life of all beings in extremely hot hell is half robbery, and the life of all beings in endless hell is robbery.

◎ Appendix II: Eight Cold Hell (from Buddhist Dictionary)

Eight Cold Hell, also known as Eight Cold Waterfalls. According to the 11th volume of "All Houses", there are eight kinds of ice hells next to the eight hot hells in Fuzhou, Southern Yan. Among them, all beings are forced by cold, and their voices change with it. If we take the life span as an example, there are 20 hooves. If we put one of them aside for a hundred years, it is easy to have an end, but the life span of the health department is endless. The cold hell below Nirabtu, in turn, has increased its life span by 20 times. In addition, according to Shunzheng theory, the feeling of falling into Eight Cold Hell is caused by slandering sages, so this move is so effective.

There are different opinions about the name and explanation of Eight Cold Hell, which are listed in various classics, such as:

(1) Dushe (XI), Shunzhenglun (XXXI), Xianzong (XVI) and Yogi's Land (IV): {1} Arbuda: refers to all suffering beings, who are forced by the cold and have blistering flesh; {2} Nyirabu Da: It means that all suffering beings are forced by cold and suffering, and the blisters will burst; {3} BaBaBaBa (At！ at！ Answer): "Suffering beings can't move their lips because of cold and suffering, but can only pronounce this sound with their tongues;" : {4} Ha ha wa: It means that all beings who suffer from cold are forced by cold and their tongues can't move, so they make this sound; (5) Huhuva: It means that all suffering beings are forced to make this sound in their mouths because of cold and suffering; {6} Utpala: It means that the suffering beings are forced by cold and hardship, and their flesh is broken like a violet flower; {7} Padma: It means that suffering beings are divided by cold and bitterness, like red lotus flowers; {8} Mahapadma: It means that the whole body of suffering beings is frozen and cracked into red, like a big red lotus.

(2) The Nirvana Sutra, Volume 10, is now sick: Apobo, Aya, Aroro, Apo, Youpolo, Botou Mo, Zhaitou and Fentuo Li; It is also said that the first four kinds are named after the sound of cold and bitterness, and the last four kinds are named after four kinds of lotus flowers, which are used to describe the frozen and cracked bodies of suffering beings.

(3) The Great Wisdom (volume 16) contains: Chanfutuo, Niro Futuo, Aroro, A, Hou Hou, Lu Polo, Botou Mo, Maha Botou Mo. Known as the half of the sixteen little hell, it is also the eight hell of ice.

(4) There are ten kinds of ice hell listed in the first volume of On Adamo, the third volume of On Three Laws and the fourth volume of Twilight Copy of Four Ahans, namely: Chanfutuo, Nilaifutuo, Abobo, Ayuki Xiuniao, Linxiuniao, Youbo and Yu Xu.

◎ Annex III: Train Hell (Compilation Group)

Train hell, a hell that kills sinners by train. A train refers to a car with a burning body, which takes sinners to hell or serves as a tool to punish sinners. Add Agama, Volume 40 (Dazheng 2.767A):' Those who commit many crimes should go to hell, practice charcoal and swallow copper.' The fourteenth volume of "Great Wisdom" records that the God Dado has repeatedly committed a crime and wanted to hurt the Buddha with a poison stick. Therefore, on his way to the King's Shecheng, the land was naturally cut off and the train came to pick him up, and he was born in hell.

According to the fifth volume of Samadhi Sutra of Buddhism, there is a bronze wok in this hell, which is 40 days long and 40 days wide. It was full of fire with 12 bullets on it. There are 94 steam wheels on it to confuse evil people and let them die. After the end, they were on the train, their limbs burning and their bodies scattered. The jailer gave a cry, but he was still alive. The train came back 18 times, just like dust, the rain boils all over and people are still alive. If you go back and forth, you will experience 9 billion life and death one day and one night.

◎ Appendix 4: Knife Wheel Hell (from the Buddhist Dictionary)

Knife wheel hell refers to the hell of punishing criminals with knife mountain and knife wheel. Killers are happy to see other people's troubles. According to the fifth volume of the Samadha Sutra of Buddhism, this hell is surrounded by mountains. There are not only piles of knives on the mountain, but also 800 trillion broadswords in the void like raindrops. When a sinner dies, he suffers from qi-adverse disease and his heart is bored. I have the idea of "cutting profits with a knife" in my heart. It's time for the jailer to tell him that he is willing to cut off his serious illness with a sharp knife. The sinner was very happy to hear this, so his life was born between the mountain and the knife. When the four mountains meet, cut them off.

Secondly, the jailer drives sinners to climb mountains. Before reaching the top of the mountain, the sinner was injured in the chest, but he was afraid of the jailer, so he still climbed the mountain on his knees. When he reached the top of the mountain, the jailer pounced on it with a knife and a tree. Before he died, the iron dog and the iron bug came back to bite. And feet on iron wheels, falling from the sky. If it is a day and a night, 6 billion people will live and die. After 80 million years, it turned into the animal road. After 500 years, I have lived a humble life for 500 years, and I have the opportunity to meet good knowledge and ask as much as I can.

[Reference] On the World at the Beginning, A Da Mo, Volume 6; "A Da Mo's Essays on Mind" Volume 8; The Origin of the World, Volume II; "You Po Sai Festival Classic" Volume 7; Four mud classics; Five bitter chapters and sentences classic; On the collection of different senses, volume11; Three laws theory; Amway Map of Law; Suganuma Akira (et al.) edited Buddhist cultural events and cosmology; Sheng's "Universe".